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Bílek J, Koval D, Šolínová V, Talele HL, Severa L, Gutiérrez PER, Teplý F, Kašička V. Determination of the binding constants and ionic mobilities of diquat complexes with randomly sulfated cyclodextrins by affinity capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400286. [PMID: 38863086 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The enantiomers of diquats (DQs), a new class of functional organic molecules, were recently separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with high resolution up to 11.4 within 5-7 min using randomly sulfated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors. These results indicated strong interactions between dicationic diquats and multiply negatively charged sulfated CDs (S-CDs). However, the binding strength of these interactions was not quantified. For that reason, in this study, affinity CE was applied for the determination of the binding constants and ionic mobilities of the complexes of DQ P- and M-enantiomers with CD chiral selectors in an aqueous medium. The non-covalent interactions of 10 pairs of DQ enantiomers with the above CDs were investigated in a background electrolyte (BGE) composed of 22 mM NaOH, 35 mM H3PO4, pH 2.5, and 0.0-1.0 mM concentrations of CDs. The average apparent binding constant and the average actual ionic mobility of the DQ-CD complexes were determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the dependence of the effective mobility of DQ enantiomers on the concentration of CDs in the BGE. The complexes were found to be relatively strong with the averaged apparent binding constants in the range 13 600-547 400 L/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bílek
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Dušan Koval
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Veronika Šolínová
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Harish L Talele
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Severa
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Paul E Reyes Gutiérrez
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Filip Teplý
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Václav Kašička
- Electromigration Methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
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2
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Thorel M, Roman Y, Leclerc A. Influence of Freezing Temperature, Freezing Duration, and Repeated Freeze/Thaw Cycles on Electrophoretic Profiles in the White Stork ( Ciconia ciconia). J Avian Med Surg 2023; 37:266-274. [PMID: 37962319 DOI: 10.1647/22-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasma electrophoresis is an ancillary diagnostic tool in avian medicine, with agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) being the most common techniques. Frozen samples can be used for quantitative studies or comparative diagnostic purposes, but stability of avian plasma proteins under freezing is poorly described. To evaluate the influence of plasma freezing on electrophoretograms in white storks (Ciconia ciconia), heparin blood was sampled from 30 individuals during annual health examinations. Plasma samples were obtained after centrifugation of fresh samples and divided into aliquots. Both AGE and CZE were performed on fresh aliquots. The remaining aliquots were frozen at -20°C (-4°F) or -180°C (-292°F) and thawed following different protocols: 1 freeze/thaw cycle after 6 months at -20°C; 1, 2, 4, and 7 cycles over 12 months at -20°C; and 1 cycle after 18 months at -180°C. For both techniques, electrophoretic profiles obtained from these thawed aliquots were compared to fresh electrophoretograms. Quantitatively, significant differences (P < 0.05) in most fractions were seen from 6 months postfreezing at -20°C for both techniques. Fewer statistically significant differences were observed after 18 months under cryogenic preservation (-180°C). Qualitatively, AGE provided more repeatable and stable results than CZE over time on samples stored at -20°C, and electrophoretograms were stable after 18 months of cryogenic storage. An electromigration distortion associated with freezing was seen with CZE only. Plasma samples stored in a conventional freezer (-20°C) should not be compared to fresh plasma. For quantitative studies, cryogenic storage should be privileged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Thorel
- ZooParc de Beauval & Beauval Nature, 41110 Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Yannick Roman
- Le Parc de Clères, Département de Seine Maritime, 76690 Clères, France
| | - Antoine Leclerc
- ZooParc de Beauval & Beauval Nature, 41110 Saint-Aignan, France,
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3
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Mahmud S, Ramproshad S, Deb R, Dutta D. A review of the zone broadening contributions in free-flow electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1519-1538. [PMID: 37548630 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The broadening of analyte streams, as they migrate through a free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) channel, often limits the resolving power of FFE separations. Under laminar flow conditions, such zonal spreading occurs due to analyte diffusion perpendicular to the direction of streamflow and variations in the lateral distance electrokinetically migrated by the analyte molecules. Although some of the factors that give rise to these contributions are inherent to the FFE method, others originate from non-idealities in the system, such as Joule heating, pressure-driven crossflows, and a difference between the electrical conductivities of the sample stream and background electrolyte. The injection process can further increase the stream width in FFE separations but normally influencing all analyte zones to an equal extent. Recently, several experimental and theoretical works have been reported that thoroughly investigate the various contributions to stream variance in an FFE device for better understanding, and potentially minimizing their magnitudes. In this review article, we carefully examine the findings from these studies and discuss areas in which more work is needed to advance our comprehension of the zone broadening contributions in FFE assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakur Mahmud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Sarker Ramproshad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Rajesh Deb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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4
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Filep C, Guttman A. Electromigration Dispersion in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Capillary Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13092-13099. [PMID: 36095317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electromigration dispersion of the light- and heavy-chain subunit peaks of the therapeutic monoclonal antibody omalizumab was investigated in sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS-CGE) using borate cross-linked dextran sieving matrices. Increasing boric acid content (340-640 mM) caused electromigration dispersion shifts for both low (2%)- and high (10%)-dextran-concentration gels in all gel-buffer compositions. In case of the heavy-chain fragment, elevated borate concentrations resulted in decreasing tailing and increasing fronting with the use of higher- and lower-dextran-concentration gels, respectively. The light-chain fragment, on the other hand, exhibited increased fronting with increasing borate concentration for both dextran concentrations examined in this study. Increase of the glycerol ingredient level in the gel-buffer system caused the same effect as the increasing borate concentration in both dextran concentrations. The detected electromigration dispersion was considered as the result of the formation of monomeric and dimeric glycerol-borate complexes as co-ionic constituents, migrating slower than that of the unconjugated tetrahydroxyborate. In addition, complexation of the tetrahydroxyborate anion with the glucose building blocks of the dextran polymer decreased its mobility to practically zero, contributing to further decrease in the resultant effective mobility of the co-ionic species. We suggest that the observed fronting and/or tailing peak shapes of the monoclonal antibody fragments in SDS-CGE at increasing boric acid concentrations can be considered as the result of multiple effects including changes in pH, sieving matrix pore size, viscosity, and the mobility variation of the co-ionic borate adducts with the gel-buffer ingredients. While electromigration dispersion-mediated band broadening, in general, can be minimized via matching the effective mobility of the co-ionic species to the analyte molecules of interest, in case of borate cross-linked dextran gels, optimization of the boric acid concentration required special consideration of its gel cross-linking function. For the light- and heavy-chain fragments of the IgG analyte, best peak shapes were attained with the use of 10% dextran/340 mM boric acid and 10% dextran/640 mM boric acid-containing gel-buffer systems, respectively. Based on this observation, here we introduce the concept of borate-gradient-mediated transient mobility matching in SDS-CGE of proteins. This novel approach resulted in close to optimal peak shapes for the distantly migrating IgG subunits within a single run, as well as unraveled the long-sought possible solution to perform capillary pore-size-gradient gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csenge Filep
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Guttman
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.,Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary.,Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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5
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Xia L, Deb R, Dutta D. Electrokinetic stacking of particle zones in confined channels enabling their UV absorbance detection on microchips. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1135:83-90. [PMID: 33070862 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report a simple approach to stacking micro- and nanoparticle zones by electrokinetically migrating them through moderately confined channels of uniform cross-section. Experiments show the reported pre-concentration process to initiate at the tail end of the zone following its electrokinetic injection, with the stacked region migrating faster than the rest of the sample band. This effect causes the particles traveling in front to merge into the stacked region making it grow both in size and concentration. Because the stacked zone also gradually loses particles from its trailing edge, it eventually disintegrates upon running out of particles at its front end. Nevertheless, enhancements in peak height by over 100-fold were recorded using the reported approach for polystyrene beads with diameters comparable to the channel depth. This enhancement however, exhibited a temporal variation as the particle band migrated through the analysis column reaching a maximum value that depended on the particle diameter, particle concentration, channel depth, electric field strength, electroosmotic mobility, etc. Interestingly, the peak area recorded by the detector remained relatively constant during this particle migration period allowing reliable sample quantitation. Moreover, upon incubating antibody-coated particles against an antigen sample, the peak area for the particle zone was seen to scale linearly with the antigen concentration establishing the utility of the reported focusing phenomenon for chemical/biochemical analysis. The noted stacking technique was further applied to enabling UV absorbance detection of particle zones on microchips which then allowed us to determine the colloidal content in actual natural water samples. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Rajesh Deb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
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6
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Sursyakova VV, Levdansky VA, Rubaylo AI. Determination of binding constants for strong complexation by affinity capillary electrophoresis: the example of complexes of ester betulin derivatives with (2-hydroxypropyl)-γ-cyclodextrin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5615-5625. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirk AT, von Helden G, Causon TJ, Pagel K. Plate-height model of ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2020; 145:6313-6333. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In analogy to chromatography, a plate-height model of drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometry is presented that describes zone broadening and resolving power in ion mobility separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Department of Biology
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
| | - Maike Lettow
- Department of Biology
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
| | - Ansgar T. Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover
- Germany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
- Department of Molecular Physics
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Tim J. Causon
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
- Vienna
- 1190 Vienna
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
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8
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Abstract
In capillary electrophoresis (CE), analytes are separated along the axis of a single microcapillary by virtue of their differential migration in an applied electric field. CE can also be performed in channels etched on solid substrates such as glass or PDMS and can be integrated into a microfluidic chip with a complex network of electric and fluidic circuits. The measure of quality of a CE instrument is resolution which is limited fundamentally by mixing due to various physical processes. The theoretical limit on the best separation that can be achieved is set by molecular diffusion, which is inevitable. The goal is to eliminate or minimize the other sources of dispersion by design. This chapter provides an overview of the various mechanisms of band broadening and the mathematical results that make it possible to estimate their relative contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Ghosal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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9
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Dvořák M, Dubský P, Dovhunová M, Gaš B. The dynamics of band (peak) shape development in capillary zone electrophoresis in light of the linear theory of electromigration. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:668-682. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dvořák
- Faculty of Science; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Dubský
- Faculty of Science; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Magda Dovhunová
- Faculty of Science; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Gaš
- Faculty of Science; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
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10
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Matyjaszczyk K, Kolonko M, Gonciarz-Dytman A, Oszczapowicz I, Łukawska M, Jawień W, Chlopicki S, Walczak M. Effects of structural modification of the daunosamine moiety of anthracycline antibiotics on pKa values determined by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1060:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Barr JD, Shi L, Russell DH, Clemmer DE, Holliday AE. Following a Folding Transition with Capillary Electrophoresis and Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10933-10939. [PMID: 27809500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is increasingly used to describe solution-phase phenomena and has recently been used to establish the presence of multiple intermediates during the folding of a model polypeptide, polyproline. These observations, however, are made on gas-phase structures. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a complementary solution-phase technique, also based on the separation of charged species as a function of size and charge. Here, both ion mobility and capillary electrophoresis are used to follow the folding transition of a 13-mer polyproline peptide from the all-cis polyproline I (PPI) conformation to the all-trans polyproline II (PPII) conformation upon immersion in aqueous solvent. Synchronous folding processes are observed using both techniques. Eight conformers are observed using ion mobility. Although only five peaks are observed using capillary electrophoresis, these peaks can be modeled as sums of the observed IMS conformers; this is strong evidence that ion mobility is sampling solution-phase structures. CE measurements provide the first direct evidence that multiple folding intermediates are present in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Barr
- Department of Chemistry, Moravian College , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18018, United States
| | - Liuqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - David H Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alison E Holliday
- Department of Chemistry, Moravian College , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18018, United States
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12
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Tůmová T, Monincová L, Čeřovský V, Kašička V. Estimation of acidity constants, ionic mobilities and charges of antimicrobial peptides by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:3186-3195. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Tůmová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; University of Chemistry and Technology Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Monincová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Čeřovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
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13
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Dubský P, Ördögová M, Malý M, Riesová M. CEval: All-in-one software for data processing and statistical evaluations in affinity capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1445:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Riesová M, Geryk R, Kalíková K, Šlechtová T, Voborná M, Martínková M, Bydžovská A, Tesařová E. Direct CE and HPLC methods for enantioseparation of tryptophan and its unnatural derivatives. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Dubský P, Dvořák M, Műllerová L, Gaš B. Determination of the correct migration time and other parameters of the Haarhoff-van der Linde function from the peak geometry characteristics. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:655-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Dubský
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dvořák
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Műllerová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Gaš
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
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16
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Determination of thermodynamic values of acidic dissociation constants and complexation constants of profens and their utilization for optimization of separation conditions by Simul 5 Complex. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:276-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Introducing the concept of centergram. A new tool to squeeze data from separation techniques–mass spectrometry couplings. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1330:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Beneš M, Riesová M, Svobodová J, Tesařová E, Dubský P, Gaš B. Complexation of buffer constituents with neutral complexation agents: part II. Practical impact in capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8526-34. [PMID: 23895553 DOI: 10.1021/ac401381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article elucidates the practical impact of the complexation of buffer constituents with complexation agents on electrophoretic results, namely, complexation constant determination, system peak development, and proper separation of analytes. Several common buffers, which were selected based on the pH study in Part I of this paper series (Riesová, M.; Svobodová, J.; Tošner, Z.; Beneš, M.; Tesařová, E.; Gaš, B. Anal. Chem., 2013, DOI: 10.1021/ac4013804); e.g., CHES, MES, MOPS, Tricine were used to demonstrate behavior of such complex separation systems. We show that the value of a complexation constant determined in the interacting buffers environment depends not only on the analyte and complexation agent but it is also substantially affected by the type and concentration of buffer constituents. As a result, the complexation parameters determined in the interacting buffers cannot be regarded as thermodynamic ones and may provide misleading information about the strength of complexation of the compound of interest. We also demonstrate that the development of system peaks in interacting buffer systems significantly differs from the behavior known for noncomplexing systems, as the mobility of system peaks depends on the concentration and type of neutral complexation agent. Finally, we show that the use of interacting buffers can totally ruin the results of electrophoretic separation because the buffer properties change as the consequence of the buffer constituents' complexation. As a general conclusion, the interaction of buffer constituents with the complexation agent should always be considered in any method development procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beneš
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Mai TD, Hauser PC. Study on the interrelated effects of capillary diameter, background electrolyte concentration, and flow rate in pressure assisted capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1796-803. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Spitalstrasse; Basel; Switzerland
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20
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Zhang J, Huang QF, Jin J, Chang J, Li S, Fan LY, Cao CX. Stump-like mathematical model and computer simulation on dynamic separation of capillary zone electrophoresis with different sample injections. Talanta 2013; 105:278-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Zhang J, Yan J, Li S, Pang B, Guo CG, Cao CX, Jin XQ. Mathematical model and dynamic computer simulation on free flow zone electrophoresis. Analyst 2013; 138:5734-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00834g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Beneš M, Zusková I, Svobodová J, Gaš B. Determination of stability constants of complexes of neutral analytes with charged cyclodextrins by affinity capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1032-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Mai TD, Hauser PC. Anion separations with pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis using a sequential injection analysis manifold and contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3000-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Erny GL, Calisto V, Lima DL, Esteves VI. Studying the interaction between triazines and humic substances—A new approach using open tubular capillary eletrochromatography. Talanta 2011; 84:424-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Nonlinear waves in capillary electrophoresis. Bull Math Biol 2010; 72:2047-66. [PMID: 20238181 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-010-9527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic separation of a mixture of chemical species is a fundamental technique of great usefulness in biology, health care, and forensics. In capillary electrophoresis, the sample migrates in a microcapillary in the presence of a background electrolyte. When the ionic concentration of the sample is sufficiently high, the signal is known to exhibit features reminiscent of nonlinear waves including sharp concentration "shocks." In this paper, we consider a simplified model consisting of a single sample ion and a background electrolyte consisting of a single coion and a counterion in the absence of any processes that might change the ionization states of the constituents. If the ionic diffusivities are assumed to be the same for all constituents the concentration of sample ion is shown to obey a one dimensional advection diffusion equation with a concentration dependent advection velocity. If the analyte concentration is sufficiently low in a suitable nondimensional sense, Burgers' equation is recovered, and thus the time dependent problem is exactly solvable with arbitrary initial conditions. In the case of small diffusivity, either a leading edge or trailing edge shock is formed depending on the electrophoretic mobility of the sample ion relative to the background ions. Analytical formulas are presented for the shape, width, and migration velocity of the sample peak and it is shown that axial dispersion at long times may be characterized by an effective diffusivity that is exactly calculated. These results are consistent with known observations from physical and numerical simulation experiments.
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Ehala S, Makrlík E, Toman P, Kašička V. ACE applied to the quantitative characterization of benzo-18-crown-6-ether binding with alkali metal ions in a methanol-water solvent system. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:702-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Erny GL, Rodrigues JEA, Gil AM, Barros AS, Esteves VI. Analysis of Non-Aromatic Organic Acids in Beer by CE and Direct Detection Mode with Diode Array Detection. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Dispersion or spreading of analyte bands is a barrier to achieving high resolution in microfluidic separations. The role of dispersion in separations is reviewed with emphasis on metrics, sources and common principles of analysis. Three sources of dispersion (a) inhomogeneous flow fields, (b) solute wall interactions and (c) force fields normal to channel walls are studied in detail. Microfluidic and nanofluidic applications to capillary electrophoresis, chromatography and field-flow fractionation, that are subject to one or more of these three physical processes under standard, unintentional or novel operating conditions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Datta
- 201, W 19th Avenue, Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sandip Ghosal
- 2145 Sheridan Road, Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3111, USA
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Jin J, Shao J, Li S, Zhang W, Fan LY, Cao CX. Computer simulation on a continuous moving chelation boundary in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-based sample sweeping in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4913-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Application of capillary affinity electrophoresis and density functional theory to the investigation of valinomycin–lithium complex. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3660-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Ehala S, Kašička V, Makrlík E. Determination of stability constants of valinomycin complexes with ammonium and alkali metal ions by capillary affinity electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:652-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Erny GL, Marina ML, Cifuentes A. Reproducible and efficient separation of aggregatable zein proteins by CZE using a volatile background electrolyte. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2988-97. [PMID: 17661316 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zein proteins are a complex mixture of polypetides that belong to the alcohol-soluble storage proteins group (prolamines) in corn. These proteins constitute about 50-60% of the total endosperm protein and are classified in different groups on the basis of differences in their solubility and sequence. Among them, zein proteins are considered the majority group showing a high tendency to aggregate what makes their analysis by any analytical method very difficult. Thus, CZE of these proteins requires the use of very complex BGEs noncompatible with online ESI-MS analysis. The aim of this work was to find a new BGE for the CZE separation of zein protein fully compatible with ESI-MS while providing further light on the complex CZE separation of aggregatable proteins. Thus, it is demonstrated in this work that efficient and reproducible CZE separations of zein proteins can be achieved by using a BGE composed of water, ACN, formic acid and ammonium hydroxide. Besides, it is shown that zein analysis is significantly improved by including the effect of an ammonium gradient during their separation. It is experimentally verified that the ammonium gradient can easily be achieved in CZE by either working with a sample zone with a low concentration of ammonium and a BGE with a high concentration, or conversely, working with a sample zone with high ammonium concentration and a BGE with low concentration of ammonium, giving rise in both cases to a significant improvement in the CZE separation of these proteins. It is demonstrated that this procedure can give rise to efficiency improvements of up to 20-fold in the CZE separation of zein proteins. Under optimized conditions, 20 proteins could be separated with average efficiencies higher than 400 000 theoretical plates/m. Some possible explanations of this effect are discussed including stacking, protein-capillary wall adsorption, protein solubility and protein-salt interactions.
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33
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Koval D, Kasicka V, Zusková I. Investigation of the effect of ionic strength of Tris-acetate background electrolyte on electrophoretic mobilities of mono-, di-, and trivalent organic anions by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3221-31. [PMID: 16097028 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ionic strength of the background electrolyte (BGE) composed of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) and acetic acid on the electrophoretic mobility of mono-, di- and trivalent anions of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic and sulfonic acids was investigated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Actual ionic mobilities of the above anions were determined from their CZE separations in Tris-acetate BGEs of pH 8.1 to 8.2 in the 3 to 100 mM ionic strength interval at constant temperature (25 degrees C). It was found that the ionic strength dependence of experimentally determined actual ionic mobilities does not follow the course supposed by the classical Onsager theory. A steeper decrease of actual ionic mobilities with the increasing ionic strength of BGE and a higher estimated limiting mobility of the anions than that found in the literature could be attributed to the specific behavior of the Tris-acetate BGEs. Presumably, not only a single type of interaction of anionic analytes with BGE constituents but rather the combination of effects, such as ion association or complexation equilibria, seems to be responsible for the observed deviation of the concentration dependence of the actual ionic mobilities from the Onsager theory. Additionally, several methods for the determination of limiting ionic mobilities from CZE measured actual ionic mobilities were evaluated. It turned out that the determined limiting ionic mobilities significantly depend on the calculation procedure used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Koval
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a dipolar protophilic solvent with physicochemical properties that makes it suitable as solvent for capillary electrophoresis (CE). It is prerequisite for the proper application of CE to adjust and to change the pH of the background electrolyte (BGE) in a defined manner. This was done in the present work using benzoic acid-benzoate by selecting different concentration ratios of acid and salt, and calculating the theoretical pH from the activity-corrected Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The mobilities of the analytes (chloro- and nitro-substituted phenolates) were found to follow reasonably well the typical sigmoid mobility versus pH curve as predicted by theory. The actual mobilities and pK(a) values (at 25 degrees C) of the analytes were derived from these curves. pK(a) values were in the range of 11.1-11.7, being thus 3-4.4 units higher than in water. This pK(a) shift is caused by the destabilization of the analyte anion and the better stability (solubility) of the molecular analyte acid in DMF, which overcome the higher basicity of DMF compared to water. Absolute mobilities were calculated from the actual mobilities; they were between 32x10(-9) and 42x10(-9) m(2)/Vxs. Slight deviations of the measured mobilities from the theoretical mobility versus pH curve were discussed on the bases of ion pairing and heteroconjugation and homoconjugation of either buffer components or buffer components and analytes. Heteroconjugation was used as a mechanism for the electrically driven separation of neutral analyte molecules in a BGE where salicylate acted as complex forming ion. Rough estimation of the complexation constants for the phenolic analytes gave values in the range of 100-200 L/mol. Addition of water to the solvent decreased the effect of heteroconjugation, but it was still present up to the surprisingly high concentration of 20% water. Electrophoretically relevant parameters like ionic mobilities and pK(a) values, and conjugation and ion pairing are dependent on the water content of the solvent. The water uptake of DMF was measured when exposed to humidity of ambient air. The resulted behavior of the water uptake was found rather similar to that for acetonitrile and methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo P Porras
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Le Saux T, Varenne A, Gareil P. Peak shape modeling by Haarhoff-Van der Linde function for the determination of correct migration times: A new insight into affinity capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3094-104. [PMID: 16041707 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the different experimental strategies available in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine binding parameters, affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) has been the most widely embraced due to its easiness of implementation and of data handling. Ligand-substrate binding constants are thus directly derived from the substrate migration time shifts resulting from the variation of ligand concentration introduced in a background electrolyte. Classically, the substrate migration time is measured on top of the electrophoretic peak, assuming symmetrical peak shape. Depending on both substrate and ligand concentrations that may be required to meet detection sensitivity or complexation conditions, zonal migrations in ACE may, however, produce triangular peak shape, most often due to pronounced electromigration dispersion (EMD), and this may result in positively or negatively erroneous migration time assessments. In this work, EMD distorted triangular peak shapes obtained in the course of host-guest complexation studies were fitted with the Haarhoff-Van der Linde function, allowing better estimation of migration time. The model systems studied were those of beta-cyclodextrin and naproxen, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, or 1-adamantanecarboxylate. The impact of this correction on binding isotherms and binding constant evaluation was exemplified. Furthermore, in situations where the substrate concentration injected by far overtakes that of the ligand in the electrolyte, the interest in this peak shape correction was discussed in connection with the question of whether the free ligand concentration can be still considered equal to the ligand concentration introduced, a question that still remains under debate nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Le Saux
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, UMR CNRS 7575, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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García-Alvarez-Coque MC, Simó-Alfonso EF, Sanchis-Mallols JM, Baeza-Baeza JJ. A new mathematical function for describing electrophoretic peaks. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2076-85. [PMID: 15880552 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new model is proposed for characterizing skewed electrophoretic peaks, which is a combination of leading and trailing edge functions, empirically modified to get a rapid recovery of the baseline. The peak model is a sum of square roots and is called thereby "combined square roots (CSR) model". The flexibility of the model was checked on theoretical and experimental peaks with asymmetries in the range of 0-10 (expressed as the ratio of the distance between the center and the trailing edge, and the center and the leading edge of the chromatographic peak, measured at 10% of peak height). Excellent fits were found in all cases. The new model was compared with other three models that have shown good performance in modelling chromatographic peaks: the empirically transformed Gaussian, the parabolic Lorentzian-modified Gaussian, and the Haarhoff-van der Linde function. The latter model was proposed recently to describe electrophoretic peaks. The CSR model offered the highest flexibility to describe electrophoretic peak profiles, even those extremely asymmetrical with long tails. The new function has the advantage of using measurable parameters that allow the direct estimation of peak areas, which is useful for quantitative purposes.
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37
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Vceláková K, Zusková I, Porras SP, Gas B, Kenndler E. Analyte and system eigenpeaks in nonaqueous capillary zone electrophoresis: theoretical description and experimental confirmation with methanol as solvent. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:463-72. [PMID: 15657898 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model developed for aqueous solutions and adapted to methanol as solvent was applied to predict the electromigration characteristics of analytes and background electrolytes in capillary zone electrophoresis. These characteristics are the effective mobility, and the tendency of the analyte to undergo peak-broadening due to electromigration dispersion. The input parameters for calculation like limiting mobilities and dissociation constants were experimentally determined or taken from the literature. By the aid of the model, the molar response for conductivity detection was calculated as well as the transfer ratio when indirect UV detection was used. They allow depicting the electropherogram by computer simulation. An additional important program output is the prediction of the occurrence of system- or eigenpeaks that mimic peaks of analytes or electroosmotic flow markers. The measured electropherograms were in agreement with those theoretically predicted. Deviations were attributed to ion pairing in methanolic solutions, which was not implemented in the model.
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38
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Goodwin L, Startin JR, Keely BJ, Goodall DM. Analysis of glyphosate and glufosinate by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry utilising a sheathless microelectrospray interface. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1004:107-19. [PMID: 12929967 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential of capillary electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of two herbicides (glyphosate and glufosinate) and their metabolites (aminomethylphosphonic acid and methylphosphinicopropionic acid) as the native species is demonstrated utilising a simple microelectrospray interface. The interface uses the voltage applied to the CE capillary to drive separation and generate the electrospray, avoiding sample dilution associated with the use of a sheath liquid interface. The chemistry of the internal walls of the capillary has a marked influence on peak shape, and appropriate choice is essential to successful operation of the interface. A linear polyacrylamide coated capillary, which has no electroosmotic flow, gave best reproducibility, with precision of migration time and peak area in the range 1-2 and 7-12% RSD, respectively, for the four analytes. Limits of detection, low-pg on-column, are substantially better than for previous methods and calibration curves over the range 1-100 microM have R2 values greater than 0.97. The observed concentration limit of detection for glyphosate in water is 1 microM and for a water-acetone extract of wheat is 2.5 microM, allowing the underivatised herbicide to be detected at 10% of the maximum residue limit in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Goodwin
- Chemistry Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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