1
|
Investigating hydrophilic and electrostatic properties of surfactants using retention on two mixed-mode liquid chromatographic columns. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1571:185-192. [PMID: 30146378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In environmental risk assessment, it is essential to understand the relationship between molecular structure and fate and toxicity of organic contaminants. For surfactants, physico-chemical parameters which can reflect the interactions that determine surfactant behavior are not well defined and are therefore needed for the development of robust quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). For the present study, we have measured HPLC retention times of several hydrocarbon and perfluorocarbon surfactant groups on a mixed-mode weak anion-exchange (WAX) and mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) stationary phase. The nonionic alcohol ethoxylates are well retained on the HILIC column. Retention of anionic surfactants on the HILIC column is likely influenced by the degree of hydration of the surfactants and electrostatic repulsion from silanol groups. Less hydrated anionic surfactants (perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and alkyl sulfates) show minimal hydrophilic interaction while other better hydrated anionic surfactants (alkyl carboxylates and alkyl sulfonates) are well retained. The retention mechanism of surfactants on both columns seems to be related to their degree of hydration, albeit expressed in different retention behavior: generally, retention on the WAX phase increases when retention on the HILIC phase decreases, and vice versa. The retention times from both columns were used to calculate retention factors (k') and these were subsequently used in calculating parameters that reflect the electrostatic property (kAX) and hydrophilic property (kHILIC) that determine the interaction between the hydrophilic part of the surfactant and the stationary phase. In further development of predictive models, we suggest the use of kAX for anionic surfactants and kHILIC for nonionic surfactants.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hammer J, Haftka JJH, Scherpenisse P, Hermens JLM, de Voogt PWP. Fragment-based approach to calculate hydrophobicity of anionic and nonionic surfactants derived from chromatographic retention on a C 18 stationary phase. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:329-336. [PMID: 27463891 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To predict the fate and potential effects of organic contaminants, information about their hydrophobicity is required. However, common parameters to describe the hydrophobicity of organic compounds (e.g., octanol-water partition constant [KOW ]) proved to be inadequate for ionic and nonionic surfactants because of their surface-active properties. As an alternative approach to determine their hydrophobicity, the aim of the present study was therefore to measure the retention of a wide range of surfactants on a C18 stationary phase. Capacity factors in pure water (k'0 ) increased linearly with increasing number of carbon atoms in the surfactant structure. Fragment contribution values were determined for each structural unit with multilinear regression, and the results were consistent with the expected influence of these fragments on the hydrophobicity of surfactants. Capacity factors of reference compounds and log KOW values from the literature were used to estimate log KOW values for surfactants (log KOWHPLC). These log KOWHPLC values were also compared to log KOW values calculated with 4 computational programs: KOWWIN, Marvin calculator, SPARC, and COSMOThermX. In conclusion, capacity factors from a C18 stationary phase are found to better reflect hydrophobicity of surfactants than their KOW values. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:329-336. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jort Hammer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J-H Haftka
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joop L M Hermens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pim W P de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schneider C, Menyes U, Jira T. Characterization of calixarene-bonded stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2930-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
4
|
Description of retention characteristics of calixarene-bonded stationary phases in dependence of the methanol content in the mobile phase. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6285-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
5
|
Hallgas B, Dobos Z, Agócs A, Idei M, Kéri G, Loránd T, Mészáros G. Lipophilicity and antiproliferative activity profiling of 2-benzylidencycloalkanones. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:148-55. [PMID: 17644496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed to separate the members of a library including 24 benzylidenecycloalkanone-type structures and to characterize their lipophilicity. The experimental lipophilicity data (k) of the compounds have been compared with their calculated lipophilicity parameters (CLOGP). In general, good correlations between the measured and calculated lipophilicities have been found and these results were in good accordance with our previously data obtained in case of structurally related molecular libraries. In addition, cytotoxicity screening has been performed to determine the antiproliferative activity of these compounds. Some of the investigated compounds possessed noticeable inhibitory potential. Based on the correlation between the antiproliferative activity and experimentally determined lipophilicity of the molecules investigated, limited structural demands to obtain more potent compounds can be exhibited to support the synthetic design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Hallgas
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Peptidbiochemical Research Group in Semmelweis University, Department of Medical Chemistry, H-1088 Budapest, Puskin u. 9, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Hallgas B, Dobos Z, Osz E, Hollósy F, Schwab RE, Szabó EZ, Eros D, Idei M, Kéri G, Lóránd T. Characterization of lipophilicity and antiproliferative activity of E-2-arylmethylene-1-tetralones and their heteroanalogues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 819:283-91. [PMID: 15833292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A molecular library based on E-2-arylmethylene-1-tetralone has been designed and synthesized. A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and applied to separate them and to characterize their lipophilicity. The chromatographic method applied here was suitable to separate the structural (ortho and para) isomers of compounds and was sensitive enough to differentiate their lipophilicities. The measured (k') and computer calculated (CLOGP) lipophilicity values has been compared. Good linear correlation has been found in the case of these structurally related molecules. In vitro biological assay has been performed with Methylene blue dying to investigate the antiproliferative potency of the compounds synthesized in this work. The measured (k') and calculated (CLOGP) lipophilicities of the compounds were compared with the antiproliferative activities and an optimum value of lipophilicity has been found for these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hallgas
- Peptidbiochemical Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Department of Medical Chemistry, Puskin u. 9, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wilson NS, Nelson MD, Dolan JW, Snyder LR, Carr PW. Column selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography II. Effect of a change in conditions. J Chromatogr A 2002; 961:195-215. [PMID: 12184619 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The isocratic retention of 67 widely-different solutes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) has been investigated as a function of temperature and mobile phase composition (% B) for three different C18 columns. Similar studies were also carried out in a gradient mode, where temperature, gradient time and solvent type were varied. These results show that changes in retention with these conditions are similar for each of these three columns. This suggests that relative column selectivity as defined by experiments for one set of experimental conditions will be approximately applicable for other conditions, with the exception of changes in mobile phase pH-which can affect values of the column parameter C (a measure of silanol ionization). Column selectivity as a function of pH was explored for several columns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Wilson
- LC Resources, Walnut Creek, CA 94596, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meng QC, Zou H, Johansson JS, Eckenhoff RG. Determination of the hydrophobicity of local anesthetic agents. Anal Biochem 2001; 292:102-6. [PMID: 11319823 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobicity, a term used to describe a fundamental physicochemical property of local anesthetics, was in the past obtained by octanol/buffer partitioning. It has been suggested that the octanol method, despite its obvious advantages, also has some drawbacks. HPLC has become an attractive alternative for the measurement of hydrophobicity and has been applied to local anesthetics recently. However, the methods in current use for measuring the hydrophobicity of local anesthetics suffer from a number of limitations and remain obscure. This study introduces a new HPLC method for measuring the hydrophobicity of eight local anesthetics in current clinical use. Using a C(18) derivatized polystyrene-divinylbenzene stationary phase HPLC column, the log k'(w) values of local anesthetics were determined by measuring the capacity factor k'(i) in the process of chromatographic separation using a hydrophobic stationary phase and a hydrophilic mobile phase. A rapid reversed-phase HPLC method was developed to directly measure log k'(w) of eight local anesthetics. A high correlation between log k'(w) and hydrophobicity (log P(oct)) from the traditional shake-flask method was obtained for the local anesthetics, demonstrating the reliability of the method. The results reveal an improved method for measuring the hydrophobicity of the local anesthetic agents in the unionized form. This simple, sensitive and reproducible approach may serve as a valuable tool for describing the physicochemical properties of novel local anesthetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q C Meng
- Center for Research in Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia, 7 Dulles, University of Pennsylvania Health System, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Verbruggen E, Klamer HC, Villerius L, Brinkman U, Hermens J. Gradient elution reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for fractionation of complex mixtures of organic micropollutants according to hydrophobicity using isocratic retention parameters. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)90065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anant Vailaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286
| | - Csaba Horváth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Verbruggen EM, van Loon WM, Hermens JL. Hydrophobicity of complex organic mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 1996; 3:163-168. [PMID: 24235057 DOI: 10.1007/bf02985527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobicity is an important property in risk assessment of chemicals. A group parameter that reflects the hydrophobicity of technical mixtures is not yet available. However, many substances are complex organic mixtures, for which it is practically impossible to determine each component separately. An experimental procedure to measure the hydrophobicity of organic mixtures without knowledge of the individual components was developed and tested for a mixture of benzene and twelve chlorobenzenes. This procedure is based on separation of the mixture into fractions of increasing hydrophobicity by reversed-phase HPLC, after which the total molar concentration in each fraction is determined by vapour pressure osmometry. The obtained information on hydrophobicity can be used for assessing bioaccumulation and sediment sorption after emission of the mixture to water has occurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Verbruggen
- Research Institute of Toxicology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80176, NL-3508, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smith RM. Chapter 3 Retention index scales used in high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
15
|
Dorsey JG, Khaledi MG. Hydrophobicity estimations by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Implications for biological partitioning processes. J Chromatogr A 1993; 656:485-99. [PMID: 8113337 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80815-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography has long been used for the estimation of "hydrophobicity" of solutes of biological, environmental and agricultural interest. These measurements have taken the form of octanol-water partition coefficient estimation, or less often the more fundamental processes that the octanol-water partition coefficient is intended to model. Here we review both the chromatographic methods used for these estimations, their successes and failures, and discuss pertinent solution thermodynamics of the partitioning of small molecules between bulk phases, such as octanol and water, and between a bulk phase and an interphase, such as partitioning of solute molecules into lipid layers and biological membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Dorsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tan LC, Carr PW. Extra-thermodynamic relationships in chromatography—study of the relationship between the slopes and intercepts of plots of ln k′ vs. mobile phase composition in reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80817-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Examination of some reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography systems for the determination of lipophilicity. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80445-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Effects of molecular structure on the log k′w index and linear S—log k′w correlation in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83135-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
20
|
Valkó K, Slégel P. New chromatographic hydrophobicity index (ϕ0) based on the slope and the intercept of the log k′ versus organic phase concentration plot. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Effects of molecular structure on the S index in the retention equation in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85251-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
22
|
Sadlej-Sosnowska N, Śledzińska I. Validation of chromatographic retention models in reversed-phase high-performacne liquid chromatography by fitting experimental data to the relevant equations. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85146-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
23
|
Antia FD, Horváth C. Dependence of retention on the organic modifier concentration and multicomponent adsorption behavior in reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1991; 550:411-24. [PMID: 1774228 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A three-parameter equation is derived to express the dependence of the logarithmic retention factor, kappa, on the volume fraction of the retention modulator, phi, in a binary eluent (such as the organic modifier in the hydro-organic eluents used in reversed-phase chromatography). It is based on the competitive binary adsorption isotherm of the eluite and the modulator generated by employing the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) method. The equation is found to describe adequately the trends in the kappa-phi relationship experimentally observed in reversed-phase systems. Furthermore, the expression affords an estimation of the single-component adsorption isotherm of the eluite from the corresponding kappa versus phi plot and thus provides a simple means to gather data of importance in the design of separations by non-linear chromatography. For instance, the method can be used to determine whether a pair of eluite isotherms cross one another, a situation that could lead to difficulties in preparative separations. The inherent limitations of the IAS approach may restrict the usefulness of the expression in specific cases. Nevertheless, the approach presented here establishes an explicit, thermodynamically consistent link between the eluite-modulator multicomponent isotherm and corresponding plots and allows a rational description of the generally observed retention behavior in reversed-phase chromatography. The results of this work also illustrate the limitations of the competitive Langmuir isotherm, which is most frequently used to treat competitive adsorption, in the study of the kappa-phi relationship specifically and in investigating and modeling non-linear chromatography at large.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F D Antia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Measurement of lipophilicity indices by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: comparison of two stationary phases and various eluents. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)95994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
25
|
Kaibara A, Hohda C, Hirata N, Hirose M, Nakagawa T. Evaluation of solute hydrophobicity by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography using aqueous binary mobile phases. Chromatographia 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02317918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Robbat A, Liu TY. Effect of temperature and organic modifier on the isocratic retention characteristics of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on a reversed-phase octadecylsilane column. J Chromatogr A 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
27
|
Hermens JLM. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships of Environmental Pollutants. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-46161-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
|
28
|
Opperhuizen A, Stokkel RC. Influence of contaminated particles on the bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic micropollutants in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1988; 51:165-177. [PMID: 15092624 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(88)90259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/1987] [Revised: 09/15/1987] [Accepted: 10/02/1987] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The influence of contaminated particles on the bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals by fish is dependent on the hydrophobicity of the chemicals. This has been shown for polychlorinated benzenes and biphenyls (ranging over three orders of magnitude in octan-1-ol/water partition coefficient) which are sorbed on very low organic carbon content particles. For chemicals with low to moderate hydrophobicity, the amount of the chemical which is sorbed, relative to the amount which is dissolved, determines the influence that contaminated particles have on the uptake of the chemicals by fish. In this present experiment, for lower chlorinated benzenes and biphenyls, the amount dissolved in water are high compared with the amounts which are present in the sorbed state, and the influence of contaminated particles on their uptake by fish is negligible. For more hydrophobic chemicals, which have lower aqueous solubilities, such as penta and hexachlorobenzene, and tri and tetrachlorobiphenyls, contaminated particles can have a much greater influence on the uptake by fish. If the number of contaminated particles is sufficiently high, the low aqueous solubilities, in combination with relatively high rates of desorption or dissolution, enable the particles to act as a source of the hydrophobic chemicals. For extremely hydrophobic chemicals, the rates of dissolution or desorption determine the rates of uptake of the chemical by the fish. Hence, during relatively short periods of exposure, there is no influence of contaminated particles on the bioaccumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Opperhuizen
- Laboratory of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sherblom PM, Eganhouse RP. Correlations between octanol-water partition coefficients and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography capacity factors. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
30
|
Snyder LR, Quarry MA, Glajch JL. Solvent-strength selectivity in reversed-phase HPLC. Chromatographia 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|