1
|
Al-Sulaimi S, Kushwah R, Abdullah Alsibani M, El Jery A, Aldrdery M, Ashraf GA. Emerging Developments in Separation Techniques and Analysis of Chiral Pharmaceuticals. Molecules 2023; 28:6175. [PMID: 37687004 PMCID: PMC10489017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation, the process of isolating enantiomers from a racemic mixture, holds paramount importance in diverse scientific disciplines. Using chiral separation methods like chromatography and electrophoresis, enantiomers can be isolated and characterized. This study emphasizes the significance of chiral separation in drug development, quality control, environmental analysis, and chemical synthesis, facilitating improved therapeutic outcomes, regulatory compliance, and enhanced industrial processes. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged as a powerful technique for the analysis of chiral drugs. This review also highlights the significance of CE in chiral drug analysis, emphasizing its high separation efficiency, rapid analysis times, and compatibility with other detection techniques. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become a vital technique for chiral drugs analysis. Through the utilization of a chiral stationary phase, HPLC separates enantiomers based on their differential interactions, allowing for the quantification of individual enantiomeric concentrations. This study also emphasizes the significance of HPLC in chiral drug analysis, highlighting its excellent resolution, sensitivity, and applicability. The resolution and enantiomeric analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) hold great importance due to their chiral nature and potential variations in pharmacological effects. Several studies have emphasized the significance of resolving and analyzing the enantiomers of NSAIDs. Enantiomeric analysis provides critical insights into the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and potential interactions of NSAIDs, aiding in drug design, optimization, and personalized medicine for improved therapeutic outcomes and patient safety. Microfluidics systems have revolutionized chiral separation, offering miniaturization, precise fluid control, and high throughput. Integration of microscale channels and techniques provides a promising platform for on-chip chiral analysis in pharmaceuticals and analytical chemistry. Their applications in techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) offer improved resolution and faster analysis times, making them valuable tools for enantiomeric analysis in pharmaceutical, environmental, and biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Al-Sulaimi
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 611, Oman; (S.A.-S.); (R.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Reveka Kushwah
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 611, Oman; (S.A.-S.); (R.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohammed Abdullah Alsibani
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 611, Oman; (S.A.-S.); (R.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Atef El Jery
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moutaz Aldrdery
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Single isomer cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461375. [PMID: 32823120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since decades, cyclodextrins are one of the most powerful selectors in chiral capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparation of diverse organic compounds. This review concerns papers published over the last decade (from 2009 until nowadays), dealing with the capillary electrophoretic application of single isomer cyclodextrin derivatives in chiral separations. Following a brief overview of their synthetic approaches, the inventory of the neutral, negatively and positively charged (including both permanently ionic and pH-tunable ionizable substituents) and zwitterionic CD derivatives is presented, with insights to underlying structural aspects by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. CE represents an ideal tool to study the weak, non-covalent supramolecular interactions. The published methods are reviewed in the light of enantioselectivity, enantiomer migration order and the fine-tuning of enantiodiscrimination by the substitution pattern of the single entity selector molecules, which is hardly possible for their randomly substituted counterparts. All the reviewed publications herein support that cyclodextrin-based chiral capillary electrophoresis seems to remain a popular choice in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kanizsová L, Ansorge M, Zusková I, Dubský P. Using single-isomer octa(6-O-sulfo)-γ-cyclodextrin for fast capillary zone electrophoretic enantioseparation of pindolol: Determination of complexation constants, software-assisted optimization, and method validation. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:214-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
4
|
Recent progress in capillary electrophoretic analysis of amino acid enantiomers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3078-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Application of charged single isomer derivatives of cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis for chiral analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:953-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
Juvancz Z, Kendrovics RB, Iványi R, Szente L. The role of cyclodextrins in chiral capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1701-12. [PMID: 18421743 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The members of the enantiomeric pairs frequently show rather different biological effects, so their chiral selective synthesis, pharmacological studies and analysis are necessary. CE has unique advantages in chiral analysis. The most frequently used chiral selectors are CDs in this field. This paper gives a short view on the advantages on CE in direct chiral separations, emphasizing the role of CDs. The reason for the broad selectivity spectra of CDs is discussed in detail. The physical background of chiral selective separations is briefly shown in CE. Their interaction mechanisms are shortly defined. The general trend of their use is statistically evaluated. Most frequently used CDs and CD derivatives are characterized. Advantages of ionizable CDs and single-isomer derivatives are shown. The general trend of their use is established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Juvancz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Budapest Tech. Polytechnical Institution, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mie A, Ray A, Axelsson BO, Jörntén-Karlsson M, Reimann CT. Terbutaline Enantiomer Separation and Quantification by Complexation and Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry−Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4133-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702262k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mie
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Loughborough, United Kingdom, and Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-221 87 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrew Ray
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Loughborough, United Kingdom, and Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-221 87 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt-Olof Axelsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Loughborough, United Kingdom, and Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-221 87 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Jörntén-Karlsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Loughborough, United Kingdom, and Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-221 87 Lund, Sweden
| | - Curt T. Reimann
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Loughborough, United Kingdom, and Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-221 87 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schappler J, Guillarme D, Prat J, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S. Enhanced method performances for conventional and chiral CE-ESI/MS analyses in plasma. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1537-46. [PMID: 16532520 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to its high efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity, CE-ESI/MS has evolved as an efficient technique for the drugs and metabolites analysis in biological matrices. However, a sample preparation is mandatory prior to CE-ESI/MS analysis. To achieve fast and simplified sample preparation of plasma samples, protein precipitation (PP) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) were used with two injection techniques: hydrodynamic (HD) and electrokinetic (EK) injection. CE-ESI/MS analyses of pharmaceutical compounds and amphetamine derivatives were developed. Detection limits of 1 ppm were reached with PP and HD injection whereas 1 ppb was detected when samples were prepared with LLE and injected by EK. Same experiments were performed for stereoselective determinations in partial-filling mode and detection limits achieved were equivalent to conventional analysis (0.5 ppb per enantiomer). When complex matrices are analyzed, MS signal suppression or enhancement effects are generally not reproducible and could compromise results with ESI. Therefore, matrix effect was investigated in CE-ESI/MS with a commercially available coaxial sheath-liquid ESI interface used as postcapillary infusion system to determine MS signal alterations. Matrix effects were differentially evidenced according to the selected sample preparation. With PP, signal suppression was observed out of the analyses migration window, while for LLE no relevant matrix effect occurred in all experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Schappler
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne,Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rudaz S, Geiser L, Souverain S, Prat J, Veuthey JL. Rapid stereoselective separations of amphetamine derivatives with highly sulfated γ-cyclodextrin. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3910-20. [PMID: 16167308 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The highly sulfated gamma-CD (HS-gamma-CD) is a chiral selector widely used in CE for the enantioseparation of pharmaceutical compounds. This paper investigated different approaches to reduce the stereoselective analysis time of amphetamine (AT) derivatives according to the chiral selector concentration in the BGE. With high HS-gamma-CD concentration, tested analytes were separated in 3.5 min as anionic complexes with short-end injection technique in reversed polarity mode. However, this procedure presented some limitations in terms of efficiency and resolution, excessive Joule heating and poor compatibility with MS detection. With low HS-gamma-CD concentration, compounds were separated as cations. Conventional approaches to reduce CE analysis time demonstrated critical resolution between some analytes. Therefore, the use of the partial-filling technique compatible with MS detection was carried out. Under optimized conditions, the analysis time for the chiral separation of seven AT like compounds was reduced to 6 min. Moreover, sensitivity of CE-MS was sufficient for the determination of ATs in plasma following a simple liquid-liquid extraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Rudaz
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evans CE, Stalcup AM. Comprehensive strategy for chiral separations using sulfated cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis. Chirality 2003; 15:709-23. [PMID: 12923809 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the emerging role of sulfated cyclodextrins in the capillary electrophoretic (CE) separation of chiral analytes. Since being introduced as enantioselective agents for CE in 1995, these anionic additives have continued to demonstrate remarkable application universality. The broad spectrum of chiral compounds successfully separated using this approach includes acidic, basic, neutral, and zwitterionic species. This impressive array of analyte structures is derived from a growing diversity of compound classes including pharmaceuticals, plant extracts, biomarkers, herbicides, alkaloids, fungicides, and metal ions. Moreover, literature reports highlight the minimal optimization required to achieve a successful separation. Based on these findings, sulfated cyclodextrins appear to be well suited for the development of a more universal, comprehensive separation strategy for chiral compounds. This review explores this proposition by beginning with the structure and migration properties of sulfated cyclodextrins, using applications to highlight the separating power of this technique and ending with a pragmatic, comprehensive separation strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Busby MB, Maldonado O, Vigh G. Electrophoretic enantiomer separations at high pH using the new, single-isomer octakis(2,3-dimethyl-6-O-sulfo)-gamma-cyclodextrin as chiral resolving agent. J Chromatogr A 2003; 990:63-73. [PMID: 12685584 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The latest, single-isomer, sulfated gamma-cyclodextrin, the sodium salt of octakis(2,3-dimethyl-6-O-sulfo)-gamma-cyclodextrin that is stable in basic media was used to separate the enantiomers of neutral, weak acid and weak base analytes by capillary electrophoresis in high pH aqueous background electrolytes. The effective mobilities and separation selectivities were found to follow trends similar to those observed earlier in acidic aqueous background electrolytes. Octakis(2,3-dimethyl-6-O-sulfo)-gamma-cyclodextrin proved to interact with all three analyte types less strongly than other single-isomer sulfated cyclodextrins do under comparable conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Brent Busby
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|