1
|
Wang C, Shang J, Tian L, Zhao H, Wang P, Feng K, He G, Liu JZ, Zhu W, Li G. Direct identification of HMX via guest-induced fluorescence turn-on of molecular cage. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
2
|
Song N, Yang L, Liu P. Preparation of Microspherical Ph−Fe/RDX(HMX) Composite Particles and their Thermal Decomposition Behaviors. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naimeng Song
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 100051 P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Pingan Liu
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin 100051 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Molecularly imprinted polymer nano-sphere/multi-walled carbon nanotube coated glassy carbon electrode as an ultra-sensitive voltammetric sensor for picomolar level determination of RDX. Talanta 2019; 194:415-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
Guven B, Eryilmaz M, Üzer A, Boyaci IH, Tamer U, Apak R. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with gold nanorods for the simultaneous quantification of nitramine energetic materials. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05844f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A nanosensing method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy was proposed for simultaneous quantification of nitramine compounds, HMX and RDX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Guven
- Department of Food Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hacettepe University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Merve Eryilmaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Gazi University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Istanbul University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakki Boyaci
- Department of Food Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hacettepe University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Uğur Tamer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Gazi University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Istanbul University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Copper C, Brensinger K, Rollman C, Clark A, Perez M, Genzman A, Rine J, Moini M. MEKC-UV as an effective tool for the separation and identification of explosives, high explosives, and their degradation products in environmental samples. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2554-2557. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Copper
- Department of Chemistry; United States Naval Academy; Annapolis MD USA
| | - Karen Brensinger
- Department of Forensic Science; George Washington University; Washington DC USA
| | - Christopher Rollman
- Department of Forensic Science; George Washington University; Washington DC USA
| | - Alexis Clark
- Department of Chemistry; United States Naval Academy; Annapolis MD USA
| | - Marlene Perez
- Department of Chemistry; United States Naval Academy; Annapolis MD USA
| | - Ashton Genzman
- Department of Chemistry; United States Naval Academy; Annapolis MD USA
| | - Jacqueline Rine
- Department of Chemistry; United States Naval Academy; Annapolis MD USA
| | - Mehdi Moini
- Department of Forensic Science; George Washington University; Washington DC USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Novel CE–MS technique for detection of high explosives using perfluorooctanoic acid as a MEKC and mass spectrometric complexation reagent. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 258:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Čapka L, Večeřa Z, Mikuška P, Šesták J, Kahle V, Bumbová A. A portable device for fast analysis of explosives in the environment. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Mäkinen M, Nousiainen M, Sillanpää M. Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra-traces of explosives: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:940-973. [PMID: 21294149 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mäkinen
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Patteristonkatu 1, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rezaei B, Damiri S. Using of multi-walled carbon nanotubes electrode for adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of ultratrace levels of RDX explosive in the environmental samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 183:138-144. [PMID: 20685041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A study of the electrochemical behavior and determination of RDX, a high explosive, is described on a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using adsorptive stripping voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The results indicated that MWCNTs electrode remarkably enhances the sensitivity of the voltammetric method and provides measurements of this explosive down to the sub-mg/l level in a wide pH range. The operational parameters were optimized and a sensitive, simple and time-saving cyclic voltammetric procedure was developed for the analysis of RDX in ground and tap water samples. Under optimized conditions, the reduction peak have two linear dynamic ranges of 0.6-20.0 and 8.0-200.0 mM with a detection limit of 25.0 nM and a precision of <4% (RSD for 8 analysis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Micellar extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet determination of some explosives in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 662:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Johns C, Shellie RA, Potter OG, O’Reilly JW, Hutchinson JP, Guijt RM, Breadmore MC, Hilder EF, Dicinoski GW, Haddad PR. Identification of homemade inorganic explosives by ion chromatographic analysis of post-blast residues. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1182:205-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Gaurav D, Malik AK, Rai PK. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for the Analysis of Explosives. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340701244698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhingra Gaurav
- a Department of Chemistry , Punjabi University , Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Malik
- a Department of Chemistry , Punjabi University , Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - P. K. Rai
- b Centre for Fire, Explosives and Environmental Safety , New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hutchinson JP, Evenhuis CJ, Johns C, Kazarian AA, Breadmore MC, Macka M, Hilder EF, Guijt RM, Dicinoski GW, Haddad PR. Identification of inorganic improvised explosive devices by analysis of postblast residues using portable capillary electrophoresis instrumentation and indirect photometric detection with a light-emitting diode. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7005-13. [PMID: 17705451 DOI: 10.1021/ac0708792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A commercial portable capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument has been used to separate inorganic anions and cations found in postblast residues from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) of the type used frequently in terrorism attacks. The purpose of this analysis was to identify the type of explosive used. The CE instrument was modified for use with an in-house miniaturized light-emitting diode (LED) detector to enable sensitive indirect photometric detection to be employed for the detection of 15 anions (acetate, benzoate, carbonate, chlorate, chloride, chlorite, cyanate, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, phosphate, sulfate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate) and 12 cations (ammonium, monomethylammonium, ethylammonium, potassium, sodium, barium, strontium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, zinc, lead) as the target analytes. These ions are known to be present in postblast residues from inorganic IEDs constructed from ammonium nitrate/fuel oil mixtures, black powder, and chlorate/perchlorate/sugar mixtures. For the analysis of cations, a blue LED (470 nm) was used in conjunction with the highly absorbing cationic dye, chrysoidine (absorption maximum at 453 nm). A nonaqueous background electrolyte comprising 10 mM chrysoidine in methanol was found to give greatly improved baseline stability in comparison to aqueous electrolytes due to the increased solubility of chrysoidine and its decreased adsorption onto the capillary wall. Glacial acetic acid (0.7% v/v) was added to ensure chrysoidine was protonated and to enhance separation selectivity by means of complexation with transition metal ions. The 12 target cations were separated in less than 9.5 min with detection limits of 0.11-2.30 mg/L (calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). The anions separation system utilized a UV LED (370 nm) in conjunction with an aqueous chromate electrolyte (absorption maximum at 371 nm) consisting of 10 mM chromium(VI) oxide and 10 mM sodium chromate, buffered with 40 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane at pH 8.05. All 15 target anions were baseline separated in less than 9 min with limits of detection ranging from 0.24 to 1.15 mg/L (calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). Use of the portable instrumentation in the field was demonstrated by analyzing postblast residues in a mobile laboratory immediately after detonation of the explosive devices. Profiling the ionic composition of the inorganic IEDs allowed identification of the chemicals used in their construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Hutchinson
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cruces-Blanco C, Gámiz–Gracia L, García-Campaña A. Applications of capillary electrophoresis in forensic analytical chemistry. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
16
|
Abstract
This paper reviews recent methodological and instrumental advances in MEKC. Improvements in sensitivity arising from the use of on-line sample concentration (sweeping, stacking, and combination of both protocols) and derivatization (in-capillary reactions and coupling with flow-injection systems) and improvements in resolution obtained by changing the composition of the BGE (e.g., with organic modifiers, ionic liquids, nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants, mixed micelles, and vesicles) or using coated capillaries are discussed in detail. In addition, MS and LIF spectroscopy are examined in relation to their advantages and restrictions as applied to MEKC analysis. Some thoughts on potential future directions are also expressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bhushan B, Halasz A, Hawari J. Effect of iron(III), humic acids and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate on biodegradation of cyclic nitramines by Clostridium sp. EDB2. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:555-63. [PMID: 16478495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the biodegradation of cyclic nitramines by an anaerobic marine bacterium, Clostridium sp. EDB2, in the presence of Fe(III), humic acids (HA) and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS). METHODS AND RESULTS An obligate anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium sp. EDB2, degraded RDX and HMX, and produced similar product distribution including nitrite, methylenedinitramine, nitrous oxide, ammonium, formaldehyde, formic acid and carbon dioxide. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mass balance for RDX products were 87% and 82%, respectively, and for HMX were 88% and 74%, respectively. Bacterial growth and biodegradation of RDX and HMX were stimulated in the presence of Fe(III), HA and AQDS suggesting that strain EDB2 utilized Fe(III), HA and AQDS as redox mediators to transfer electrons to cyclic nitramines. CONCLUSIONS Strain EDB2 demonstrated a multidimensional approach to degrade RDX and HMX: first, direct degradation of the chemicals; second, indirect degradation by reducing Fe(III) to produce reactive-Fe(II); third, indirect degradation by reducing HA and AQDS which act as electron shuttles to transfer electrons to the cyclic nitramines. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present study could be helpful in determining the fate of cyclic nitramine energetic chemicals in the environments rich in Fe(III) and HA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bhushan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Celo V. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of pollutants. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:304-22. [PMID: 16315167 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the CE and CEC separation, detection, and sample preparation methodologies applied to the determination of a variety of compounds having current or potential environmental relevance have been overviewed. The reviewed literature has illustrated the wide range of CE applications, indicating the continuing interest in CE and CEC in the environmental field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Giordano BC, Copper CL, Collins GE. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography and capillary electrochromatography of nitroaromatic explosives in seawater. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:778-86. [PMID: 16470625 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to separate nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives in seawater sample matrices is demonstrated using both MEKC and CEC. While several capillary-based separations exist for explosives, none address direct sampling from seawater, a sample matrix of particular interest in the detection of undersea mines. Direct comparisons are made between MEKC and CEC in terms of sensitivity and separation efficiency for the analysis of 14 explosives and explosive degradation products in seawater and diluted seawater. The use of high-salt stacking with MEKC results, on average, in a three-fold increase in the number of theoretical plates, and nearly double resolution for samples prepared in 25% seawater. By taking advantage of long injection times in conjunction with stacking, detection limits down to sub mg/L levels are attainable; however, resolution is sacrificed. CEC of explosive mixtures using sol-gels prepared from methyltrimethoxysilane does not perform as well as MEKC in terms of resolving power, but does permit extended injection times for concentrating analyte onto the head of the separation column with little or no subsequent loss in resolution. Electrokinetic injections of 8 min at high voltage allow for detection limits of explosives below 100 microg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Braden C Giordano
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F. Recent advances in the applications of CE to forensic sciences (2001–2004). Electrophoresis 2006; 27:231-43. [PMID: 16421953 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the applications of CE in forensic science covering the period from 2001 until the first part of 2005. The overview includes the most relevant examples of analytical applications of capillary electrophoretic and electrokinetic techniques in the following fields: (i) Forensic drugs and poisons, (ii) explosive analysis and gunshot residues, (iii) small ions of forensic interest, (iv) forensic DNA and RNA analysis, (v) proteins of forensic interest, and (vi) ink analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Public Medicine and Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Groom CA, Halasz A, Paquet L, Thiboutot S, Ampleman G, Hawari J. Detection of nitroaromatic and cyclic nitramine compounds by cyclodextrin assisted capillary electrophoresis quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1072:73-82. [PMID: 15881461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An Agilent 3DCE capillary electrophoresis system using sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin (SB-beta-CD)-ammonium acetate separation buffer pH 6.9 was coupled to a Bruker Esquire 3000+ quadrupole ion trap mass detector via a commercially available electrospray ionization interface with acetonitrile sheath flow. The CE-MS system was applied in negative ionization mode for the resolution and detection of nitroaromatic and polar cyclic or caged nitramine energetic materials including TNT [2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, formula mass (FW) 227.13], TNB (1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, FW 213.12), RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, FW 222.26) HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, FW 296.16), and CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane, FW 438.19). The CE-MS system conformed to the high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection (HPLC-UV) and HPLC-MS reference methods for the identification of energetic contaminants and their degradation products in soil and marine sediment samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Groom
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Canada PQ H4P 2R2
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pappas TJ, Gayton-Ely M, Holland LA. Recent advances in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:719-734. [PMID: 15714572 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This review contains nearly 200 reference citations, and covers advances in electrokinetic capillary chromatography based on micelles, including stabilized micelle complexes, polymeric and mixed micelles from 2003-2004. Detection strategies, analyte determinations, and applications in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) are discussed. Information regarding methods of analyte concentration, analyte specific analyses, and nonstandard micelles has been summarized in tabular form to provide a means of rapid access to information pertinent to the reader.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theron J Pappas
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Balakrishnan VK, Monteil-Rivera F, Halasz A, Corbeanu A, Hawari J. Decomposition of the polycyclic nitramine explosive, CL-20, by Fe(0). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:6861-6866. [PMID: 15669350 DOI: 10.1021/es049423h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane), C6H6N12O12, is an emerging energetic chemical that may replace RDX, but its degradation pathways are not well-known. In the present study, zerovalent iron was used to degrade CL-20 with the aim of determining its products and degradation pathways. In the absence of O2, CL-20 underwent a rapid decomposition with the concurrent formation of nitrite to ultimately produce nitrous oxide, ammonium, formate, glyoxal, and glycolate. LC/MS (ES-) showed the presence of several key products carrying important information on the initial reactions involved in the degradation of CL-20. For instance, a doubly denitrated intermediate of CL-20 was detected together with the mono- and dinitroso derivatives of the energetic chemical. Two other intermediates with [M-H]- at 392 and 376 Da, matching empirical formulas of C6H7N11O10 and C6H7N11O9, respectively, were detected. Using 15N-labeled CL-20, the two intermediates were tentatively identified as the denitrohydrogenated products of CL-20 and its mononitroso derivative, respectively. The present experimental findings suggest that CL-20 degraded via at least two initial routes: one involving denitration and the second involving sequential reduction of the N-NO2 to the corresponding nitroso (N-NO) derivatives prior to denitration and ring cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vimal K Balakrishnan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hawari J, Deschamps S, Beaulieu C, Paquet L, Halasz A. Photodegradation of CL-20: insights into the mechanisms of initial reactions and environmental fate. WATER RESEARCH 2004; 38:4055-4064. [PMID: 15491653 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) or CL-20 is a caged structure polycyclic nitramine that may replace RDX and HMX as a common use energetic chemical. To provide insight into the environmental fate of CL-20 we photolyzed the chemical in a Rayonet photoreactor (254-350 nm) and with sunlight in aqueous solutions. Previously, we found that initial photodenitration of the monocyclic nitramine RDX leads to ring cleavage and decomposition. Presently, we found that photolysis of the rigid molecule CL-20 produced NO2-, NO3-, NH3, HCOOH, N2 and N2O. Using LC/MS (ES-) we detected several key intermediates carrying important information on the initial steps involved in the degradation of CL-20. The identities of the intermediates were confirmed using a uniformly ring labeled 15N-[CL-20]. When CL-20 was photolyzed in the presence of H2(18)O, D2O or 18O2 we obtained a product distribution suggesting that the energetic chemical degraded via at least two initial routes; one involved sequential homolysis of N-NO2 bond(s) and another involved photorearrangement prior to hydrolytic ring cleavage and decomposition in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Hawari
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bhushan B, Halasz A, Spain JC, Hawari J. Initial reaction(s) in biotransformation of CL-20 is catalyzed by salicylate 1-monooxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain ATCC 29352. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:4040-7. [PMID: 15240281 PMCID: PMC444761 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.7.4040-4047.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane) (C(6)H(6)N(12)O(12)), a future-generation high-energy explosive, is biodegradable by Pseudomonas sp. strain FA1 and Agrobacterium sp. strain JS71; however, the nature of the enzyme(s) involved in the process was not understood. In the present study, salicylate 1-monooxygenase, a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing purified enzyme from Pseudomonas sp. strain ATCC 29352, biotransformed CL-20 at rates of 0.256 +/- 0.011 and 0.043 +/- 0.003 nmol min(-1) mg of protein(-1) under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. The disappearance of CL-20 was accompanied by the release of nitrite ions. Using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in the negative electrospray ionization mode, we detected a metabolite with a deprotonated mass ion [M - H](-) at 345 Da, corresponding to an empirical formula of C(6)H(6)N(10)O(8), produced as a result of two sequential N denitration steps on the CL- 20 molecule. We also detected two isomeric metabolites with [M - H](-) at 381 Da corresponding to an empirical formula of C(6)H(10)N(10)O(10). The latter was a hydrated product of the metabolite C(6)H(6)N(10)O(8) with addition of two H(2)O molecules, as confirmed by tests using (18)O-labeled water. The product stoichiometry showed that each reacted CL-20 molecule produced about 1.7 nitrite ions, 3.2 molecules of nitrous oxide, 1.5 molecules of formic acid, and 0.6 ammonium ion. Diphenyliodonium-mediated inhibition of salicylate 1-monooxygenase and a comparative study between native, deflavo, and reconstituted enzyme(s) showed that FAD site of the enzyme was involved in the biotransformation of CL-20 catalyzed by salicylate 1-monooxygenase. The data suggested that salicylate 1-monooxygenase catalyzed two oxygen-sensitive single-electron transfer steps necessary to release two nitrite ions from CL-20 and that this was followed by the secondary decomposition of this energetic chemical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Ave., Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bhushan B, Halasz A, Hawari J. Nitroreductase catalyzed biotransformation of CL-20. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:271-6. [PMID: 15313201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that a salicylate 1-monooxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 29352 biotransformed CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaaza-isowurtzitane) (C(6)H(6)N(12)O(12)) and produced a key metabolite with mol. wt. 346 Da corresponding to an empirical formula of C(6)H(6)N(10)O(8) which spontaneously decomposed in aqueous medium to produce N(2)O, NH(4)(+), and HCOOH [Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (2004)]. In the present study, we found that nitroreductase from Escherichia coli catalyzed a one-electron transfer to CL-20 to form a radical anion (CL-20(-)) which upon initial N-denitration also produced metabolite C(6)H(6)N(10)O(8). The latter was tentatively identified as 1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,3a,4,4a,5,7a,8,8a-octahydro-diimidazo[4,5-b:4',5'-e]pyrazine [IUPAC] which decomposed spontaneously in water to produce glyoxal (OHCCHO) and formic acid (HCOOH). The rates of CL-20 biotransformation under anaerobic and aerobic conditions were 3.4+/-0.2 and 0.25+/-0.01 nmol min(-1)mg of protein(-1), respectively. The product stoichiometry showed that each reacted CL-20 molecule produced about 1.8 nitrite ions, 3.3 molecules of nitrous oxide, 1.6 molecules of formic acid, 1.0 molecule of glyoxal, and 1.3 ammonium ions. Carbon and nitrogen products gave mass-balances of 60% and 81%, respectively. A comparative study between native-, deflavo-, and reconstituted-nitroreductase showed that FMN-site was possibly involved in the biotransformation of CL-20.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Que., Canada H4P 2R2
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gong P, Sunahara GI, Rocheleau S, Dodard SG, Robidoux PY, Hawari J. Preliminary ecotoxicological characterization of a new energetic substance, CL-20. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 56:653-658. [PMID: 15234161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Revised: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new energetic substance hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (or CL-20) was tested for its toxicities to various ecological receptors. CL-20 (epsilon-polymorph) was amended to soil or deionized water to construct concentration gradients. Results of Microtox (15-min contact) and 96-h algae growth inhibition tests indicate that CL-20 showed no adverse effects on the bioluminescence of marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and the cell density of freshwater green algae Selenastrum capricornutum respectively, up to its water solubility (ca. 3.6 mg l(-1)). CL-20 and its possible biotransformation products did not inhibit seed germination and early seedling (16-19 d) growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) up to 10,000 mg kg(-1) in a Sassafras sandy loam soil (SSL). Indigenous soil microorganisms in SSL and a garden soil were exposed to CL-20 for one or two weeks before dehydrogenase activity (DHA) or potential nitrification activity (PNA) were assayed. Results indicate that up to 10,000 mg kg(-1) soil of CL-20 had no statistically significant effects on microbial communities measured as DHA or on the ammonium oxidizing bacteria determined as PNA in both soils. Data indicates that CL-20 was not acutely toxic to the species or microbial communities tested and that further studies are required to address the potential long-term environmental impact of CL-20 and its possible degradation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bhushan B, Halasz A, Thiboutot S, Ampleman G, Hawari J. Chemotaxis-mediated biodegradation of cyclic nitramine explosives RDX, HMX, and CL-20 by Clostridium sp. EDB2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:816-21. [PMID: 15033473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nitramine explosives, RDX, HMX, and CL-20 are hydrophobic pollutants with very little aqueous solubility. In sediment and soil environments, they are often attached to solid surfaces and/or trapped in pores and distribute heterogeneously in aqueous environments. For efficient bioremediation of these explosives, the microorganism(s) must access them by chemotaxis ability. In the present study, we isolated an obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium sp. strain EDB2 from a marine sediment. Strain EDB2, motile with numerous peritrichous flagella, demonstrated chemotactic response towards RDX, HMX, CL-20, and NO(2)(-). The three explosives were biotransformed by strain EDB2 via N-denitration with concomitant release of NO(2)(-). Biotransformation rates of RDX, HMX, and CL-20 by the resting cells of strain EDB2 were 1.8+/-0.2, 1.1+/-0.1, and 2.6+/-0.2nmol h(-1)mgwet biomass(-1) (mean+/-SD; n=3), respectively. We found that commonly seen RDX metabolites such as TNX, methylenedinitramine, and 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal neither produced NO(2)(-) during reaction with strain EDB2 nor they elicited chemotaxis response in strain EDB2. The above data suggested that NO(2)(-) released from explosives during their biotransformation might have elicited chemotaxis response in the bacterium. Biodegradation and chemotactic ability of strain EDB2 renders it useful in accelerating the bioremediation of explosives under in situ conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Que., Canada H4P 2R2
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bhushan B, Paquet L, Spain JC, Hawari J. Biotransformation of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) by denitrifying Pseudomonas sp. strain FA1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:5216-21. [PMID: 12957905 PMCID: PMC194975 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.9.5216-5221.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial and enzymatic degradation of a new energetic compound, 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), is not well understood. Fundamental knowledge about the mechanism of microbial degradation of CL-20 is essential to allow the prediction of its fate in the environment. In the present study, a CL-20-degrading denitrifying strain capable of utilizing CL-20 as the sole nitrogen source, Pseudomonas sp. strain FA1, was isolated from a garden soil. Studies with intact cells showed that aerobic conditions were required for bacterial growth and that anaerobic conditions enhanced CL-20 biotransformation. An enzyme(s) involved in the initial biotransformation of CL-20 was shown to be membrane associated and NADH dependent, and its expression was up-regulated about 2.2-fold in CL-20-induced cells. The rates of CL-20 biotransformation by the resting cells and the membrane-enzyme preparation were 3.2 +/- 0.1 nmol h(-1) mg of cell biomass(-1) and 11.5 +/- 0.4 nmol h(-1) mg of protein(-1), respectively, under anaerobic conditions. In the membrane-enzyme-catalyzed reactions, 2.3 nitrite ions (NO(2)(-)), 1.5 molecules of nitrous oxide (N(2)O), and 1.7 molecules of formic acid (HCOOH) were produced per reacted CL-20 molecule. The membrane-enzyme preparation reduced nitrite to nitrous oxide under anaerobic conditions. A comparative study of native enzymes, deflavoenzymes, and a reconstituted enzyme(s) and their subsequent inhibition by diphenyliodonium revealed that biotransformation of CL-20 is catalyzed by a membrane-associated flavoenzyme. The latter catalyzed an oxygen-sensitive one-electron transfer reaction that caused initial N denitration of CL-20.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bhushan B, Paquet L, Halasz A, Spain JC, Hawari J. Mechanism of xanthine oxidase catalyzed biotransformation of HMX under anaerobic conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306:509-15. [PMID: 12804594 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalyzed biotransformation of the energetic chemical octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) is not known. The present study describes a xanthine oxidase (XO) catalyzed biotransformation of HMX to provide insight into the biodegradation pathway of this energetic chemical. The rates of biotransformation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were 1.6+/-0.2 and 10.5+/-0.9 nmolh(-1)mgprotein(-1), respectively, indicating that anaerobic conditions favored the reaction. The biotransformation rate was about 6-fold higher using NADH as an electron-donor compared to xanthine. During the course of reaction, the products obtained were nitrite (NO(2)(-)), methylenedinitramine (MDNA), 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (NDAB), formaldehyde (HCHO), nitrous oxide (N(2)O), formic acid (HCOOH), and ammonium (NH(4)(+)). The product distribution gave carbon and nitrogen mass-balances of 91% and 88%, respectively. A comparative study with native-, deflavo-, and desulfo-XO and the site-specific inhibition studies showed that HMX biotransformation occurred at the FAD-site of XO. Nitrite stoichiometry revealed that an initial single N-denitration step was sufficient for the spontaneous decomposition of HMX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Que., Montreal, Canada H4P 2R2
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|