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de Geus Y, Scherpenisse P, Smit LAM, Bossers A, Stegeman JA, Benedictus L, Spieß L, Koop G. Total bacterial count and somatic cell count in bulk and individual goat milk around kidding: two longitudinal observational studies. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00742-2. [PMID: 38608959 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Total bacterial count (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC) are important quality parameters in goat milk. Exceeding the bulk milk TBC (BMTBC) thresholds leads to price penalties for Dutch dairy goat farmers. Controlling these milk quality parameters can be challenging, especially around kidding. First, we describe the variation and the peaks around kidding of TBC and SCC in census data on Dutch bulk milk over the last 22 years. Second, to explore causes of these elevations, we studied the variation of TBC and SCC in individual goat milk from 3 weeks before to 5 weeks after kidding and their association with systemic response markers interferon-γ (IFN-γ), calprotectin, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), body condition score (BCS) and fecal consistency. We visited 4 Dutch dairy goat farms weekly for 10 to 16 weeks around kidding. Some of the goats had been dried off, other goats were milked continuously throughout pregnancy. A total of 1,886 milk samples from 141 goats were collected for automated flowcytometric quantification of TBC and SCC measurement. IFN-γ, calprotectin and BHB were determined twice in blood of the same goats, most samples were collected after kidding. The BCS and fecal consistency were scored visually before and after kidding. We found a strong correlation between TBC and SCC (Spearman's rho = 0.87) around kidding. Furthermore, in the third week before kidding, the average TBC (5.67 log10 cfu/mL) and SCC (6.70 log10 cells/mL) were significantly higher compared with the fifth week after kidding, where the average TBC decreased to 4.20 log10 cfu/mL and the average SCC decreased to 5.92 log10 cells/mL. In multivariable linear regression models, farm and stage of lactation were significantly associated with TBC and SCC, but none of the systemic response markers correlated with TBC or SCC. In conclusion, TBC and SCC in dairy goats were high in late lactation and decreased shortly after parturition. For SCC, the dilution effect might have caused the decrease, but this was not plausible for TBC. Moreover, the excretion of bacteria and cells in goat milk was not associated with the selected systemic response markers that were chosen as a read out for general immunity status, intestinal health and metabolic diseases. Therefore, we assume that the TBC increase before kidding and the decrease after parturition is caused by other systemic, possibly hormonal, processes. To reduce BMTBC and BMSCC, it would be advisable to keep milk of goats with highest numbers of bacteria and cells in their milk out of the bulk milk during end lactation. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of withholding this end lactation milk from the bulk tank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y de Geus
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - P Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Bossers
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J A Stegeman
- Farm Animal Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L Benedictus
- Farm Animal Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L Spieß
- Qlip laboratories, 7200 AC Zutphen, the Netherlands
| | - G Koop
- Farm Animal Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Rittscher AE, Vlasblom AA, Duim B, Scherpenisse P, van Schothorst IJ, Wouters IM, Van Gompel L, Smit LAM. A comparison of passive and active dust sampling methods for measuring airborne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farms. Ann Work Expo Health 2023; 67:1004-1010. [PMID: 37300560 PMCID: PMC10516621 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics. Pigs are an important reservoir of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA), which is genetically distinct from both hospital and community-acquired MRSA. Occupational exposure to pigs on farms can lead to LA-MRSA carriage by workers. There is a growing body of research on MRSA found in the farm environment, the airborne route of transmission, and its implication on human health. This study aims to directly compare two sampling methods used to measure airborne MRSA in the farm environment; passive dust sampling with electrostatic dust fall collectors (EDCs), and active inhalable dust sampling using stationary air pumps with Gesamtstaubprobenahme (GSP) sampling heads containing Teflon filters. Paired dust samples using EDCs and GSP samplers, totaling 87 samples, were taken from 7 Dutch pig farms, in multiple compartments housing pigs of varying ages. Total nucleic acids of both types of dust samples were extracted and targets indicating MRSA (femA, nuc, mecA) and total bacterial count (16S rRNA) were quantified using quantitative real-time PCRs. MRSA could be measured from all GSP samples and in 94% of the EDCs, additionally MRSA was present on every farm sampled. There was a strong positive relationship between the paired MRSA levels found in EDCs and those measured on filters (Normalized by 16S rRNA; Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.94, Not Normalized; Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.84). This study suggests that EDCs can be used as an affordable and easily standardized method for quantifying airborne MRSA levels in the pig farm setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Rittscher
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Abel A Vlasblom
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella J van Schothorst
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liese Van Gompel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Luiken RE, Heederik DJ, Scherpenisse P, Van Gompel L, van Heijnsbergen E, Greve GD, Jongerius-Gortemaker BG, Tersteeg-Zijderveld MH, Fischer J, Juraschek K, Skarżyńska M, Zając M, Wasyl D, Wagenaar JA, Smit LA, Wouters IM, Mevius DJ, Schmitt H. Determinants for antimicrobial resistance genes in farm dust on 333 poultry and pig farms in nine European countries. Environ Res 2022; 208:112715. [PMID: 35033551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Livestock feces with antimicrobial resistant bacteria reaches the farm floor, manure pit, farm land and wider environment by run off and aerosolization. Little research has been done on the role of dust in the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in farms. Concentrations and potential determinants of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in farm dust are at present not known. Therefore in this study absolute ARG levels, representing the levels people and animals might be exposed to, and relative abundances of ARGs, representing the levels in the bacterial population, were quantified in airborne farm dust using qPCR. Four ARGs were determined in 947 freshly settled farm dust samples, captured with electrostatic dustfall collectors (EDCs), from 174 poultry (broiler) and 159 pig farms across nine European countries. By using linear mixed modeling, associations with fecal ARG levels, antimicrobial use (AMU) and farm and animal related parameters were determined. Results show similar relative abundances in farm dust as in feces and a significant positive association (ranging between 0.21 and 0.82) between the two reservoirs. AMU in pigs was positively associated with ARG abundances in dust from the same stable. Higher biosecurity standards were associated with lower relative ARG abundances in poultry and higher relative ARG abundances in pigs. Lower absolute ARG levels in dust were driven by, among others, summer season and certain bedding materials for poultry, and lower animal density and summer season for pigs. This study indicates different pathways that contribute to shaping the dust resistome in livestock farms, related to dust generation, or affecting the bacterial microbiome. Farm dust is a large reservoir of ARGs from which transmission to bacteria in other reservoirs can possibly occur. The identified determinants of ARG abundances in farm dust can guide future research and potentially farm management policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roosmarijn Ec Luiken
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Dick Jj Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Liese Van Gompel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eri van Heijnsbergen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerdit D Greve
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jennie Fischer
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Juraschek
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magdalena Skarżyńska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zając
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Lidwien Am Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dik J Mevius
- Department Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Yang D, Heederik DJJ, Scherpenisse P, Van Gompel L, Luiken REC, Wadepohl K, Skarżyńska M, Van Heijnsbergen E, Wouters IM, Greve GD, Jongerius-Gortemaker BGM, Tersteeg-Zijderveld M, Portengen L, Juraschek K, Fischer J, Zając M, Wasyl D, Wagenaar JA, Mevius DJ, Smit LAM, Schmitt H. OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1883-1893. [PMID: 35466367 PMCID: PMC9244224 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is an affordable method to quantify antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) targets, allowing comparisons of ARG abundance along animal production chains. Objectives We present a comparison of ARG abundance across various animal species, production environments and humans in Europe. AMR variation sources were quantified. The correlation of ARG abundance between qPCR data and previously published metagenomic data was assessed. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine European countries, comprising 9572 samples. qPCR was used to quantify abundance of ARGs [aph(3′)-III, erm(B), sul2, tet(W)] and 16S rRNA. Variance component analysis was conducted to explore AMR variation sources. Spearman’s rank correlation of ARG abundance values was evaluated between pooled qPCR data and earlier published pooled metagenomic data. Results ARG abundance varied strongly among animal species, environments and humans. This variation was dominated by between-farm variation (pigs) or within-farm variation (broilers, veal calves and turkeys). A decrease in ARG abundance along pig and broiler production chains (‘farm to fork’) was observed. ARG abundance was higher in farmers than in slaughterhouse workers, and lowest in control subjects. ARG abundance showed a high correlation (Spearman’s ρ > 0.7) between qPCR data and metagenomic data of pooled samples. Conclusions qPCR analysis is a valuable tool to assess ARG abundance in a large collection of livestock-associated samples. The between-country and between-farm variation of ARG abundance could partially be explained by antimicrobial use and farm biosecurity levels. ARG abundance in human faeces was related to livestock antimicrobial resistance exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liese Van Gompel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn E C Luiken
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Wadepohl
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Magdalena Skarżyńska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Eri Van Heijnsbergen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerdit D Greve
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Monique Tersteeg-Zijderveld
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Juraschek
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennie Fischer
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magdalena Zając
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dik J Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yang D, Heederik DJJ, Mevius DJ, Scherpenisse P, Luiken REC, Van Gompel L, Skarżyńska M, Wadepohl K, Chauvin C, Van Heijnsbergen E, Wouters IM, Greve GD, Jongerius-Gortemaker BGM, Tersteeg-Zijderveld M, Zając M, Wasyl D, Juraschek K, Fischer J, Wagenaar JA, Smit LAM, Schmitt H. OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:969-978. [PMID: 35061866 PMCID: PMC8969523 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The occurrence and zoonotic potential of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pigs and broilers has been studied intensively in past decades. Here, we describe AMR levels of European pig and broiler farms and determine the potential risk factors. Methods We collected faeces from 181 pig farms and 181 broiler farms in nine European countries. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to quantify the relative abundance of four antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) [aph(3′)-III, erm(B), sul2 and tet(W)] in these faeces samples. Information on antimicrobial use (AMU) and other farm characteristics was collected through a questionnaire. A mixed model using country and farm as random effects was performed to evaluate the relationship of AMR with AMU and other farm characteristics. The correlation between individual qPCR data and previously published pooled metagenomic data was evaluated. Variance component analysis was conducted to assess the variance contribution of all factors. Results The highest abundance of ARG was for tet(W) in pig faeces and erm(B) in broiler faeces. In addition to the significant positive association between corresponding ARG and AMU levels, we also found on-farm biosecurity measures were associated with relative ARG abundance in both pigs and broilers. Between-country and between-farm variation can partially be explained by AMU. Different ARG targets may have different sample size requirements to represent the overall farm level precisely. Conclusions qPCR is an efficient tool for targeted assessment of AMR in livestock-related samples. The AMR variation between samples was mainly contributed to by between-country, between-farm and within-farm differences, and then by on-farm AMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Yang
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Dick J. J. Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dik J. Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn E. C. Luiken
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liese Van Gompel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Skarżyńska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Katharina Wadepohl
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claire Chauvin
- ANSES, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Paris, France
| | - Eri Van Heijnsbergen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M. Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerdit D. Greve
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Monique Tersteeg-Zijderveld
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Zając
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Katharina Juraschek
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennie Fischer
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidwien A. M. Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Droge STJ, Scherpenisse P, Arnot JA, Armitage JM, McLachlan MS, Ohe PCVD, Hodges G. Screening the baseline fish bioconcentration factor of various types of surfactants using phospholipid binding data. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2021; 23:1930-1948. [PMID: 34787154 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00327e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fish bioconcentration factors (BCFs) are commonly used in chemical hazard and risk assessment. For neutral organic chemicals BCFs are positively correlated with the octanol-water partition ratio (KOW), but KOW is not a reliable parameter for surfactants. Membrane lipid-water distribution ratios (DMLW) can be accurately measured for all kinds of surfactants, using phospholipid-based sorbents. This study first demonstrates that DMLW values for ionic surfactants are more than 100 000 times higher than the partition ratio to fish-oil, representing neutral storage lipid. A non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactant showed almost equal affinity for both lipid types. Accordingly, a baseline screening BCF value for surfactants (BCFbaseline) can be approximated for ionic surfactants by multiplying DMLW by the phospholipid fraction in tissue, and for non-ionic surfactants by multiplying DMLW by the total lipid fraction. We measured DMLW values for surfactant structures, including linear and branched alkylbenzenesulfonates, an alkylsulfoacetate and an alkylethersulfate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)-surfactants (e.g., docusate), zwitterionic alkylbetaines and alkylamine-oxides, and a polyprotic diamine. Together with sixty previously published DMLW values for surfactants, structure-activity relationships were derived to elucidate the influence of surfactant specific molecular features on DMLW. For 23 surfactant types, we established the alkyl chain length at which BCFbaseline would exceed the EU REACH bioaccumulation (B) threshold of 2000 L kg-1, and would therefore require higher tier assessments to further refine the BCF estimate. Finally, the derived BCFbaseline are compared with measured literature in vivo BCF data where available, suggesting that refinements, most notably reliable estimates of biotransformation rates, are needed for most surfactant types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T J Droge
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Department Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jon A Arnot
- ARC Arnot Research and Consulting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Geoff Hodges
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
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Van Gompel L, Dohmen W, Luiken REC, Bouwknegt M, Heres L, van Heijnsbergen E, Jongerius-Gortemaker BGM, Scherpenisse P, Greve GD, Tersteeg-Zijderveld MHG, Wadepohl K, Ribeiro Duarte AS, Muñoz-Gómez V, Fischer J, Skarżyńska M, Wasyl D, Wagenaar JA, Urlings BAP, Dorado-García A, Wouters IM, Heederik DJJ, Schmitt H, Smit LAM. Occupational Exposure and Carriage of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (tetW, ermB) in Pig Slaughterhouse Workers. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 64:125-137. [PMID: 31883001 PMCID: PMC9194797 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Slaughterhouse staff is occupationally exposed to antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Studies reported high antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) abundances in slaughter pigs. This cross-sectional study investigated occupational exposure to tetracycline (tetW) and macrolide (ermB) resistance genes and assessed determinants for faecal tetW and ermB carriage among pig slaughterhouse workers. Methods During 2015–2016, 483 faecal samples and personal questionnaires were collected from workers in a Dutch pig abattoir, together with 60 pig faecal samples. Human dermal and respiratory exposure was assessed by examining 198 carcass, 326 gloves, and 33 air samples along the line, next to 198 packed pork chops to indicate potential consumer exposure. Samples were analyzed by qPCR (tetW, ermB). A job exposure matrix was created by calculating the percentage of tetW and ermB positive carcasses or gloves for each job position. Multiple linear regression models were used to link exposure to tetW and ermB carriage. Results Workers are exposed to tetracycline and macrolide resistance genes along the slaughter line. Tetw and ermB gradients were found for carcasses, gloves, and air filters. One packed pork chop contained tetW, ermB was non-detectable. Human faecal tetW and ermB concentrations were lower than in pig faeces. Associations were found between occupational tetW exposure and human faecal tetW carriage, yet, not after model adjustments. Sampling round, nationality, and smoking were determinants for ARG carriage. Conclusion We demonstrated clear environmental tetracycline and macrolide resistance gene exposure gradients along the slaughter line. No robust link was found between ARG exposure and human faecal ARG carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liese Van Gompel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wietske Dohmen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn E C Luiken
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Eri van Heijnsbergen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Betty G M Jongerius-Gortemaker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerdit D Greve
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Katharina Wadepohl
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Ana Sofia Ribeiro Duarte
- Section for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jennie Fischer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dariusz Wasyl
- National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), Puławy, Poland
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Wageningen, Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alejandro Dorado-García
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control (RIVM), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Van Gompel L, Luiken REC, Hansen RB, Munk P, Bouwknegt M, Heres L, Greve GD, Scherpenisse P, Jongerius-Gortemaker BGM, Tersteeg-Zijderveld MHG, García-Cobos S, Dohmen W, Dorado-García A, Wagenaar JA, Urlings BAP, Aarestrup FM, Mevius DJ, Heederik DJJ, Schmitt H, Bossers A, Smit LAM. Description and determinants of the faecal resistome and microbiome of farmers and slaughterhouse workers: A metagenome-wide cross-sectional study. Environ Int 2020; 143:105939. [PMID: 32679392 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By studying the entire human faecal resistome and associated microbiome, the diversity and abundance of faecal antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) can be comprehensively characterized. Prior culture-based studies have shown associations between occupational exposure to livestock and carriage of specific antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Using shotgun metagenomics, the present study investigated 194 faecal resistomes and bacteriomes from humans occupationally exposed to ARGs in livestock (i.e. pig and poultry farmers, employees and family members and pig slaughterhouse workers) and a control population (Lifelines cohort) in the Netherlands. In addition, we sought to identify determinants for the human resistome and bacteriome composition by applying a combination of multivariate (NMDS, PERMANOVA, SIMPER and DESeq2 analysis) and multivariable regression analysis techniques. RESULTS Pig slaughterhouse workers and pig farmers carried higher total ARG abundances in their stools compared to broiler farmers and control subjects. Tetracycline, β-lactam and macrolide resistance gene clusters dominated the resistome of all studied groups. No significant resistome alpha diversity differences were found among the four populations. However, the resistome beta diversity showed a separation of the mean resistome composition of pig and pork exposed workers from broiler farmers and controls, independent of their antimicrobial use. We demonstrated differences in resistome composition between slaughter line positions, pig versus poultry exposed workers, as well as differences between farmers and employees versus family members. In addition, we found a significant correlation between the bacteriome and resistome, and significant differences in the bacteriome composition between and within the studied subpopulations. Finally, an in-depth analysis of pig and poultry farms - of which also farm livestock resistomes were analysed - showed positive associations between the number of on-farm working hours and human faecal AMR loads. CONCLUSION We found that the total normalized faecal ARG carriage was larger in persons working in the Dutch pork production chain compared to poultry farmers and controls. Additionally, we showed significant differences in resistome and bacteriome composition of pig and pork exposed workers compared to a control group, as well as within-population (farms, slaughterhouse) compositional differences. The number of on-farm working hours and the farm type (pig or broiler) that persons live or work on are determinants for the human faecal resistome. Overall, our results may suggest direct or indirect livestock contact as a determinant for human ARG carriage. Future studies should further focus on the connection between the human and livestock resistome (i.e. transmission routes) to substantiate the evidence for livestock-associated resistome acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liese Van Gompel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Roosmarijn E C Luiken
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rasmus B Hansen
- Intomics A/S, Lottenborgvej 26, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Patrick Munk
- Section for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 204, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lourens Heres
- Vion Food Group, Boseind 15, 5281 RM Boxtel, the Netherlands
| | - Gerdit D Greve
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Betty G M Jongerius-Gortemaker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique H G Tersteeg-Zijderveld
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia García-Cobos
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wietske Dohmen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Dorado-García
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frank M Aarestrup
- Section for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 204, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dik J Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
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9
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Yang D, Van Gompel L, Luiken REC, Sanders P, Joosten P, van Heijnsbergen E, Wouters IM, Scherpenisse P, Chauvin C, Wadepohl K, Greve GD, Jongerius-Gortemaker BGM, Tersteeg-Zijderveld MHG, Soumet C, Skarżyńska M, Juraschek K, Fischer J, Wasyl D, Wagenaar JA, Dewulf J, Schmitt H, Mevius DJ, Heederik DJJ, Smit LAM. Association of antimicrobial usage with faecal abundance of aph(3')-III, ermB, sul2 and tetW resistance genes in veal calves in three European countries. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106131. [PMID: 32763373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in veal calves remain a source of concern. As part of the EFFORT project, the association between AMU and the abundance of faecal antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in veal calves in three European countries was determined. METHODS In 2015, faecal samples of veal calves close to slaughter were collected from farms located in France, Germany and the Netherlands (20 farms in France, 20 farms in the Netherlands and 21 farms in Germany; 25 calves per farm). Standardized questionnaires were used to record AMU and farm characteristics. In total, 405 faecal samples were selected for DNA extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to quantify the abundance (16S normalized concentration) of four ARGs [aph(3')-III, ermB, sul2 and tetW] encoding for resistance to frequently used antimicrobials in veal calves. Multiple linear mixed models with random effects for country and farm were used to relate ARGs to AMU and farm characteristics. RESULTS A significant positive association was found between the use of trimethoprim/sulfonamides and the concentration of sul2 in faeces from veal calves. A higher weight of calves on arrival at the farm was negatively associated with aph(3')-III and ermB. Lower concentrations of aph(3')-III were found at farms with non-commercial animals present. Furthermore, farms using only water for the cleaning of stables had a significantly lower abundance of faecal ermB and tetW compared with other farms. CONCLUSION A positive association was found between the use of trimethoprim/sulfonamides and the abundance of sul2 in faeces in veal calves. Additionally, other relevant risk factors associated with ARGs in veal calves were identified, such as weight on arrival at the farm and cleaning practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Yang
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Liese Van Gompel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn E C Luiken
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Sanders
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Joosten
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eri van Heijnsbergen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Chauvin
- ANSES, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Paris, France
| | - Katharina Wadepohl
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerdit D Greve
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Magdalena Skarżyńska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Katharina Juraschek
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennie Fischer
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dariusz Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dik J Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Grünberg W, Scherpenisse P, Cohrs I, Golbeck L, Dobbelaar P, van den Brink L, Wijnberg I. Phosphorus content of muscle tissue and muscle function in dairy cows fed a phosphorus-deficient diet during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4072-4093. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Timmer N, Scherpenisse P, Hermens JLM, Droge STJ. Evaluating solid phase (micro-) extraction tools to analyze freely ionizable and permanently charged cationic surfactants. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1002:26-38. [PMID: 29306411 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Working with and analysis of cationic surfactants can be problematic since aqueous concentrations are difficult to control, both when taking environmental aqueous samples as well as performing laboratory work with spiked concentrations. For a selection of 32 amine based cationic surfactants (including C8- to C18-alkylamines, C14-dialkyldimethylammonium, C8-tetraalkylammonium, benzalkonium and pyridinium compounds), the extraction from aqueous samples was studied in detail. Aqueous concentrations were determined using solid phase extraction (SPE; 3 mL/60 mg Oasis WCX-SPE cartridges) with recoveries of ≥80% for 30 compounds, and ≥90% for 16 compounds. Sorption to glassware was evaluated in 120 mL flasks, 40 mL vials and 1.5 mL autosampler vials, using 15 mM NaCl, where the glass binding of simple primary amines and quaternary ammonium compounds increased with alkyl chain length. Sorption to the outside of pipette tips (≤20% of total amount in solution) when sampling aqueous solutions may interfere with accurate measurements. Polyacrylate solid phase microextraction (PA-SPME) fibers with two coating thicknesses (7 and 35 μm) were tested as potential extraction devices. The uptake kinetics, pH-dependence and influence of ionic strength on sorption to PA fibers were studied. Changing medium from 100 mM Na+ to 10 mM Ca2+ decreases Kfw with one order of magnitude. Results indicate that for PA-SPME neutral amines are absorbed rather than adsorbed, although the exact sorption mechanism remains to be elucidated. Further research remains necessary to establish a definitive applicability domain for PA-SPME. However, results indicate that alkyl chain lengths ≥14 carbon atoms and multiple alkyl chains become problematic. A calibration curve should always be measured together with the samples. In conclusion, it seems that for amine based surfactants PA-SPME does not provide the reliability and reproducibility necessary for precise sorption experiments, specifically for alkyl chain lengths beyond 12 carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Timmer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joop L M Hermens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven T J Droge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Department Freshwater and Marine Ecology, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Hammer J, Haftka JJH, Scherpenisse P, Hermens JLM, de Voogt PWP. Fragment-based approach to calculate hydrophobicity of anionic and nonionic surfactants derived from chromatographic retention on a C 18 stationary phase. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:329-336. [PMID: 27463891 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To predict the fate and potential effects of organic contaminants, information about their hydrophobicity is required. However, common parameters to describe the hydrophobicity of organic compounds (e.g., octanol-water partition constant [KOW ]) proved to be inadequate for ionic and nonionic surfactants because of their surface-active properties. As an alternative approach to determine their hydrophobicity, the aim of the present study was therefore to measure the retention of a wide range of surfactants on a C18 stationary phase. Capacity factors in pure water (k'0 ) increased linearly with increasing number of carbon atoms in the surfactant structure. Fragment contribution values were determined for each structural unit with multilinear regression, and the results were consistent with the expected influence of these fragments on the hydrophobicity of surfactants. Capacity factors of reference compounds and log KOW values from the literature were used to estimate log KOW values for surfactants (log KOWHPLC). These log KOWHPLC values were also compared to log KOW values calculated with 4 computational programs: KOWWIN, Marvin calculator, SPARC, and COSMOThermX. In conclusion, capacity factors from a C18 stationary phase are found to better reflect hydrophobicity of surfactants than their KOW values. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:329-336. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jort Hammer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J-H Haftka
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joop L M Hermens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pim W P de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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13
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Haftka JJH, Scherpenisse P, Oetter G, Hodges G, Eadsforth CV, Kotthoff M, Hermens JLM. Critical micelle concentration values for different surfactants measured with solid-phase microextraction fibers. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:2173-2181. [PMID: 26873883 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The amphiphilic nature of surfactants drives the formation of micelles at the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers were used in the present study to measure CMC values of 12 nonionic, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic surfactants. The SPME-derived CMC values were compared to values determined using a traditional surface tension method. At the CMC of a surfactant, a break in the relationship between the concentration in SPME fibers and the concentration in water is observed. The CMC values determined with SPME fibers deviated by less than a factor of 3 from values determined with a surface tension method for 7 out of 12 compounds. In addition, the fiber-water sorption isotherms gave information about the sorption mechanism to polyacrylate-coated SPME fibers. A limitation of the SPME method is that CMCs for very hydrophobic cationic surfactants cannot be determined when the cation exchange capacity of the SPME fibers is lower than the CMC value. The advantage of the SPME method over other methods is that CMC values of individual compounds in a mixture can be determined with this method. However, CMC values may be affected by the presence of compounds with other chain lengths in the mixture because of possible mixed micelle formation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2173-2181. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J-H Haftka
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Günter Oetter
- Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Geoff Hodges
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthias Kotthoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Joop L M Hermens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Grünberg W, Scherpenisse P, Dobbelaar P, Idink MJ, Wijnberg ID. The effect of transient, moderate dietary phosphorus deprivation on phosphorus metabolism, muscle content of different phosphorus-containing compounds, and muscle function in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5385-400. [PMID: 26026765 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypophosphatemia is a common finding in periparturient and anorectic cattle. Although the clinical relevance of hypophosphatemia in cattle is uncertain, it has been empirically associated with persistent recumbency, specifically in periparturient dairy cows. The objective of the present study was to determine if transient dietary phosphorus (P) deprivation over a course of 5 wk, by feeding an approximately 40% P-deficient ration to lactating dairy cows, would result in altered muscle function or muscle P metabolism severe enough to present a risk for animal health and well-being. In addition, we wanted to determine the association between the plasma phosphate concentration ([Pi]) and muscle tissue P content to assess to what extent intracellular P deprivation of muscle cells could be extrapolated from subnormal plasma [Pi]. Ten healthy multiparous, mid-lactating dairy cows received a ration with a P content of 0.18% over a period of 5 wk. Following the P-deprivation phase, the same ration supplemented with P to obtain a dietary P content of 0.43% was fed for 2 wk. Blood and urine samples were collected regularly and muscle biopsies were obtained repeatedly to determine the P content in muscle tissue. Function of skeletal and heart muscles was evaluated by electrocardiography and electromyography conducted repeatedly throughout the study. Feeding the P-deficient ration resulted in the rapid development of marked hypophosphatemia. The lowest plasma [Pi] were measured after 9 d of P depletion and were, on average, 60% below predepletion values. Plasma [Pi] increased thereafter, despite ongoing dietary P depletion. None of the animals developed clinical signs commonly associated with hypophosphatemia or any other health issues. Urine analysis revealed increasing renal calcium, pyridinoline, and hydroxypyridinoline excretion with ongoing P deprivation. Biochemical muscle tissue analysis showed that dietary P depletion and hypophosphatemia were not associated with a decline in muscle tissue P content. Electromyographic examination revealed increased occurrence of pathological spontaneous activity in striated muscles after 2 wk of dietary P depletion in several cows, which could be suggestive of neuromuscular membrane instability. No effect on heart muscle activity was identified electrocardiographically. These results suggest that counter-regulatory mechanisms were sufficient to maintain normal muscle tissue P content during transient and moderate P deprivation. Muscle function was not grossly affected, although the increased occurrence of pathological spontaneous activity suggests that subclinical neuropathy or myopathy, or both, may have occurred with ongoing P deprivation. The results presented here indicate that plasma [Pi] is unsuitable for assessing muscle tissue P content in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Grünberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - P Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P Dobbelaar
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M J Idink
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - I D Wijnberg
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
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15
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Haftka JJH, Scherpenisse P, Jonker MTO, Hermens JLM. Using polyacrylate-coated SPME fibers to quantify sorption of polar and ionic organic contaminants to dissolved organic carbon. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:4455-4462. [PMID: 23586731 DOI: 10.1021/es400236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A passive sampling method using polyacrylate-coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers was applied to determine sorption of polar and ionic organic contaminants to dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The tested contaminants included pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, hormones, and pesticides and represented neutral, anionic, and cationic structures. Prior to the passive sampler application, sorption of the chemicals to the fibers was characterized. This was needed in order to accurately translate concentrations measured in fibers to freely dissolved aqueous concentrations during the sorption tests with DOC. Sorption isotherms of neutral compounds to the fiber were linear, whereas isotherms of basic chemicals covered a nonlinear and a linear range. Sorption of acidic and basic compounds to the fiber was pH-dependent and was dominated by sorption of the neutral sorbate species. Fiber- and DOC-water partition coefficients of neutral compounds were both linearly related to octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow). The results of this study show that polyacrylate fibers can be used to quantify sorption to DOC of neutral and ionic contaminants, having multiple functional groups and spanning a wide hydrophobicity range (log Kow = 2.5-7.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J-H Haftka
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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von Krueger X, Scherpenisse P, Roiger S, Heuwieser W. Determination of ceftiofur derivatives in serum, endometrial tissue, and lochia in puerperal dairy cows with fever or acute puerperal metritis after subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1054-62. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Antolino-Lobo I, Meulenbelt J, Molendijk J, Nijmeijer SM, Scherpenisse P, van den Berg M, van Duursen MB. Induction of glutathione synthesis and conjugation by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) in human and rat liver cells, including the protective role of some antioxidants. Toxicology 2011; 289:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Witte T, Iwersen M, Kaufmann T, Scherpenisse P, Bergwerff A, Heuwieser W. Determination of ceftiofur derivatives in serum, endometrial tissue, and lochia in puerperal dairy cows after subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:284-90. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Witte TS, Bergwerff AA, Scherpenisse P, Drillich M, Heuwieser W. Ceftiofur derivates in serum and endometrial tissue after intramuscular administration in healthy mares. Theriogenology 2010; 74:466-72. [PMID: 20494421 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Endometritis is one of the major problems in the horse breeding industry. The use of antibiotics for treatment of endometritis in the mare is recommended as best practice. The intrauterine application of antibiotics, however, has been under discussion over the last years because of concerns about its efficacy. The systemic use of antibiotics has been considered more effective because of its better distribution within the uterus. The objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of ceftiofur derivates in serum and endometrial tissue after intramuscular administration. Specifically, the authors tested the hypothesis that ceftiofur concentrations in serum and endometrial tissue remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for common uterine pathogens for 24 h. Nine mares in estrus received a single dose of 2.2 mg/kg ceftiofur hydrochloride intramuscular per kg of body weight. Blood samples and endometrial tissue were obtained immediately before treatment (-1 h) and 2 h and 24 h after treatment. Endometrial tissue was collected with a Kevorkian biopsy punch. Additional blood samples were collected 4 h and 10 h after treatment from the jugular veins. For determination of ceftiofur derivates in serum and endometrial tissue a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was used. Results in serum and uterine tissue revealed greatest concentration of ceftiofur at 2 h and lowest concentrations at 24 h after treatment. Concentrations of ceftiofur at 2 and 24 h after treatment were significantly greater in serum than in endometrial tissue, but remained above the reported MIC for Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus and Escherichia coli in both serum and endometrial tissue until 24 h after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Witte
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, D-14163, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Antolino-Lobo I, Meulenbelt J, Nijmeijer SM, Scherpenisse P, van den Berg M, van Duursen MBM. Differential roles of phase I and phase II enzymes in 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine-induced cytotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1105-12. [PMID: 20388857 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.032359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism plays an important role in the toxic effects caused by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Most research has focused on the involvement of CYP2D6 enzyme in MDMA bioactivation, and less is known about the contribution of other cytochrome P450 (P450) and phase II metabolism. In this study, we researched the differential roles of phase I P450 enzymes CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6 and phase II enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) on the toxic potential of MDMA. MDMA acts as inhibitor of its own metabolism with a relative potency of inhibition of CYP2D>CYP3A>> CYP1A in rat liver microsomes and in human liver [immortalized human liver epithelial cells (THLE)] cells transfected with individual CYP1A2, CYP3A4, or CYP2D6. Cytotoxicity measurements [by 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] in THLE cells showed that the inhibition of phase I enzymes CYP1A2 by alpha-naphthoflavone and CYP3A4 by troleandomycin does not affect MDMA-induced cytotoxicity. MDMA metabolism by CYP2D6 significantly increased cytotoxicity, which was counteracted by CYP2D6 inhibition by quinidine. Inhibition of COMT by 2'-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzophenone (Ro-41-0960) and GST by buthionine sulfoximine showed that COMT is mainly involved in detoxification of CYP2D6-formed MDMA metabolites, whereas glutathione (GSH) is mainly involved in detoxification of CYP3A4-formed MDMA metabolites. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analyses of MDMA-metabolites in the THLE cell culture media confirmed formation of the specific MDMA metabolites and corroborated the observed cytotoxicity. Our data suggest that CYP2D6 as well as CYP3A4 play an important role in MDMA bioactivation. In addition, further studies are needed to address the differential roles of CYP3A4 and GSH/GST in MDMA bioactivation and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Antolino-Lobo
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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21
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Avsaroglu H, Bull S, Maas-Bakker RF, Scherpenisse P, Van Lith HA, Bergwerff AA, Hellebrekers LJ, Van Zutphen LFM, Fink-Gremmels J. Differences in hepatic cytochrome P450 activity correlate with the strain-specific biotransformation of medetomidine in AX/JU and IIIVO/JU inbred rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:368-77. [PMID: 18638298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Medetomidine is an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist with sedative and analgesic properties. Previously we demonstrated significant differences in the response to medetomidine between two inbred rabbit strains, denoted IIIVO/JU and AX/JU. The aim of the present study was twofold: first, to compare the hepatic CYP450 enzyme activities between these rabbit strains [n = 13(male male,7 female female)/strain]. To this end, liver microsomes were incubated with known fluorescent substrates for the major drug-metabolizing CYP450 isoforms. A comparison of the obtained results indicated significant gender differences as well as differences between the two rabbit inbred strains. Secondly, the biotransformation rate of medetomidine in liver microsomes of both rabbit strains was determined using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The rate of hydroxymedetomidine and medetomidine carboxylic acid formation was found to be significantly higher in the AX/JU strain. Specific CYP2D and CYP2E inhibitors could decrease the formation of both metabolites. Significant correlations were found between the rate of biotransformation of medetomidine and the activities of CYP2D and CYP2E, as well as between CYP450 enzyme activities and the anaesthetic response to medetomidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Avsaroglu
- Central Laboratory Animal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Scherpenisse P, Bergwerff AA. Determination of residues of tricaine in fish using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:407-10. [PMID: 17386741 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of residues of the anaesthetic tricaine mesilate (MS222) in fish tissues is described. Residues were extracted from homogenized tissues with McIllvaine buffer/methanol and purified over a C18 solid-phase extraction column followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. In the multiple-reaction monitoring mode of the mass spectrometer, chromatograms were recorded by monitoring the m/z 166-->m/z 138 and m/z 166-->m/z 94 transitions for quantification and confirmation of the residues in the finfish matrix, respectively. Recoveries were in the range of 67%+/-10% (n=6) for tilapia at 2 microg kg(-1), 95%+/-7% (n=6) at 2 microg kg(-1) in salmon and 92%+/-3% (n=5) for trout at 2.5 microg kg(-1). The limits of detection were 0.5, 0.6 and 0.6 microg kg(-1) in trout, salmon and tilapia, respectively. No residues of tricaine were found in eight sampled aquacultured fish (salmon and trout) bought from the local market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Scherpenisse
- Veterinary Public Health Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.175, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Van Egmond HP, Jonker KM, Poelman M, Scherpenisse P, Stern AG, Wezenbeek P, Bergwerff AA, Van den Top HJ. Proficiency studies on the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 21:331-40. [PMID: 15204557 DOI: 10.1080/02652030410001662057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins are produced by dinoflagellates. Shellfish filtering these unicellular algae will accumulate the toxins and pose a health risk when consumed by man. In the European Union, paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs are regulated at a maximum content of 80 microg/100 g (91/492/EEC). The current reference method in the European Union is the mouse bioassay, but alternative methods including the liquid chromatography methodology are preferred for ethical reasons. Analyses of suspected shellfish batches revealed, however, unacceptable differences in results reported by a small group of Dutch laboratories all using liquid chromatography methods with precolumn derivatization, followed by fluorescence detection. Therefore, a series of proficiency studies were undertaken among these laboratories. In the first three studies, participants were more or less allowed their own choice of method execution details. This approach yielded unsatisfactory results. A fourth study was then initiated in which a standardized method was mandatory. Two types of test material were used in the fourth study: lyophilized Cardium tuberculatum material containing saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX), and lyophilized mussel material containing dc-STX. The latter material was investigated in an interlaboratory study involving 15 participants and was considered as the reference material. Among the four laboratories, coefficients of variation (ANOVA) for C. tuberculatum material were 10% (n = 11) and 9% (n = 12) for STX and dc-STX, respectively, and for the reference material was 8% (n = 12) for dc-STX. The joint efforts showed that variability in analysis results between laboratories that all apply more or less the same method can be drastically improved if the methodology is rigorously standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Van Egmond
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Laboratory for Food and Residue Analyses, Dutch National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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24
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Malekinejad H, Scherpenisse P, Bergwerff AA. Naturally occurring estrogens in processed milk and in raw milk (from gestated cows). J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:9785-91. [PMID: 17177502 DOI: 10.1021/jf061972e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of the steroid hormones estrone (E1), 17alpha-estradiol (alphaE2), 17beta-estradiol (betaE2), and estriol (E3) in processed bovine milk with different fat contents and in raw milk from (non)gestated cows was investigated. Following liquid extraction, optional enzymatical deconjugation, C18 solid-phase extraction, and derivatization, estrogens were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Free and deconjugated E1 (6.2-1266 ng/L) was the major estrogen followed by alphaE2 (7.2-322 ng/L) and betaE2 (5.6-51 ng/L), whereas E3 was detected regularly at the detection limit of 10 ng/L. The lowest and highest concentrations were determined in raw milk from nonpregnant and from cows in the third trimester of gestation, respectively. The estrogen concentration in processed milk coincides with that of raw milk between first and second trimesters, reflecting the contribution of lactating pregnant cows to the final consumable product. The daily intake of total investigated estrogens through milk is 372 ng, which is dramatically more than currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Malekinejad
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Veterinary Public Health Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Chiodini AM, Scherpenisse P, Bergwerff AA. Ochratoxin a contents in wine: comparison of organically and conventionally produced products. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:7399-404. [PMID: 16968111 DOI: 10.1021/jf0613482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) content was determined in 44 organically and conventionally produced wines originating from different geographical regions. Wine samples were extracted using a series of C18 and mixed-bed solid-phase cartridges and analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The identity of the mycotoxin was confirmed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries were in excess of 90%, intraday precisions were better than 6%, and the interday variation was 15%. Limit of detection was 0.05 microg/L (HPLC). All sampled wines contained OTA below the level permitted by the European Union of 2 microg/L, ranging from not detectable (nd) to 0.75 microg/L for red wines (n = 26), from nd to 0.092 microg/L for rosé wines (n = 2), and from nd to 0.22 microg/L for white wines (n = 16). The concentration of OTA in organically produced wines (nd to 0.72 microg/L, median 0.092 microg/L, n = 19) was not significantly different from that in conventional products (nd to 0.75 microg/L, median 0.066 microg/L, n = 25) as assessed by a Mann-Whitney statistical test (p = 0.54).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro M Chiodini
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Public Health and Food Safety, Utrecht University, PO Box 80175, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Drillich M, Arlt S, Kersting S, Bergwerff AA, Scherpenisse P, Heuwieser W. Ceftiofur Derivatives in Serum, Uterine Tissues, Cotyledons, and Lochia after Fetal Membrane Retention. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:3431-8. [PMID: 16899676 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine concentrations of ceftiofur derivatives after subcutaneous application of ceftiofur hydrochloride in cows with retained fetal membranes. Concentrations of ceftiofur derivatives detected as desfuroylceftiofuracetamide were determined in blood serum, endometrium, caruncles, cotyledons, and lochia during 72 h. After induction of parturition, 2 primiparous and 4 multiparous cows having retained fetal membranes for at least 12 h were studied. All cows received 3 consecutive injections (C1 to C3; 24 h apart) of 1-mg ceftiofur equivalents per kilogram of body weight as ceftiofur hydrochloride sterile suspension. Samples of blood, endometrium, caruncles, cotyledons, and lochia were collected immediately before each injection (0 h) and again at 4, 12, and 24 h after C1, C2, and C3. Blood samples were collected from coccygeal vessels. Caruncles were removed from the uterine lumen by manual extirpation and separated from cotyledons. Endometrial tissue (0.5 g) was collected by using Kenny's biopsy apparatus. For all samples, concentrations of potentially active ceftiofur derivatives were quantified using an HPLC assay. Within 2 h (serum), 4 h (endometrium), and 12 h (caruncles, cotyledons, lochia) after C1 and during the entire study period, mean concentration of ceftiofur derivatives exceeded the reported minimum drug concentrations required to inhibit the growth of 90% of isolates for relevant bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Only in single samples did concentrations decrease temporarily below the reported minimum drug concentrations required to inhibit the growth of 90% of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Drillich
- Clinic for Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Königsweg 65, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Abstract
Residues of malachite green (MG) were extracted from homogenized animal tissues with a mixture of McIlvaine buffer (pH 3.0)-acetonitrile, and purified over an aromatic sulfonic acid solid-phase extraction column followed by HPLC or LC-ESI-MS-MS analysis. Ascorbic acid and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride were added to reduce de-methylation of the dye. Responses were recorded at 620 nm (HPLC) or by multiple-reaction-monitoring (LC-MS-MS) after post-column oxidation using PbO(2). MG and its primary metabolite leuco-malachite green (LMG) were successfully determined at 2.5-2000 microg/kg in catfish, eel, rainbow trout, salmon, tropical prawns and turbot, with a limit of detection at 1 microg/kg (HPLC) and 0.2 microg/kg (LC-MS-MS) for both MG and LMG. Recoveries for LMG were between 86+/-15% (prawn) and 105+/-14% (eel). Freeze-thawing cycles, and storage at 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C affected the recovery of both MG and LMG. Analyses of eel, trout and (processed) salmon field samples collected at local retailers, fish-market and -shops demonstrated trace levels of MG-residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert A Bergwerff
- Department of Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.175, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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28
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Okker H, Schmitt EJ, Vos PLAM, Scherpenisse P, Bergwerff AA, Jonker FH. Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in plasma and uterine secretions and tissues after subcutaneous postpartum administration in lactating dairy cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2002; 25:33-8. [PMID: 11874524 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to measure concentrations of potentially active ceftiofur derivatives, in plasma, in uterine tissues (endometrium and caruncles) and in uterine secretions at different time points after a single subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur hydrochloride (Excenel RTU Sterile Suspension) at the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The animals (n=4) were injected within 24 h of calving, after expulsion of the foetal membranes. Plasma, lochial fluid, caruncles and endometrium were collected before ceftiofur hydrochloride administration and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after treatment. For each cow the concentrations of ceftiofur in the biological matrices were quantified using an high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. The limit of quantification of the method was 0.1 microg/mL for plasma and 0.1 microg/g for lochial fluid, caruncles and endometrium. The concentrations of potentially active ceftiofur derivatives detected in plasma reached a maximum of 2.85 +/- 1.11 microg/mL at 2 h and decreased to 0.64 +/- 0.14 microg/mL at 24 h after administration. In lochial fluid, these concentrations reached a maximum of 0.97 +/- 0.25 microg/g at 4 h and decreased to 0.22 +/- 0.21 microg/g at 24 h after administration. In endometrium, these concentrations reached a maximum of 2.23 +/- 0.82 microg/g at 4 h and decreased to 0.56 +/- 0.14 microg/g at 24 h following the injection, whereas these levels in caruncles were 0.96 +/- 0.45 and 0.60 +/- 0.39 microg/g obtained at 8 and 24 h, respectively. At the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight in healthy dairy cows, subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur (as ceftiofur hydrochloride) after parturition results in concentrations of ceftiofur derivatives in uterine tissues and in lochial fluid that exceed the reported minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the common pathogens (Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Bacteroides spp., and Arcanobacterium pyogenes) associated with acute puerperal metritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okker
- Department of the Science of Food of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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29
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Abstract
An HPLC method was developed for the determination of bacteriostatic aminocyclitol spectinomycin (SP) in animal tissue products. These products included chicken eggs and edible fat, kidney, liver, muscle tissues from calf, poultry, pig and sheep. Residues of SP were extracted from homogenized tissue and egg-derived material with 25 mM citrate of pH 4.0, trichloroacetic acid and dichloromethane. The extract was purified and concentrated over a carboxylic acid-bonded solid-phase extraction (SPE) column. The SPE-eluate was analysed by cation-exchange HPLC involving a two-column switching system, post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. Spectinomycin could be successfully determined at levels of 0.05 mg kg-1 and higher. Recoveries from spiked tissue material and from spiked egg material were in excess of 74% and did not show a concentration or tissue-type dependence. Precision of the elution position and signal response was better than 2%. Matrix effects and interference from lincomycin were less than 7 and 2%, respectively, on the signal response. Spectinomycin was shown to be stable at -20 degrees C in combined egg yolk and white over a test period of 12 weeks and in calf and sheep muscle tissue over a test period of 10 days. SP was, however, not stable at this temperature over a period of 12 months in chicken muscle tissue. Incurred SP residues were successfully determined in kidney and muscle tissue at the injection site of pigs administered with two doses of 15 mg kg-1 body weight SP with an intermittent withdrawal period of 15 days. Kidney showed higher concentrations and more persistent residues of SP than muscle tissue at the injection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bergwerff
- Department of the Science of Food of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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30
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Haagsma N, Scherpenisse P, Simmonds RJ, Wood SA, Rees SA. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of spectinomycin in swine, calf and chicken plasma using post-column derivatization. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1995; 672:165-71. [PMID: 8590931 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An HPLC method for the determination of spectinomycin in swine, calf and chicken plasma at 0.1 microgram/ml or higher is described. The clean-up is based upon ion-pair solid-phase extraction on a High Hydrophobic C18 column treated with sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. After elution with methanol, spectinomycin is chromatographed on a Spherisorb SCX column using 0.1 M sodium sulphate solution (pH 2.6)-acetonitrile (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase. Fluorescence detection is at an excitation wavelength of 340 nm and an emission wavelength of 460 nm after post-column oxidation with sodium hypochlorite followed by derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. Mean recoveries were 99 +/- 2% (n = 6), 99 +/- 2% (n = 7) and 104 +/- 2% (n = 6) for swine, calf and chicken plasma, respectively, at the 0.1 microgram/ml level.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Haagsma
- Department of the Science of Food of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
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31
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Haagsma N, Keegstra JR, Scherpenisse P. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of spectinomycin in swine, calf and chicken plasma. J Chromatogr 1993; 615:289-95. [PMID: 8335706 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A rapid clean-up procedure based on ion-pair solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of spectinomycin in swine, calf and chicken plasma at a limit of detection of 50 ng/ml is described. After dilution with water and adjustment of the pH to approximately 5.6, the plasma is applied to a high-hydrophobic C18 SPE column treated with sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate. Spectinomycin is eluted with methanol and derivatized with 2-naphthalene sulphonyl chloride prior to chromatography. The HPLC set-up consists of a dual-column system using two Chromspher silica columns and dichloromethane-acetonitrile-ethyl acetate-acetic acid, in different ratios, as mobile phases. Detection is performed at 250 nm. Quantification is carried out using external standards prepared in blank cleaned plasma. Mean recoveries were 83 +/- 3% (n = 5), 93 +/- 6% (n = 5) and 92 +/- 6% (n = 6) for swine, calf and chicken plasma, respectively, at the 0.1 microgram/ml level.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Haagsma
- Department of the Science of Food and Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
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32
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Abstract
1. The metabolic fate of the insecticide diflubenzuron was investigated in the rat with radioactively labelled forms of the compound. 2. Intestinal absorption, measured as the sum of urinary and biliary excretion, diminished greatly with increasing dose, from about 50% at 4 mg/kg to about 4% at 900 mg/kg. 3. Excretion was almost complete at 72 h after dosing. At that time up to 4% of a dose was recovered from the carcasses of the rats. No detectable excretion of radioactive CO2 occurred (less than 0.5% of dose). 4. The metabolic pattern in urine and bile was investigated with diflubenzuron labelled with both 3H and 14C. No unchanged compound was detected. About 80% of the metabolites appeared to have the basic diflubenzuron structure intact. Three of these, hydroxylated at either aromatic ring, were identified; they were largely excreted as conjugates in the bile. The remainder, also largely excreted in the bile, constituted very polar material. About 20% of the diflubenzuron underwent scission of the ureido bridge. One scission product, 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid, was largely excreted as such in the urine. Its counterpart, 4-chlorophenylurea, was not present in urine or bile in appreciable quantity; nor was 4-chloroaniline detected.
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