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Rockwell L, Bao H, Insaidoo F, Ikechukwu I, Tugcu N, Kandula S. Cation Exchange as a Single Polishing Step for Conjugated Peptides. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3238. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Rockwell
- Downstream Process Development and Engineering, Biologics Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth NJ USA
| | - Haiying Bao
- Bristol‐Myers Squibb 430 E. 29th Street, 14th Floor New York NY USA
| | - Francis Insaidoo
- Downstream Process Development and Engineering, Biologics Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth NJ USA
| | - Ijeoma Ikechukwu
- Bristol‐Myers Squibb 430 E. 29th Street, 14th Floor New York NY USA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific 168 Third Avenue Waltham MA USA
| | - Nihal Tugcu
- Sanofi, 55 Corporate Dr., Bridgewater Township NJ USA
| | - Sunitha Kandula
- Downstream Process Development and Engineering, Biologics Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth NJ USA
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2
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Mule SN, Rosa-Fernandes L, Coutinho JVP, Gomes VDM, Macedo-da-Silva J, Santiago VF, Quina D, de Oliveira GS, Thaysen-Andersen M, Larsen MR, Labriola L, Palmisano G. Systems-wide analysis of glycoprotein conformational changes by limited deglycosylation assay. J Proteomics 2021; 248:104355. [PMID: 34450331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new method to probe the conformational changes of glycoproteins on a systems-wide scale, termed limited deglycosylation assay (LDA), is described. The method measures the differential rate of deglycosylation of N-glycans on natively folded proteins by the common peptide:N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) enzyme which in turn informs on their spatial presentation and solvent exposure on the protein surface hence ultimately the glycoprotein conformation. LDA involves 1) protein-level N-deglycosylation under native conditions, 2) trypsin digestion, 3) glycopeptide enrichment, 4) peptide-level N-deglycosylation and 5) quantitative MS-based analysis of formerly N-glycosylated peptides (FNGPs). LDA was initially developed and the experimental conditions optimized using bovine RNase B and fetuin. The method was then applied to glycoprotein extracts from LLC-MK2 epithelial cells upon treatment with dithiothreitol to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and promote protein misfolding. Data from the LDA and 3D structure analysis showed that glycoproteins predominantly undergo structural changes in loops/turns upon ER stress as exemplified with detailed analysis of ephrin-A5, GALNT10, PVR and BCAM. These results show that LDA accurately reports on systems-wide conformational changes of glycoproteins induced under controlled treatment regimes. Thus, LDA opens avenues to study glycoprotein structural changes in a range of other physiological and pathophysiological conditions relevant to acute and chronic diseases. SIGNIFICANCE: We describe a novel method termed limited deglycosylation assay (LDA), to probe conformational changes of glycoproteins on a systems-wide scale. This method improves the current toolbox of structural proteomics by combining site and conformational-specific PNGase F enzymatic activity with large scale quantitative proteomics. X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cryoEM techniques are the major techniques applied to elucidate macromolecule structures. However, the size and heterogeneity of the oligosaccharide chains poses several challenges to the applications of these techniques to glycoproteins. The LDA method presented here, can be applied to a range of pathophysiological conditions and expanded to investigate PTMs-mediated structural changes in complex proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ngao Mule
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João V P Coutinho
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius De Morais Gomes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina Macedo-da-Silva
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica Feijoli Santiago
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Quina
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Santos de Oliveira
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK, Denmark
| | - Letícia Labriola
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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3
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Mule SN, Saad JS, Fernandes LR, Stolf BS, Cortez M, Palmisano G. Protein glycosylation inLeishmaniaspp. Mol Omics 2020; 16:407-424. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a co- and post-translational modification that, inLeishmaniaparasites, plays key roles in vector–parasite–vertebrate host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ngao Mule
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo - 05508-000
| | - Joyce Silva Saad
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo - 05508-000
| | - Livia Rosa Fernandes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo - 05508-000
| | - Beatriz S. Stolf
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Mauro Cortez
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory
- Department of Parasitology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Sao Paulo
- Sao Paulo - 05508-000
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, McCready MJ, Maginn EJ. Prediction of membrane separation efficiency for hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins. J Mol Model 2019; 25:132. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-3985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Lemes AC, Sala L, Ores JDC, Braga ARC, Egea MB, Fernandes KF. A Review of the Latest Advances in Encrypted Bioactive Peptides from Protein-Rich Waste. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E950. [PMID: 27322241 PMCID: PMC4926483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are considered the new generation of biologically active regulators that not only prevent the mechanism of oxidation and microbial degradation in foods but also enhanced the treatment of various diseases and disorders, thus increasing quality of life. This review article emphasizes recent advances in bioactive peptide technology, such as: (i) new strategies for transforming bioactive peptides from residual waste into added-value products; (ii) nanotechnology for the encapsulation, protection and release of controlled peptides; and (iii) use of techniques of large-scale recovery and purification of peptides aiming at future applications to pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailton Cesar Lemes
- Federal University of Rio Grande, Chemistry and Food School, Rio Grande 96201-900, Brazil.
| | - Luisa Sala
- Federal University of Rio Grande, Chemistry and Food School, Rio Grande 96201-900, Brazil.
| | - Joana da Costa Ores
- Federal University of Rio Grande, Chemistry and Food School, Rio Grande 96201-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Mariana Buranelo Egea
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil.
| | - Kátia Flávia Fernandes
- Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Goiânia 74001-970, Brazil.
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6
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Catherman AD, Skinner OS, Kelleher NL. Top Down proteomics: facts and perspectives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:683-93. [PMID: 24556311 PMCID: PMC4103433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The rise of the "Top Down" method in the field of mass spectrometry-based proteomics has ushered in a new age of promise and challenge for the characterization and identification of proteins. Injecting intact proteins into the mass spectrometer allows for better characterization of post-translational modifications and avoids several of the serious "inference" problems associated with peptide-based proteomics. However, successful implementation of a Top Down approach to endogenous or other biologically relevant samples often requires the use of one or more forms of separation prior to mass spectrometric analysis, which have only begun to mature for whole protein MS. Recent advances in instrumentation have been used in conjunction with new ion fragmentation using photons and electrons that allow for better (and often complete) protein characterization on cases simply not tractable even just a few years ago. Finally, the use of native electrospray mass spectrometry has shown great promise for the identification and characterization of whole protein complexes in the 100 kDa to 1 MDa regime, with prospects for complete compositional analysis for endogenous protein assemblies a viable goal over the coming few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Catherman
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, The Proteomics Center of Excellence, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
| | - Owen S Skinner
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, The Proteomics Center of Excellence, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, The Proteomics Center of Excellence, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States.
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7
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Palmisano G, Melo-Braga MN, Engholm-Keller K, Parker BL, Larsen MR. Chemical deamidation: a common pitfall in large-scale N-linked glycoproteomic mass spectrometry-based analyses. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:1949-57. [PMID: 22256963 DOI: 10.1021/pr2011268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Linked glycoproteins are involved in several diseases and are important as potential diagnostic molecules for biomarker discovery. Therefore, it is important to provide sensitive and reliable analytical methods to identify not only the glycoproteins but also the sites of glycosylation. Recently, numerous strategies to identify N-linked glycosylation sites have been described. These strategies have been applied to cell lines and several tissues with the aim of identifying many hundreds (or thousands) of glycosylation events. With high-throughput strategies however, there is always the potential for false positives. The confusion arises since the protein N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) reaction used to separate N-glycans from formerly glycosylated peptides catalyzes the cleavage and deamidates the asparagine residue. This is typically viewed as beneficial since it acts to highlight the modification site. We have evaluated this common large-scale N-linked glycoproteomic strategy and proved potential pitfalls using Escherichia coli as a model organism, since it lacks the N-glycosylation machinery found in mammalian systems and some pathogenic microbes. After isolation and proteolytic digestion of E. coli membrane proteins, we investigated the presence of deamidated asparagines. The results show the presence of deamidated asparagines especially with close proximity to a glycine residue or other small amino acid, as previously described for spontaneous in vivo deamidation. Moreover, we have identified deamidated peptides with incorporation of (18)O, showing the pitfalls of glycosylation site assignment based on deamidation of asparagine induced by PNGase F in (18)O-water in large-scale analyses. These data experimentally prove the need for more caution in assigning glycosylation sites and "new" N-linked consensus sites based on common N-linked glycoproteomics strategies without proper control experiments. Besides showing the spontaneous deamidation, we provide alternative methods for validation that should be used in such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
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8
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Immobilized metallacarborane as a new type of stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3029-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Wujcik CE, Tweed J, Kadar EP. Application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography retention coefficients for predicting peptide elution with TFA and methanesulfonic acid ion-pairing reagents. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:826-33. [PMID: 20087867 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic retention coefficients for 17 peptides were calculated based on retention coefficients previously published for TSKgel silica-60 and were compared with the experimental elution profile on a Waters Atlantis HILIC silica column using TFA and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as ion-pairing reagents. Relative peptide retention could be accurately determined with both counter-ions. Peptide retention and chromatographic behavior were influenced by the percent acid modifier used with increases in both retention and peak symmetry observed at increasing modifier concentrations. The enhancement of net peptide polarity through MSA pairing shifted retention out by nearly five-fold for the earliest eluting peptide, compared with TFA. Despite improvements in retention and efficiency (N(eff)) for MSA over TFA, a consistent reduction in calculated selectivity (alpha) was observed. This result is believed to be attributed to the stronger polar contribution of MSA masking and diminishing the underlying influence of the amino acid residues of each associated peptide. Finally, post-column infusion of propionic acid and acetic acid was evaluated for their potential to recover signal intensity for TFA and MSA counter-ions for LC-ESI-MS applications. Acetic acid generally yielded more substantial signal improvements over propionic acid on the TFA system while minimal benefits and some further reductions were noted with MSA.
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10
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Alpert AJ, Petritis K, Kangas L, Smith RD, Mechtler K, Mitulović G, Mohammed S, Heck AJR. Peptide orientation affects selectivity in ion-exchange chromatography. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5253-9. [PMID: 20481592 PMCID: PMC2884984 DOI: 10.1021/ac100651k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that separation of proteolytic peptides, having the same net charge and one basic residue, is affected by their specific orientation toward the stationary phase in ion-exchange chromatography. In electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC) with an anion-exchange material, the C-terminus of the peptides is, on average, oriented toward the stationary phase. In cation exchange, the average peptide orientation is the opposite. Data with synthetic peptides, serving as orientation probes, indicate that in tryptic/Lys-C peptides the C-terminal carboxyl group appears to be in a zwitterionic bond with the side chain of the C-terminal Lys/Arg residue. In effect, the side chain is then less basic than the N-terminus, accounting for the specific orientation of tryptic and Lys-C peptides. Analyses of larger sets of peptides, generated from lysates by either Lys-N, Lys-C, or trypsin, reveal that specific peptide orientation affects the ability of charged side chains, such as phosphate residues, to influence retention. Phosphorylated residues that are remote in the sequence from the binding site affect retention less than those that are closer. When a peptide contains multiple charged sites, then orientation is observed to be less rigid and retention tends to be governed by the peptide's net charge rather than its sequence. These general observations could be of value in confirming a peptide's identification and, in particular, phosphosite assignments in proteomics analyses. More generally, orientation accounts for the ability of chromatography to separate peptides of the same composition but different sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Alpert
- PolyLC Inc., 9151 Rumsey Road, Ste. 180, Columbia, Maryland 21045, USA.
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11
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Liu A, Tweed J, Wujcik CE. Investigation of an on-line two-dimensional chromatographic approach for peptide analysis in plasma by LC–MS–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1873-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Künnemeyer J, Terborg L, Nowak S, Scheffer A, Telgmann L, Tokmak F, Günsel A, Wiesmüller G, Reichelt S, Karst U. Speciation analysis of gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents in blood plasma by hydrophilic interaction chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8163-70. [PMID: 18821778 DOI: 10.1021/ac801264j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first analytical method for simultaneous speciation analysis of five of the most important gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents in blood plasma samples was developed. Gd-DTPA (Magnevist), Gd-BT-DO3A (Gadovist), Gd-DOTA (Dotarem), Gd-DTPA-BMA (Omniscan), and Gd-BOPTA (Multihance) were separated by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and detected with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Spiking experiments of blank plasma with Magnevist and Gadovist were performed to determine the analytical figures of merit and the recovery rates. The limits of detection ranged from 1 x 10 (-7) to 1 x 10 (-6) mol/L depending on the ionization properties of the individual compounds, and limits of quantification ranged from 5 x 10 (-7) to 5 x 10 (-6) mol/L. The linear concentration range comprised 2 orders of magnitude. With application of this method, blood plasma samples of 10 healthy volunteers, with Magnevist or Gadovist medication, were analyzed for Gd-DTPA and Gd-BT-DO3A, respectively. The obtained results were successfully validated with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Künnemeyer
- University of Munster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Munster, Germany
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13
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Buncek M, Backovská V, Holasová S, Radilová H, Safárová M, Kunc F, Haluza R. Unusual chromatographic behavior of oligonucleotide sequence isomers on two different anion exchange HPLC columns. Anal Biochem 2005; 348:300-6. [PMID: 16356460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The retention behavior of the unmodified phosphodiester oligonucleotide sequence isomers was investigated on two different anion exchange columns: Biospher GMB 1000Q (based on DEAE-modified glycidyl methacrylate) and PolyWAX LP (based on silica with a crosslinked coating of linear polyethyleneimine). There was a notable difference in retention of oligonucleotides of the same composition but differing in the position of a single base. The most pronounced difference was observed between the oligonucleotides with the variable base in the end and in the center of the sequence. The use of either acetonitrile or 2-propanol as a mobile phase organic modifier did not markedly affect the retention time patterns. Prediction of the retention times of oligonucleotides must take into account the base position as well as identity. This is the first report of such a "same composition different sequence" effect, described for the short peptides, for synthetic oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buncek
- Generi Biotech, Machkova 587, 500 11 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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14
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Nogueira R, Lämmerhofer M, Lindner W. Alternative high-performance liquid chromatographic peptide separation and purification concept using a new mixed-mode reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange type stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1089:158-69. [PMID: 16130784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a new complementary peptide separation and purification concept that makes use of a novel mixed-mode reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange (RP/WAX) type stationary phase. The RP/WAX is based on N-(10-undecenoyl)-3-aminoquinuclidine selector, which is covalently immobilized on thiol-modified silica particles (5 microm, 100 A pore diameter) by radical addition reaction. Remaining thiol groups are capped by radical addition with 1-hexene. This newly developed separation material contains two distinct binding domains in a single chromatographic interactive ligand: a lipophilic alkyl chain for hydrophobic interactions with lipophilic moieties of the solute, such as in the reversed-phase chromatography, and a cationic site for anion-exchange chromatography with oppositely charged solutes, which also enables repulsive ionic interactions with positively charged functional groups, leading to ion-exclusion phenomena. The beneficial effect that may result from the combination of the two chromatographic modes is exemplified by the application of this new separation material for the chromatographic separation of the N- and C-terminally protected tetrapeptide N-acetyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide from its side products. Mobile phase variables have been thoroughly investigated to optimize the separation and to get a deeper insight into the retention and separation mechanism, which turned out to be more complex than any of the individual chromatography modes alone. A significant anion-exchange retention contribution at optimal pH of 4.5 was found only for acetate but not for formate as counter-ion. In loadability studies using acetate, peptide masses up to 200 mg could be injected onto an analytical 250 mm x 4 mm i.d. RP/WAX column (5 microm) still without touching bands of major impurity and target peptide peaks. The corresponding loadability tests with formate allowed the injection of only 25% of this amount. The analysis of the purified peptide by capillary high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV and HPLC-ESI-MS employing RP-18 columns revealed that the known major impurities have all been removed by a single chromatographic step employing the RP/WAX stationary phase. The better selectivity and enhanced sample loading capacity in comparison to RP-HPLC resulted in an improved productivity of the new purification protocol. For example, the yield of pure peptide per chromatographic run on RP/WAX phase was by a factor of about 15 higher compared to the standard gradient elution RP-purification protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Nogueira
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Recognition Materials, Institute of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Recent developments in the separation of peptides by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using polar sorbents with less polar eluents are summarized in this review. This separation mode is now commonly referred to as Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography (HILIC). The retention mechanism and chromatographic behavior of polar solutes under HILIC conditions are studied on TSKgel Amide-80 columns, which consist of carbamoyl groups bonded to a silica gel matrix, using a mixture of acetonitrile (MeCN)-water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Some applications are given in peptide field using Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunari Yoshida
- Tosoh Analysis and Research Center, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase-shi, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
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16
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17
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Abstract
A new method is established for separating peptides in normal phase liquid chromatography using TSK gel Amide-80, carbamoyl groups bonded to a silica gel matrix, and an acetonitrile-water solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Peptide retention time increased with acetonitrile concentration in the initial eluent. Hydrophilic peptides with no retention in a reversed phase column were retained and separated in the present method. Separation selectivities in the present and reversed phase methods differed significantly. Two-dimensional separation of protein digest using reversed and normal phases was conducted, taking advantage of the differences in selectivities. All peptides obtained from the digest could be separated completely. The present method is useful for separating peptide mixtures in conjunction with reversed phase liquid chromatography. Peptide recovery from the Amide-80 column exceeded 80%, as with the reversed phase column, and repeatability and reproducibility were satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshida
- Scientific Instrument Division, Tosoh Corporation, Tokyo Research Center, Kanagawa-ken, Japan
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18
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Vailaya A, Horváth C. Retention Thermodynamics in Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. Ind Eng Chem Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ie9507437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anant Vailaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286
| | - Csaba Horváth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Mant
- Department of Biochemistry and the Medical Research Council, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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21
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Chlenov MA, Kandyba EI, Nagornaya LV, Orlova IL, Volgin YV. High-performance liquid chromatography of human glycoprotein hormones. J Chromatogr A 1993; 631:261-7. [PMID: 8450019 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80531-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The chromatographic behavior of the glycoprotein hormones from human pituitary glands and of placental origin [thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin (CG)] was studied. It was shown that hydrophobic interaction chromatography on a microparticulate packing and anion-exchange HPLC can be applied for the purification of these hormones. Reversed-phase HPLC on wide-pore C4-bonded silica at neutral pH can be applied for the determination of the above hormones and for the isolation of pure CG and its subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Chlenov
- NPO "Biotechnologia", Moscow, Russian Federation
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Cserháti T. Support matrix effects in the reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography of some peptides. J Chromatogr A 1992; 600:149-56. [PMID: 1400843 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The retentions of 28 peptides in reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (RPTLC) were determined on cellulose and on impregnated cellulose and alumina layers with 1-propanol as the organic component of the mobile phase. Each peptide showed a support matrix effect: their RM values first decreased to a minimum, then increased with increasing 1-propanol concentration. On cellulose layers only the increasing phase was observed. The retention behaviour of peptides was adequately described with a quadratic or linear function, but the slope value of the linear function had a positive value. The results demonstrate that the support matrix effect can be observed on non-silica supports and it may occur in reversed-phase chromatography in the case of polar solutes and supports with free adsorptive centres on their surfaces. Both the intercept and slope values of the function are needed to describe the lipophilicity of peptides, but the correlation is not strong enough for the determination of the lipophilicity of peptides by RPTLC. Principal component analysis showed that the peptides form distinct clusters on the basis of their retention characteristics: peptides containing a basic amino acid, peptides with a ring structure in the amino acid side-chain and peptides containing uncharged amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cserháti
- Central Research Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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Cserháti T. Dependence of the silanophilic effect on the concentration of preadsorbed salts and on the chemical structure of peptides in reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cserháti T, Szögyi M. Determination of the lipophilicity of some peptides. Effect of surface pH of silica. J Chromatogr A 1990; 520:249-56. [PMID: 1964934 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(90)85108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilicities of 22 peptides were determined by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography using methanol as organic modifier in the concentration range 0-90 vol.-% on silica supports with surface pH values of 2.0,4.5,6.0,7.5 and 9.0. Only one of the 22 peptides (Trp-Ala-Ile) followed the general rule, i.e., its RM value decreased linearly with increasing proportion of organic modifier over the whole concentration range. Most peptides exhibited typical silanophilic retention behaviour, the RM value decreasing with increasing organic phase concentration in the lower concentration range and then increasing with further increase in the proportion of organic modifier. In some instances the lipophilicity increased linearly with increasing proportion of methanol. The silanophilic effect depended not only on the structure of the peptide, but also on the surface pH of the silica support. The retention behaviour of peptides can be well described by a polynomial function, the linear and quadratic forms of methanol concentration and surface pH being the independent variables. Principal component analysis showed that the presence of a ring structure in the peptides has the greatest impact on their retention behaviour, the overall polarity (basic, neutral or acidic) being of secondary importance. The number of amino acids in the peptide has a negligible effect on the chromatographic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cserháti
- Central Research Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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25
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Chicz RM, Regnier FE. Microenvironmental contributions to the chromatographic behavior of subtilisin in hydrophobic-interaction and reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1990; 500:503-18. [PMID: 2184168 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered variants were used to examine how microenvironmental changes in the S1 substrate binding subsite of subtilisin contribute to chromatographic behavior of proteins on hydrophobic-interaction chromatography (HIC) and reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) columns. Gradient elution studies over a wide pH range showed that conditions could be found where a HIC support could separate proteins varying by one amino acid. Although all single-site variants could not be separated by HIC, this chromatographic mode was found to be complementary to cation-exchange chromatography for the separation of such variants. RPC was found to be of much less utility in the resolution of variant proteins. Retention and resolution of subtilisin variants was found to vary on RPC with the concentration and type of mobile phase pairing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Chicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-6799
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26
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Alpert AJ. Hydrophilic-interaction chromatography for the separation of peptides, nucleic acids and other polar compounds. J Chromatogr A 1990; 499:177-96. [PMID: 2324207 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1417] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
When a hydrophilic chromatography column is eluted with a hydrophobic (mostly organic) mobile phase, retention increases with hydrophilicity of solutes. The term hydrophilic-interaction chromatography is proposed for this variant of normal-phase chromatography. This mode of chromatography is of general utility. Mixtures of proteins, peptides, amino acids, oligonucleotides, and carbohydrates are all resolved, with selectivity complementary to those of other modes. Typically, the order of elution is the opposite of that obtained with reversed-phase chromatography. A hydrophilic, neutral packing was developed for use in high-performance hydrophilic-interaction chromatography. Hydrophilic-interaction chromatography is particularly promising for such troublesome solutes as histones, membrane proteins, and phosphorylated amino acids and peptides. Hydrophilic-interaction chromatography fractionations resemble those obtained through partitioning mechanisms. The chromatography of DNA, in particular, resembles the partitioning observed with aqueous two-phase systems based on polyethylene glycol and dextran solutions.
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Alpert AJ, Andrews PC. Cation-exchange chromatography of peptides on poly(2-sulfoethyl aspartamide)-silica. J Chromatogr A 1988; 443:85-96. [PMID: 2844843 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A strong cation-exchange material, poly(2-sulfoethyl aspartamide)-silica (PolySULFOETHYL Aspartamide) was developed for purification and analysis of peptides by high-performance liquid chromatography. All peptides examined were retained at pH 3, even when the amino terminus was the only basic group. Peptides were eluted in order of increasing number of basic residues with a salt gradient. Capacity was high, as was selectivity and column efficiency. This new column material displays modest mixed-mode effects, allowing the resolution of peptides having identical charges at a given pH. The selectivity can be manipulated by the addition of organic solvent to the mobile phases; this increases the retention of some peptides and decreases the retention of others. The retention in any given case may reflect a combination of steric factors and non-electrostatic interactions. Selectivity was complementary to that of reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) materials. Excellent purifications were obtained by sequential use of PolySULFOETHYL Aspartamide and RPC columns for purification of peptides from crude tissue extracts. The new cation exchanger is quite promising as a supplement to RPC for general peptide chromatography.
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