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Wang H, Ou J, Lin H, Liu Z, Huang G, Dong J, Zou H. Chromatographic assessment of two hybrid monoliths prepared via epoxy-amine ring-opening polymerization and methacrylate-based free radical polymerization using methacrylate epoxy cyclosiloxane as functional monomer. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1367:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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2
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Monoliths with chiral surface functionalization for enantioselective capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1091-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Jarmalavičienė R, Szumski M, Kornyšova O, Kłodzińska E, Westerlund D, Krawczyk S, Mickevičius D, Buszewski B, Maruška A. Coupling of solid-phase microextraction continuous bed (monolithic) capillaries with capillary zone electrophoresis for direct analysis of drugs in biological fluids. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1753-60. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Wahl A, Al-Rimawi F, Schnell I, Kornysova O, Maruska A, Pyell U. Synthesis of a polyrotaxane-based macroporous polymer as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatographyviahost–guest complexation ofN,N ′-ethylenedianilinediacrylamide with statistically methylated β-cyclodextrin. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1519-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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5
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Smith NW, Jiang Z. Developments in the use and fabrication of organic monolithic phases for use with high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:416-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Hembury
- Japan Science and Technology Agency and Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Szumski M, Kłodzińska E, Jarmalaviciene R, Maruska A, Buszewski B. Considerations on influence of charge distribution on determination of biomolecules and microorganisms and tailoring the monolithic (continuous bed) materials for bioseparations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:107-15. [PMID: 17137631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The importance of continuous beds (monoliths) as separation materials is connected with their better chromatographic properties and easier preparation in comparison to particulate-packed columns. Moreover the tuning of porosity as well as surface chemistry can lead to obtaining of highly selective materials, especially useful in separation of biologically important compounds or even microorganisms. To obtain high selectivity for such analytes as e.g. proteins, it is often important to have a knowledge about their shape, size, charge and finally charge distribution. This article presents our considerations on the charge distribution on the monolithic stationary phase and surface of such species as proteins or microorganisms as well as its eventual influence on the separation or sample preparation processes and tuning of their selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Szumski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecoanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Schmid MG, Koidl J, Wank P, Kargl G, Zöhrer H, Gübitz G. Enantioseparation by ligand-exchange using particle-loaded monoliths: Capillary-LC versus capillary electrochromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:77-85. [PMID: 16978701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Particle-loaded monoliths containing a polymethacrylamide backbone were prepared by suspending a silica-based chiral phase in the mixture of the monomers followed by in-situ polymerization in the capillary. As chiral selector l-4-hydroxyproline chemically bonded to 3 microm silica particles was used following the separation principle of ligand-exchange. Electrolytes containing Cu(II) ions were used. Amino acid enantiomers were separated by capillary-LC and CEC, whereby the latter showed the better resolution properties. For the chiral separation of alpha-hydroxy acids the EOF was reversed by copolymerizing diallyldimethylammonium chloride instead of vinylsulfonic acid as charge providing agent. Short columns of 6 cm were found to be sufficient in the case of CEC for baseline separations of amino acids with alpha values up to 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Schmid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Chiral separation principles in chromatographic and electromigration techniques. Mol Biotechnol 2006; 32:159-80. [PMID: 16444017 DOI: 10.1385/mb:32:2:159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Almost half of the drugs in use today are chiral. It is well established that the pharmacological activity is mostly restricted to one of the enantiomers (eutomer). There can be qualitative and quantitative differences in the activity of the enantiomers. In many cases, the inactive enantiomer (distomer) shows unwanted side effects or even toxic effects. Even if the side effects are not that drastic, the distomer has to be metabolized and this represents an unnecessary burden for the organism. Therefore, the development of methods for the separation of enantiomers, both on analytical and preparative scale, has become increasingly important. Chromatographic techniques such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and above all high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been used for enantiomer separation for about two decades. More recently, electromigration techniques, such as capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography, have been shown to be powerful alternatives to chromatographic methods. This review gives a short overview of different chiral separation principles and their application. Several new developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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11
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Wistuba D, Schurig V. Comparison of monolithic approaches for enantioselective capillary electrochromatography involving cyclodextrins. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1344-52. [PMID: 16894778 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The access to CD-modified monoliths for enantiomeric separation by CEC can be divided into two main approaches. (i) Silica-based monoliths, prepared by either a sol-gel process or by sintering of silica particles, are modified after fabrication by coating with a CD selector. Alternatively the fusion of CD functionalized silica particle via gluing is feasible. (ii) Rigid or homogeneous organic polymer-based monoliths, prepared by polymerization of organic monomers in the presence of a porogen, are modified with the CD selector either by copolymerization or by physical incorporation into the continuous bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Wistuba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Cabral JL, Bandilla D, Skinner CD. Pore size characterization of monolith for electrochromatography via atomic force microscopy studies in air and liquid phase. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1108:83-9. [PMID: 16442548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the characterization of monoliths used in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) while focusing on the nature of the information available from both techniques. SEM imaging revealed a compact structure of non-porous micrometer sized particles homogeneously agglomerated. With a simple AFM methodology, we found by direct observation that the same material exhibits mesopores in the nanometer range while SEM showed non-porous surfaces. These results obtained by AFM clearly showed that micrometer sized particles shrank and micrometer sized pores increased in the monolith when wetted. Thus, AFM was capable of demonstrating the morphological differences between wet and dried monolithic materials that are not possible by other imaging methods at micrometer resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Cabral
- Concordia University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montréal, Que., Canada H4B 1R6
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Messina A, Desiderio C, Rossi AD, Bachechi F, Sinibaldi M. Capillary Electrochromatography on Methacrylate Based Monolithic Columns: Evaluation of Column Performance and Separation of Polyphenols. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Svec F. Recent developments in the field of monolithic stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:729-45. [PMID: 15940819 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200400086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the contributions to the rapidly growing area of monolithic columns based on both silica and synthetic polymers for capillary electrochromatography and chip electrochromatography, with a focus on those published during the year 2004. A wide variety of both modified approaches to the "old" monoliths and new monoliths have been reported despite the very short period of time covered. This demonstrates that monolithic stationary phases have become a well-established format in the field of electrochromatography. The simplicity of their preparation as well as the good control over their porous properties and surface chemistries make the monolithic separation media an attractive alternative to capillary columns packed with particulate materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA.
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Recent advances in chiral separation principles in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2005; 25:3981-96. [PMID: 15597419 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in chiral separation in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) covering literature published since the year 2000. New chiral selectors and innovative approaches for CE and CEC are introduced. Recent progress in column technology for CEC is highlighted and the development of new chiral stationary phases is discussed. This review is not dedicated to list applications but will focus on new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dept. of Pharm. Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria.
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Palm AK, Novotny MV. A monolithic PNGase F enzyme microreactor enabling glycan mass mapping of glycoproteins by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:1730-8. [PMID: 15912476 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple and rapid single-step method to fabricate an enzyme microreactor incorporating the N-glycosidase PNGase F (peptide-N-glycosidase F) into a porous polymer-based monolith. The monolith is contained in a capillary format, while the enzyme reactor is ready to use within 1 h of preparation. The monomers making up the monolith, including N-acryloxysuccinimide for covalent immobilization of the enzyme, are mixed with PNGase F and introduced into the column by capillary force for polymerization/immobilization. Glycoproteins (ribonuclease B, asialofetuin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and ovalbumin) perfused through the PNGase F reactor were shown to be effectively deglycosylated on a time-scale of seconds/low minutes using low nanogram to microgram per microliter concentration (corresponding to a total sample consumption of 0.1-20 microg of a glycoprotein). The reactor enzyme activity was shown to be reproducible for at least 8 weeks when used and stored at room temperature. Evaluation was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders K Palm
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Wahl A, Schnell I, Pyell U. Capillary electrochromatography with polymeric continuous beds synthesized via free radical polymerization in aqueous media using derivatized cyclodextrins as solubilizing agents. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1044:211-22. [PMID: 15354440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthetic route to amphiphilic acrylamide-based monolithic stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) employing water-soluble cyclodextrins as solubilizing agents was explored. N,N'-Octamethylenebisacryamide and N,N'-dodecamethylenebisacryamide were synthesized and their solubilization in aqueous solution with derivatized and underivatized cyclodextrins of different cavity size was studied. Amphiphilic stationary phases were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of the bisacrylamide-cyclodextrin host-guest complexes with hydrophilic monomers and an additional hydrophilic cross-linker in aqueous solution. Complex formation in solution and removal of the complexed cyclodextrin from the polymer during synthesis was studied with 1H-NMR and solid state 13C-NMR spectroscopy and cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. The impact of the incorporated alkylene groups in the acrylamide-based macroporous polymer on retention was studied with neutral solutes by CEC in the normal-phase elution mode and in the reversed-phase elution mode. Batch-to-batch reproducibility of the synthesis procedure and day-to-day repeatability of the separations achieved were investigated. With these capillaries, a sufficiently high electroosmotic flow velocity, a high reproducibility and repeatability of separation parameters and high plate numbers (up to 200,000 m(-1) were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wahl
- Universität Kassel, Fachbereich Naturwissenschaften, Abteilung für Analytische Chemie, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34109 Kassel, Germany
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Maruska A, Kornysova O. Continuous beds (monoliths): stationary phases for liquid chromatography formed using the hydrophobic interaction-based phase separation mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:1-48. [PMID: 15134905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pioneering research work published by Hjertén et al. [J. Chromatogr. 473 (1989) 273] in 1989 dealing with development and application of the continuous bed (monolithic) technique as an attractive alternative for the classical packed columns in chromatography, stimulated further investigations in this direction. The research data published since that time on the development and application of the continuous beds formed using hydrophobic interaction-based phase separation mechanism are reviewed. Some innovative species of the beds, such as polyrotaxane beds or nonparticulate restricted-access materials for direct analysis of the biological fluids in the capillary format are also discussed. Characteristic features and practical details of the continuous bed technique are revealed. Due to many advantages, the continuous bed technique became a competitor with the traditional packings in capillary or chip-based microanalysis. The importance of the continuous bed morphology on the chromatographic characteristics is shown. The applicability of modern microscopic analysis to evaluate the morphology of the continuous beds is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrius Maruska
- Department of Chemistry, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, LT-3035 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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