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Khan S, Khan JA, Shah NS, Sayed M, Ateeq M, Ansar S, Boczkaj G, Farooq U. Determination of lindane in surface water samples and its degradation by hydrogen peroxide and persulfate assisted TiO 2-based photocatalysis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:20430-20442. [PMID: 37435380 PMCID: PMC10331374 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03610c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used extensively as insecticides and herbicides. This study investigates the occurrence of lindane in surface water from the Peshawar valley (i.e., Peshawar, Charsadda, Nowshera, Mardan and Swabi districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). Out of 75 samples tested (i.e., 15 samples from each district), 13 samples (including 2 from Peshawar, 3 from Charsadda, 4 from Nowshera, 1 from Mardan, and 3 from Swabi) are found to be contaminated with lindane. Overall, the detection frequency is 17.3%. The maximum concentration of lindane is detected in a water sample from Nowshera and found to be 2.60 μg L-1. Furthermore, the degradation of lindane in the water sample from Nowshera, containing the maximum concentration, is investigated by simulated solar-light/TiO2 (solar/TiO2), solar/H2O2/TiO2 and solar/persulfate/TiO2 photocatalysis. The degradation of lindane by solar/TiO2 photocatalysis is 25.77% after 10 h of irradiation. The efficiency of the solar/TiO2 process is significantly increased in the presence of 500 μM H2O2 and 500 μM persulfate (PS) (separately), represented by 93.85 and 100.00% lindane removal, respectively. The degradation efficiency of lindane is lower in natural water samples as compared to Milli-Q water, attributed to water matrix effect. Moreover, the identification of degradation products (DPs) shows that lindane follows similar degradation pathways in natural water samples as the one in Milli-Q water. The results show that the occurrence of lindane in surface waters of Peshawar valley is a matter of great concern for human beings and the environment. Interestingly, H2O2 and PS assisted solar/TiO2 photocatalysis is an effective method for the removal of lindane from natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaullah Khan
- Departmen of Chemistry, Women University Swabi 23430 Pakistan
| | - Javed Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan 23200 Pakistan +92-937-542189 +92-937-929122
| | - Noor S Shah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus 61100 Pakistan
| | - Murtaza Sayed
- Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar Peshawar 25120 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ateeq
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan 23200 Pakistan +92-937-542189 +92-937-929122
| | - Sabah Ansar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University P.O. Box 10219 Riyadh 11433 Saudi Arabia
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology G. Narutowicza St. 11/12 80-233 Gdansk Poland
- EkoTech Center, Gdansk University of Technology G. Narutowicza St. 11/12 80-233 Gdansk Poland
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad-Campus 22060 Abbottabad Pakistan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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Shah M, Kolhe P, Gandhi S. Nano-assembly of multiwalled carbon nanotubes for sensitive voltammetric responses for the determination of residual levels of endosulfan. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138148. [PMID: 36804249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan (ES) is an extensively utilized agricultural pesticide in developing countries, despite its life-threatening toxic effects. In this study, we propose a sensitive detection method against endosulfan using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Herein, we have conjugated endosulfan with bovine serum albumin (BSA) via zero-length conjugation method and successfully confirmed with various biophysical techniques. Endosulfan antibodies (ES-Ab) were raised in-house, fabricated on electrodes coupled with MWCNT, and optimized to achieve maximum peak current by varying the parameters such as MWCNT and antibody concentration, scan rate, temperature, pH, and response time using voltammetry. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and impedance spectroscopies (IS) were performed for electrochemical analysis. The fabricated immunosensor was also evaluated for its cross reactivity with isodrin, chlorpyrifos, and monocrotophos. The limit of detection for ES was found to be 0.184 ppt in standard buffer (range 0.001 ppt-100 ppb). Additionally, spiked ES in water, animal feed, root, and leaf extract samples were also analyzed and validated by HPLC. To summarize, the fabricated electrode can be used for successful detection of endosulfan in the agricultural sector to elude the lethal effect at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitri Shah
- DBT- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Pratik Kolhe
- DBT- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India.
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Goudarzi N, Arab Chamjangali M, Vatankhahan E, Amin AH. Suspended droplet solvent microextraction-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SDSME-FAAS) determination of trace amounts of copper in river and sea water samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814110057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mushtaq MY, Choi YH, Verpoorte R, Wilson EG. Extraction for metabolomics: access to the metabolome. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2014; 25:291-306. [PMID: 24523261 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The value of information obtained from a metabolomic study depends on how much of the metabolome is present in analysed samples. Thus, only a comprehensive and reproducible extraction method will provide reliable data because the metabolites that will be measured are those that were extracted and all conclusions will be built around this information. OBJECTIVE To discuss the efficiency and reliability of available sample pre-treatment methods and their application in different fields of metabolomics. METHODS The review has three sections: the first deals with pre-extraction techniques, the second discusses the choice of extraction solvents and their main features and the third includes a brief description of the most used extraction techniques: microwave-assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, Soxhlet and a new method developed in our laboratory--the comprehensive extraction method. RESULTS Examination of over 200 studies showed that sample collection, homogenisation, grinding and storage could affect the yield and reproducibility of results. They also revealed that apart from the solvent used for extraction, the extraction techniques have a decisive role on the metabolites available for analysis. CONCLUSION It is essential to evaluate efficacy and reproducibility of sample pre-treatment as a first step to ensure the reliability of a metabolomic study. Among the reviewed methods, the comprehensive extraction method appears to provide a promising approach for extracting diverse types of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Yahya Mushtaq
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Singh V, Singh N. Uptake and accumulation of endosulfan isomers and its metabolite endosulfan sulfate in naturally growing plants of contaminated area. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:189-193. [PMID: 24681448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan isomers (α+β) and its main metabolite endosulfan sulfate were analyzed in naturally growing vegetation of pesticide contaminated area in Ghaziabad, India. Seven species of dominating plants were collected at different locations within the contaminated area. Endosulfan residues from plant parts and soil were extracted and determined by a gas chromatograph equipped with 63Ni electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Endosulfan isomers and endosulfan sulfate were present in almost all soil and plant samples. The concentration of total endosulfan in plant and soil samples analyzed ranged from 14 to 343ng g(-1) and 13 to 938ng g(-1) respectively. Out of seven plant species studied, Vetiveria zizanioides (Khus Khus) and Sphenoclea zeylamica (Chikenspike) showed the highest and lowest accumulation respectively, with a significant difference at p<0.01 level. Vetiveria zizanioides and Digitaria longiflora (Crab grass) could accumulate considerable levels of endosulfan isomers (α+β) (343 and 163ng g(-1) respectively) and endosulfan sulfate (21 and 2ng g(-1), respectively). The outcomes of the study reflect the value of test species in monitoring purposes and their potential for remediation of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Singh
- Eco Auditing Group, National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, U.P., India.
| | - Nandita Singh
- Eco Auditing Group, National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, U.P., India.
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Dong S, Huang G, Lu J, Huang T. Determination of fungicides in sediments using a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure based on solidification of floating organic drop. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1337-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheying Dong
- College of Sciences; Xi-an University of Architecture and Technology; Xi-an China
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering; Xi-an University of Architecture and Technology; Xi'an China
| | - Guiqi Huang
- College of Sciences; Xi-an University of Architecture and Technology; Xi-an China
| | - Jinsuo Lu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering; Xi-an University of Architecture and Technology; Xi'an China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering; Xi-an University of Architecture and Technology; Xi'an China
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Fan S, Zhao P, Yu C, Pan C, Li X. Simultaneous determination of 36 pesticide residues in spinach and cauliflower by LC-MS/MS using multi-walled carbon nanotubes-based dispersive solid-phase clean-up. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 31:73-82. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.853324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pelit L, Dizdaş TN. Preparation and application of a polythiophene solid-phase microextraction fiber for the determination of endocrine-disruptor pesticides in well waters. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3234-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levent Pelit
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Ege University; Bornova İzmir Turkey
| | - Tuğberk Nail Dizdaş
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Ege University; Bornova İzmir Turkey
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High-throughput micro-solid phase extraction on 96-well plate using dodecyl methacrylate-ethylen glycol dimethacrylate monolithic copolymer. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 792:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Korba K, Pelit L, Pelit FO, Ozdokur KV, Ertaş H, Eroğlu AE, Ertaş FN. Preparation and characterization of sodium dodecyl sulfate doped polypyrrole solid phase micro extraction fiber and its application to endocrine disruptor pesticide analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:90-6. [PMID: 23669608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A robust in house solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) surface has been developed for the headspace (HS)-SPME determination of endocrine disruptor pesticides, namely, Chlorpyrifos, Penconazole, Procymidone, Bromopropylate and Lambda-Cyhalothrin in wine sample by using sodium dodecylsulfate doped polypyrrole SPME fiber. Pyrrole monomer was electrochemically polymerized on a stainless steel wire in laboratory conditions in virtue of diminishing the cost and enhancing the analyte retention on its surface to exert better selectivity and hence the developed polymerized surface could offer to analyst to exploit it as a fiber in headspace SPME analysis. The parameters, mainly, adsorption temperature and time, desorption temperature, stirring rate and salt amount were optimized to be as 70°C and 45min, 200°C, 600rpm and 10gL(-1), respectively. Limit of detection was estimated in the range of 0.073-1.659ngmL(-1) for the pesticides studied. The developed method was applied in to red wine sample with acceptable recovery values (92-107%) which were obtained for these selected pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korcan Korba
- Ege University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Bornova 35100, İzmir, Turkey
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Wang XW, Liu JF, Yin YG. Development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for high throughput determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental water. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6705-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Liu X, Wang X, Xu J, Dong F, Song W, Zheng Y. Determination of tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin and its metabolite in fruit and vegetables by a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method using gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector and ion trap mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1081-90. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Zhou Y, Han L, Cheng J, Guo F, Zhi X, Hu H, Chen G. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet for simultaneous analysis of diethofencarb and pyrimethanil in apple pulp and peel. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1901-6. [PMID: 21174194 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A method for analysis of diethofencarb and pyrimethanil in apple pulp and peel was developed by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of a floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFO) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Acetonitrile was used as the solvent to extract the two fungicides from apple pulp and peel, assisted by microwave irradiation. When the extraction process was finished, the target analytes in the extraction solvent were rapidly transferred from the acetonitrile extract to another extraction solvent (1-undecanol) by using DLLME-SFO. Because of the lower density of 1-undecanol than that of water, the finely dispersed droplets of 1-undecanol collected on the top of aqueous sample and solidified at low temperature. Meanwhile, the tiny particles of apple cooled and precipitated. Recovery was tested for a concentration of 8 μg kg⁻¹. Recovery of diethofencarb and pyrimethanil from apple pulp and peel was in the range 83.5-101.3%. The repeatability of the method, expressed as relative standard deviation, varied between 4.8 and 8.3% (n = 6). Detection limits of the method for apple pulp and peel varied from 1.2-1.6 μg kg⁻¹ for the two fungicides. Compared with conventional sample preparation, the method has the advantage of rapid speed and simple operation, and has high enrichment factors and low consumption of organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiWen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Tahmasebi E, Yamini Y, Saleh A. Extraction of trace amounts of pioglitazone as an anti-diabetic drug with hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection in biological fluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1923-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Huang SP, Chen PS, Huang SD. Dynamic headspace time-extended helix liquid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4347-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Atasoy AD, Mermut AR, Kumbur H, Ince F, Arslan H, Avci ED. Sorption of alpha and beta hydrophobic endosulfan in a Vertisol from southeast region of Turkey. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:1450-1456. [PMID: 19157492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan has been applied to control numerous insects in a variety of food and non-food crops. Limited information is available on dynamics of this pesticide in the soil. The objective of this research was to determine the adsorption-desorption behavior of the alpha (alpha) and beta (beta) endosulfan in a Vertisol from the southeast region of Turkey, where cotton is the main crop in the large irrigated lowlands. The alpha and beta endosulfan were adsorbed considerably and Freundlich adsorption-desorption isotherms fitted the alpha and beta endosulfan data (R(2)>0.98). Freundlich adsorption coefficients (K(f)) for the alpha endosulfan ranged between 21.63 and 16.33 while for the beta endosulfan they were between 14.01 and 17.98 for the Ap and Bw2 horizons. The difference of K(f) values of alpha and beta endosulfan for two horizons were explained with the slight difference in the amount of organic matter and clay, but considerable difference in Fe contents of the two horizons. Alpha and beta endosulfan K(fd) values were 118.03 and 45.81 for the Ap and 48.08 and 68.71 for the Bw2 horizons. Higher adsorption and desorption behavior of the endosulfan isomers for the same horizon was attributed to poor physical bonding between the endosulfan molecule and the surfaces of fundamental soil particles. This fact is thought to increase the effective use of endosulfan in agriculture with a possibility of its movement to the surface and groundwater in the Vertisol studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Dilek Atasoy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Harran University, Osmanbey Campus, 63100 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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Multiresidue analysis of three groups of pesticides in washing waters from olive processing by solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography with electron capture and thermionic specific detection. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Peeraprasompong P, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. Capillary microextraction for simultaneous analysis of multi-residual semivolatile organic compounds in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:174-81. [PMID: 17285160 DOI: 10.1039/b615344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary microextractor (CME) in combination with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was employed for the determination of trace priority hazardous substances in water. Three groups of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), i.e., chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were simultaneously determined. SVOCs were extracted from 7 mL of water samples on a 100 cm commercial gas chromatographic column (0.32 mm id x film thickness 0.25 microm, HP-5 capillary column) and eluted with only 3 microL of acetonitrile. The extractant was analyzed by GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. The method showed good linearity over the concentration range 10 ng L(-1) to 3.0 mg L(-1) with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99 and low limits of detection ranged from 10 ng L(-1) to 1.0 mg L(-1). High recovery (more than 80%) was obtained with relative standard deviation less than 10%. The method was successfully applied for trace level analyses of SVOCs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pensiri Peeraprasompong
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry/Trace Analysis Research Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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López-Blanco MC, Blanco-Cid S, Cancho-Grande B, Simal-Gándara J. Application of single-drop microextraction and comparison with solid-phase microextraction and solid-phase extraction for the determination of alpha- and beta-endosulfan in water samples by gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 984:245-52. [PMID: 12564696 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Water contamination due to the wide variety of pesticides used in agriculture practices is a global environmental pollution problem. The 98/83 European Directive requires the measurement of pesticides residues at a target concentration of 1.0 microg/l in surface water and 0.1 microg/l in drinking water. In order to reach the level of detection required, efficient extraction techniques are necessary. The application of a new extraction technique: single-drop microextraction (SDME), followed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection, was assessed for determining alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan in water samples. Experimental parameters which control the performance of SDME, such as selection of microextraction solvent and internal standard, optimization of organic drop volume, effects of sample stirring, temperature and salt addition, and sorption time profiles were studied. Once SDME was optimized, analytical parameters such as linearity, precision, detection and quantitation limits, plus matrix effects were evaluated. The SDME method was compared with solid-phase microextraction and solid-phase extraction with the aim of selecting the most appropriate method for a certain application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C López-Blanco
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
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