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Kudláček K, La Nasa J, Ribechini E, Colombini MP, Nesměrák K. Study of the molecular compositions of ointments from the 18th baroque pharmacy of the Capuchin monastery in Hradčany (Prague, Czech Republic). Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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2
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Irto A, Micalizzi G, Bretti C, Chiaia V, Mondello L, Cardiano P. Lipids in Archaeological Pottery: A Review on Their Sampling and Extraction Techniques. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113451. [PMID: 35684389 PMCID: PMC9182108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been performed so far for the effective recovery, detection and quantification of specific compounds and their degradation products in archaeological materials. According to the literature, lipid molecules are the most durable and widespread biomarkers in ancient pottery. Artificial ageing studies to simulate lipid alterations over time have been reported. In this review, specific lipid archaeological biomarkers and well-established sampling and extraction methodologies are discussed. Although suitable analytical techniques have unraveled archaeological questions, some issues remain open such as the need to introduce innovative and miniaturized protocols to avoid extractions with organic solvents, which are often laborious and non-environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Irto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Micalizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (G.M.)
| | - Clemente Bretti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Valentina Chiaia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Cardiano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (P.C.)
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La Nasa J, Modugno F, Degano I. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the analysis of acylglycerols in art and archeology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:381-407. [PMID: 32643188 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid characterization in art and archeology, together with the study of lipid degradation processes, is an important research area in heritage science. Lipid-based materials have been used as food since ancient times, but also employed as illuminants and as ingredients in cosmetic, ritual, and pharmaceutical preparations. Both animal and plant lipids have also been processed to produce materials used in art and crafts, such as paint binders, varnishes, waterproofing agents, and coatings. Identifying the origin of the lipid materials is challenging when they are found in association with artistic historical objects. This is due to the inherent complex composition of lipids, their widespread occurrence, and the chemical alterations induced by ageing. The most common approach for lipid characterization in heritage objects entails profiling fatty acids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after saponification or transesterification. New developments in high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) for the characterization of acylglycerols, together with more efficient sample treatments, have fostered the introduction of liquid chromatography for characterizing the lipid profile in heritage objects. This review reports the latest developments and applications of HPLC-MS for the characterization of lipid materials in the field of heritage science. We describe the various approaches for sample pretreatment and highlight the advantages and limitations of HPLC-MS in the analysis of paint and archeological samples. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
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Ueland M, Collins S, Maestrini L, Forbes SL, Luong S. Fresh vs. frozen human decomposition – A preliminary investigation of lipid degradation products as biomarkers of post-mortem interval. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Combined organic biomarker and use-wear analyses of stone artefacts from Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17553. [PMID: 31772188 PMCID: PMC6879511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic biomarker and lithic use-wear analyses of archaeological implements manufactured and/or used by hominins in the past offers a means of assessing how prehistoric peoples utilised natural resources. Currently, most studies focus on one of these techniques, rather than using both in sequence. This study aims to assess the potential of combining both methods to analyse stone artefacts, using a set of 69 stones excavated from the cave site of Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia). Prior to chemical analysis, an initial inspection of the artefacts revealed potential use-wear traces but no visible residues. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, including the targeting of 86 lipids, terpenes, terpenoids, alkanes and their analogues, found compounds with plant or animal origin on 27 of the 69 stones. The artefacts were subsequently cleaned, and use-wear analysis identified traces of use on 43 artefacts. Use-wear analysis confirmed traces of use on 23 of the 27 artefacts with potential use-residues that were determined by GC-MS. The GC-MS results were broadly consistent with the functional classes identified in the later use-wear analysis. This inclusive approach for stone artefact analysis strengthens the identifications made through multiple lines of enquiry. There remain conflicts and uncertainties in specific cases, suggesting the need for further refinement and analyses of the relationships between use-wear and residues.
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Rosiak A, Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Gątarek P. Analytical Interpretation of Organic Residues From Ceramics As a Source of Knowledge About Our Ancestors. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:189-195. [PMID: 31010299 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1602821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Food ingredients which were prepared or stored in the archeological ceramics are the most frequently used in the study of ceramic vessels with the use of various types of gas chromatographic methods. These include lipids which contain fatty acids and compounds characteristic of various types of food known as archeological biomarkers. The paper shows how the lipid profile analysis and its interpretation can be helpful to explain the source of organic substances preserved in archeological ceramic vessels. The presence of characteristic sterols discriminates between plant (phytosterols) and animal (zoosterols) residues. Based on the calculated proportions of selected fatty acids, the animal residues can be precisely identified as originating from fish, ruminants or monogastric animals. Many authors have created their own methods of interpretation and conclusion, which makes it possible to sort out all the information gathered about the historical purpose of clay vessels. Due to the fact that the presented research still raises some doubts and questions, it is important for the interpretation of the results of chemical analysis to be considered in the archeological context. The ability to properly explain the meaning of the results of analyses is crucial for a better understanding of the life and customs of our ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Rosiak
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Gątarek
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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7
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Degano I. Liquid chromatography: Current applications in Heritage Science and recent developments. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Liquid chromatography has been widely employed in the analysis of materials in Heritage Science, due to its ease of use and relatively low-cost, starting from thin layer chromatography of organic binders in paintings, of archaeological waxes and resins, and finally of natural dyes. High performance systems employing analytical columns containing packed stationary phases gradually supplanted thin layer chromatography (TLC) in the field, since the separation, detection and quantitation of specific species contained in a sample in the field of Cultural Heritage requires selective, sensitive and reliable methods, allowing for analysing a wide range of samples, in terms of analyte types and concentration range. Today, the main applications of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in this field are related to the separation and detection of dyestuffs in archaeological materials and paint samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with suitable detectors. Proteomics and lipidomics are also gaining momentum in the last decade, thanks to the increased availability of instrumentation and procedures. In this chapter, principles and theory of liquid chromatography will be presented. A short review of the instrumentation needed to perform an analysis will be provided and some general principles of sample preparation revised. More details on the detection systems, the chromatographic set-ups and specific sample treatment strategies will be provided in the individual sections dedicated to the applications to Heritage Science of the main types of liquid chromatographic techniques. In particular, the applications of thin layer chromatography will be shortly described in paragraph 4.1. The applications of Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) will be discussed in detail in paragraph 4.2, including the analysis of natural and synthetic dyes and pigments and the profiling of lipid materials. The possibility to perform proteomic analysis will be presented and a link to the relevant Chapter in this book provided. The most important and promising applications of ion exchange chromatography (IC) will be discussed in paragraph 4.3. Finally, size exclusion and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) will be presented in paragraph 4.4, including applications to the study of polymeric network formation in paint binders, of the phenomena related to the depolymerisation of cellulose in paper and of cellulose and lignin in wood samples. The possibility to study synthetic polymers as artists’ materials and restorers’ tools by size exclusion (SEC) or gel permeation (GPC) will also be introduced. In the conclusions, future perspectives of liquid chromatography in Heritage Science will be briefly discussed.
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Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Rosiak A, Grams J, Chałupka K, Makarowicz P, Maniukiewicz W, Szubiakiewicz E. The Studies of Archaeological Pottery with the Use of Selected Analytical Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:490-498. [PMID: 28541719 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1334534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern analytical methods play an important role in archaeological objects, including ceramics. This review focuses on the use of analytical methods such as: gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), powder X-ray diffraction with thermal analysis to study the chemical and mineralogical composition of archaeological samples and organic residues preserved inside. In this paper, special attention was paid to the ToF-SIMS method, which allows the determination of characteristic ions on the surface of ceramic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Angelina Rosiak
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Jacek Grams
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Karolina Chałupka
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Przemysław Makarowicz
- b Department of Prehistory of East-Central Europe , Institute of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , Poznań , Poland
| | - Waldemar Maniukiewicz
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szubiakiewicz
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
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Oras E, Vahur S, Isaksson S, Kaljurand I, Leito I. MALDI-FT-ICR-MS for archaeological lipid residue analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:689-700. [PMID: 28741297 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft-ionization methods are currently at the forefront of developing novel methods for analysing degraded archaeological organic residues. Here, we present little-used soft ionization method of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (MALDI-FT-ICR-MS) for the identification of archaeological lipid residues. It is a high-resolution and sensitive method with low limits of detection capable of identifying lipid compounds in small concentrations, thus providing a highly potential new technique for the analysis of degraded lipid components. A thorough methodology development for analysing cooked and degraded food remains from ceramic vessels was carried out, and the most efficient sample preparation protocol is described. The identified components, also controlled by independent parallel analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS), demonstrate its capability of identifying very different food residues including dairy, adipose fats as well as lipids of aquatic origin. The results obtained from experimentally cooked and original archaeological samples prove the suitability of MALDI-FT-ICR-MS for analysing archaeological organic residues. Sample preparation protocol and identification of compounds provide future reference for analysing various aged and degraded lipid residues in different organic and mineral matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Oras
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Tartu, Jakobi 2, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Signe Vahur
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sven Isaksson
- The Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivari Kaljurand
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Zhang Y, Zhao D, Meng Z, Dong Z, Lin Y, Chen S, Xia Q, Zhao P. Wild Silkworm Cocoon Contains More Metabolites Than Domestic Silkworm Cocoon to Improve Its Protection. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:4560634. [PMID: 29117380 PMCID: PMC5717709 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The silk of silkworm consists of fibroin fiber coated by sericins. In addition, some nonprotein components were also identified in the sericin fraction. The presence of nonprotein components in the silk has not been well explained. In the present study, methods based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify the metabolites in the cocoon silk from a wild silkworm and two domestic silkworm strains. In total, 45 metabolites were in the cocoon silk, including organic acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and hydrocarbons. Comparative analyses revealed that 17 metabolites were significant more in the wild silkworm cocoon than in the domestic silkworm cocoon, including three organic acids, three fatty acids, three aldoses, four sugar alcohols, three hydrocarbons, and pyridine. Of them, citric acid in the wild silkworm cocoon is more than 40 times that in the domestic silkworm cocoon, which may have protective value against microbes. The carbohydrate, lipid, and the long-chain hydrocarbons may act as water repellent to make the pupa survive longer in the dry environment. Many metabolites in the cocoon silk may play roles to improve the silk resistance. Lots of nonprotein components were identified in the silk for the first time, providing useful data for understanding the biological function of the cocoon silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, China
| | - Dongchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
| | - Zhu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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11
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Tuñón-López JA, Beneito-Cambra M, Robles-Molina J, Parras-Guijarro DJ, Molina-Díaz A, Sánchez-Vizcaíno A, García-Reyes JF. Multiclass profiling of lipids of archaeological interest by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Degano I, La Nasa J. Trends in High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Cultural Heritage. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:20. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Rosiak A, Kwapińska M, Kwapiński W. Different Analytical Procedures for the Study of Organic Residues in Archeological Ceramic Samples with the Use of Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 46:67-81. [PMID: 25830900 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1008130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the composition of organic residues present in pottery is an important source of information for historians and archeologists. Chemical characterization of the materials provides information on diets, habits, technologies, and original use of the vessels. This review presents the problem of analytical studies of archeological materials with a special emphasis on organic residues. Current methods used in the determination of different organic compounds in archeological ceramics are presented. Particular attention is paid to the procedures of analysis of archeological ceramic samples used before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Advantages and disadvantages of different extraction methods and application of proper quality assurance/quality control procedures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Angelina Rosiak
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Marzena Kwapińska
- b Department of Chemical and Environmental Science , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
| | - Witold Kwapiński
- b Department of Chemical and Environmental Science , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
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Nigra BT, Faull KF, Barnard H. Analytical Chemistry in Archaeological Research. Anal Chem 2014; 87:3-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5029616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Nigra
- Cotsen
Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, A331 Fowler
Museum, 308 Charles Young Drive North, Box 951510, Los Angeles, California 90095-1510, United States
| | - Kym F. Faull
- Department
of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Pasarow Mass Spectrometry
Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hans Barnard
- Cotsen
Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, A331 Fowler
Museum, 308 Charles Young Drive North, Box 951510, Los Angeles, California 90095-1510, United States
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Identification of triacylglycerols in archaelogical organic residues by core–shell reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1346:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chemical profile of the organic residue from ancient amphora found in the Adriatic Sea determined by direct GC and GC-MS analysis. Molecules 2011; 16:7936-48. [PMID: 22143551 PMCID: PMC6264281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An ancient organic residue was collected from the bottom of a Greco-Italian amphora found in the Adriatic Sea and investigated by direct GC and GC-MS analysis. The headspace composition was determined by HS-SPME using: (1) DVB/CAR/PDMS and (2) PDMS/DVB fibres. Higher percentages of benzene derivatives, monoterpenes and other low-molecular aliphatic compounds were obtained by method (1) in contrast to higher percentage of naphthalene and phenanthrene derivatives found by method (2). In comparison with the composition of pine resin, it is more likely that the found low-molecular aliphatic alcohols, acids, esters and carbonyls with 2-phenylethanol were trapped and preserved within the organic residue from stored wine – the amphora’s originally content. Semi-volatile diterpenes methyl dehydroabietate (33.6%) and retene (24.1%) were dominant in the residue CH2Cl2 solution. Other abundant compounds were 1,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene (6.8%) as well as other naphthalene and/or phenanthrene derivatives [7-(1-methylethyl)-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydronaphthalene, 7-(1-methylethyl)-1,4a-dimethyl-2,3,4,4a,9,10-hexahydrophenanthrene, 7-(1-methylethyl)-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-phenanthrene, 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene and 2,3,5-trimethylphenanthrene]. Possible sources and formation pathways of the major compounds in the residue were discussed.
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Saliu F, Modugno F, Orlandi M, Colombini MP. HPLC–APCI-MS analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in historical pharmaceutical ointments from the eighteenth century. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1785-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Discovering the composition of ancient cosmetics and remedies: analytical techniques and materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1727-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Regert M. Analytical strategies for discriminating archeological fatty substances from animal origin. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:177-220. [PMID: 21337597 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential tool in the field of biomolecular archeology to characterize amorphous organic residues preserved in ancient ceramic vessels. Animal fats of various nature and origin, namely subcutaneous fats of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and also of dairy products, are those most commonly identified in organic residues in archeological pottery. Fats and oils of marine origin have also been revealed. Since the first applications of MS coupled with gas chromatography (GC) in archeology at the end of 1980s, several developments have occurred, including isotopic determinations by GC coupled to isotope ratio MS and identification of triacylglycerols (TAGs) structure by soft ionization techniques (ESI and APCI). The combination of these methods provides invaluable insights into the strategies of exploitation of animal products in prehistory. In this review, I focus on the analytical strategies based upon MS that allow elucidation of the structure of biomolecular constituents and determination of their isotopic values to identify the nature of animal fat components preserved in highly complex and degraded archeological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Regert
- Centre d'Etudes Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge, UMR 6130, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Bât. 1; 250, rue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
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Steele VJ, Stern B, Stott AW. Olive oil or lard?: distinguishing plant oils from animal fats in the archeological record of the eastern Mediterranean using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3478-84. [PMID: 21072805 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing animal fats from plant oils in archaeological residues is not straightforward. Characteristic plant sterols, such as β-sitosterol, are often missing in archaeological samples and specific biomarkers do not exist for most plant fats. Identification is usually based on a range of characteristics such as fatty acid ratios, all of which indicate that a plant oil may be present, none of which uniquely distinguish plant oils from other fats. Degradation and dissolution during burial alter fatty acid ratios and remove short-chain fatty acids, resulting in degraded plant oils with similar fatty acid profiles to other degraded fats. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of δ(13)C(18:0) and δ(13)C(16:0), carried out by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), has provided a means of distinguishing fish oils, dairy fats, ruminant and non-ruminant adipose fats, but plant oils are rarely included in these analyses. For modern plant oils where C(18:1) is abundant, δ(13)C(18:1) and δ(13)C(16:0) are usually measured. These results cannot be compared with archaeological data or data from other modern reference fats where δ(13)C(18:0) and δ(13)C(16:0) are measured, as C(18:0) and C(18:1) are formed by different processes resulting in different isotopic values. Eight samples of six modern plant oils were saponified, releasing sufficient C(18:0) to measure the isotopic values, which were plotted against δ(13)C(16:0). The isotopic values for these oils, with one exception, formed a tight cluster between ruminant and non-ruminant animal fats. This result complicates the interpretation of mixed fatty residues in geographical areas where both animal fats and plant oils were in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Steele
- Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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21
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Application of a multi-analytical toolset to a 16th century ointment: Identification as lead plaster mixed with beeswax. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Variable-temperature 13C solid-state NMR study of the molecular structure of honeybee wax and silk. Int J Biol Macromol 2009; 44:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Combining TXRF, FT-IR and GC–MS information for identification of inorganic and organic components in black pigments of rock art from Alero Hornillos 2 (Jujuy, Argentina). Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1381-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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25
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Salvini L, Pecci A, Giorgi G. Cooking activities during the Middle Ages: organic residues in ceramic vessels from the Sant'Antimo Church (Piombino-Central Italy). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:108-15. [PMID: 17724781 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A combined gas chromatography-electron ionization (GC-EI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS approach has been used for characterizing organic residues of ceramic vessels of different forms and dimensions recovered from a vault of the apse of the 13th century church of Sant'Antimo in Piombino (Central Italy). The artifacts studied in this investigation are pots, jugs, colanders and pans probably used for cooking meals or as food containers. GC-MS has shown the presence of different fatty acids and other nonpolar markers, while APCI ionization proved to be particularly useful in the detection of diterpenoids and diacylglycerols. The data show that some organic markers may be of animal origin, while others are typical constituents or biodegradation products of vegetables. This allows one to propose the main use of these articles as vessels for cooking meat and maybe vegetable broths and soups. As there is no strict correlation between organic markers and shape, form and dimension of the ceramic vessel, it appears that the different objects probably served the same function. Chemical characterization of the organic residues of ceramic vessels, together with all the other archaeological data, contributes to a better understanding of their uses and the customs of people in the Middle Ages in Central Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salvini
- Centro di Analisi e Determinazioni Strutturali, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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26
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Romanus K, Van Neer W, Marinova E, Verbeke K, Luypaerts A, Accardo S, Hermans I, Jacobs P, De Vos D, Waelkens M. Brassicaceae seed oil identified as illuminant in Nilotic shells from a first millennium AD Coptic church in Bawit, Egypt. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:783-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Mirabaud S, Rolando C, Regert M. Molecular criteria for discriminating adipose fat and milk from different species by NanoESI MS and MS/MS of their triacylglycerols: application to archaeological remains. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6182-92. [PMID: 17637040 DOI: 10.1021/ac070594p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new multistep analytical methodology is described in this paper for the precise identification of triacylglycerols, which are biomarkers of dairy products and subcutaneous fats, that may be chemically identified in archaeological pottery. It consists of the analysis of the total lipid extract from different kinds of fats by high-temperature gas chromatography, performed in order to select the ceramic vessels in which animal fats are well preserved, followed by nanoelectrospray QqTOF mass spectrometry that allows for distinguishing the specific origins of the lipids detected (namely, cow, sheep, or goat). The analysis of model samples, cow and goat dairy products and cow and sheep adipose fats, was successfully achieved. The fatty acid composition of each triacylglycerol was identified, which allowed for the discrimination of subcutaneous fats and dairy fats and distinguishing between cow and goat milk. This methodology was then applied to archaeological samples, and the presence of goat milk, cow milk, and possibly sheep subcutaneous fat was assessed based on the discriminating criteria found on modern fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Mirabaud
- Equipe Physico-Chimie pour l'Analyse et la Biologie, Chimie Organique et Macromoléculaire UMR CNRS 8009, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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28
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Marques G, Gutiérrez A, del Río JC. Chemical characterization of lignin and lipophilic fractions from leaf fibers of curaua (Ananas erectifolius). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:1327-36. [PMID: 17253715 DOI: 10.1021/jf062677x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of leaf fibers of curaua (Ananas erectifolius), an herbaceous plant native of Amazonia, was studied. Special attention was paid to the content and composition of lignin and lipophilic compounds. The analysis of lignin in the curaua fibers was performed in situ by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and showed a lignin composition with a p-hydroxyphenyl:guaiacyl:syringyl units (H:G:S) molar proportion of 30:29:41 (S/G molar ratio of 1.4). The presence of p-hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric and ferulic acids) in curaua fibers was revealed upon pyrolysis in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. On the other hand, the main lipophilic compounds, analyzed by GC/MS, were series of long-chain n-fatty acids, n-fatty alcohols, alpha- and omega-hydroxyacids, monoglycerides, sterols, and waxes. Other compounds, such as omega-hydroxy monoesters and omega-hydroxy acylesters of glycerol, were also found in this fiber in high amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Marques
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain
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Jiménez JJ, Bernal JL, del Nozal MAJ, Martín MAT, Bernal J. Sample preparation methods for beeswax characterization by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:262-72. [PMID: 16854423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New and simpler methods of sample preparation to determine several families of compounds in beeswax by conventional and high temperature gas chromatography are proposed. To analyze hydrocarbons and palmitates, a dilution of sample is enough whereas for the total acid content, a hydrolysis and simultaneous methylation with BF3-methanol results more effective than the usual methods; for the total content of alcohols, a further acetylation with acetic anhydride is necessary. Free alcohols are directly acetylated in a sample dissolution but for free acids and monoesterified 1,2,3-propanetriols analysis, a previous extraction with acetonitrile is required. The concentrations of all the compounds studied are expressed in weight percentage referred only to one standard: octadecyl octadecanoate. The precision of the analytical methods has been evaluated showing its importance in the analysis of beeswaxes used in apiculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena s/n, Valladolid, Spain.
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Regert M, Langlois J, Colinart S. Characterisation of wax works of art by gas chromatographic procedures. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1091:124-36. [PMID: 16395801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To identify the various natural and synthetic substances used by sculptors at the end of the 19th century, several contemporary reference samples were investigated by high temperature gas chromatography (HT GC) and HT GC-MS. Using specific chromatographic conditions and minimising sample preparation, we could separate, detect and identify a wide range of biomolecular markers covering a great variety of molecular weights and volatilities, with a minimum amount of sample, in a single run. Beeswax, spermaceti, carnauba, candellila and Japan waxes as well as pine resin derivatives, animal fats, paraffin, ozokerite and stearin, used as additives in wax works of art, were chemically investigated. In the case of low volatile compounds, transbutylation was performed. The structure of long-chain esters of spermaceti was elucidated for the first time by HT GC-MS analysis. Such a method was then carried out on 10 samples collected on a statuette of Junon by Antoine-Louis Barye (Louvre Museum, Paris, France) and on a sculpture by Aimé-Jules Dalou (Musée de la Révolution Française, Vizille, France). The analytical results obtained provide new data on the complex recipes elaborated by sculptors at the end of the 19th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Regert
- UMR 171 CNRS and GdR 2114 ChimArt, Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 Quai Franfois Mitterrand, F-75001 Paris, France.
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Varmuza K, Makristathis A, Schwarzmeier J, Seidler H, Mader RM. Exploration of anthropological specimens by GC-MS and chemometrics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2005; 24:427-452. [PMID: 15389850 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthropological specimens combine a variety of unfavorable characteristics, rendering their evaluation an analytical challenge. Their remarkable status is primarily based on two characteristics: (i) these very rare samples of human origin are testimonies of human history and are, therefore, available only in minute amounts for analytical purposes, and (ii) the analysis of these samples is extremely limited by the decomposition of molecules, which are easily detected in living organisms, such as nucleic acids and proteins, but are subject to rapid post-mortem decay. In this article, we review the methods and results of archaeometry, emphasizing the role of MS combined with chemometrics. Focusing on experimental results for fatty acid profiles, specimens from mummies from different civilizations were compared. Considering in particular the Tyrolean Iceman, the application of chemometric methods to GC-MS data recovers essential information about the preservation and the storage conditions of mummies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Varmuza
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Chemometrics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
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Bonaduce I, Colombini MP. Characterisation of beeswax in works of art by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry procedures. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1028:297-306. [PMID: 14989483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrolysis (Py) with in situ derivatisation with hexamethyldisilazane-gas chroma-break tography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure based on microwave-assisted saponification were used to identify the organic components in small sized beeswax samples. With the latter procedure quantitative recoveries can be made and hydrocarbons, alcohols and omega-1-diols in the neutral fraction, and fatty acids and omega-1-hydroxy acids in the acidic fraction can be efficiently separated and detected. Both procedures were used to characterise a wax anatomic sculpture "The Plague" (1691-1694) by Gaetano Zumbo, resulting in the identification of beeswax and a Pinaceae resin. The GC-MS analysis brought to light some essential differences in beeswax composition between the raw material and the old modelled wax thus giving some clear indications about the recipe used by the sculptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Zadrożna I, Połeć-Pawlak K, Głuch I, Ackacha MA, Mojski M, Witowska-Jarosz J, Jarosz M. Old master paintings - A fruitful field of activity for analysts: Targets, methods, outlook. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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