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Ilager D, Shetti NP, Reddy KR, Tuwar SM, Aminabhavi TM. Nanostructured graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3N 4)-CTAB modified electrode for the highly sensitive detection of amino-triazole and linuron herbicides. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111856. [PMID: 34389349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In agro-areas, linuron (LNR) and amino-triazole (ATZ) are the widely used herbicides to protect crops, but their widespread use pollutes the environment, especially when these are mixed with water or soil. In efforts to address these environmental issues and to detect trace quantities of the herbicides, a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) modified carbon paste electrode (g-C3N4-CTAB/CPE) was developed and used for the detection of LNR and ATZ. Materials were characterized by XRD, TEM and AFM techniques. The effect of pH on electro-oxidation (under optimized conditions) showed the maximum peak current at pH of 4.2 for AMT and pH 6.0 for LNR. The electro-kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of LNR and ATZ were determined. Additional experiments were performed for the trace level detection of ATZ and LNR using the square wave voltammetric technique. Concentrations were varied linearly in the range of 3.0 × 10-7 M to 4.5 × 10-5 M for ATZ with a detection limit of 6.41 × 10-8 M, and 1.2 × 10-7 M to 3.0 × 10-4 M for LNR with a detection limit of 2.47 × 10-8 M. The developed novel sensor was effective for trace level detection of LNR and ATZ in water and soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davalasab Ilager
- Center for Electrochemical Science & Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi, 580 027, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580 031, Karnataka, India.
| | - Kakarla Raghava Reddy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Suresh M Tuwar
- Department of Chemistry, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad, 580 001, Karnataka, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580 031, Karnataka, India; Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, India
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Jagirani MS, Ozalp O, Soylak M. New Trend in the Extraction of Pesticides from the Environmental and Food Samples Applying Microextraction Based Green Chemistry Scenario: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1343-1369. [PMID: 33560139 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1874867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review focused on the green microextraction methods used for the extraction of pesticides from the environmental and food samples. Microextraction techniques have been explored and applied in various fields of analytical chemistry since its beginning, as evinced by the numerous reviews published. The success of any technique in science and technology is measured by the simplicity, environmentally friendly, and its applications; and the microextraction technique is highly successive. Deliberations were attentive to studies where efforts have been made to validate the methods through the inter-laboratory comparison study to assess the analytical performance of microextraction techniques against conventional methods. Succinctly, developed microextraction methods are shown to impart significant benefits over conventional techniques. Provided that the analytical community continues to put forward attention and resources into the growth and validation of the microextraction technique, a promising future for microextraction is forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqaf Jagirani
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Ozgur Ozalp
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Alikord M, Mohammadi A, Kamankesh M, Shariatifar N. Food safety and quality assessment: comprehensive review and recent trends in the applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4833-4866. [PMID: 33554631 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1879003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical separation and diagnostic technique that is simple and sensitive and a rapid response and low-priced technique for detecting trace levels of chemical compounds in different matrices. Chemical agents and environmental contaminants are successfully detected by IMS and have been recently considered to employ in food safety. In addition, IMS uses stand-alone or coupled analytical diagnostic tools with chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Scientific publications show that IMS has been applied 21% in the pharmaceutical industry, 9% in environmental studies and 13% in quality control and food safety. Nevertheless, applications of IMS in food safety and quality analysis have not been adequately explored. This review presents the IMS-related analysis and focuses on the application of IMS in food safety and quality. This review presents the important topics including detection of traces of chemicals, rate of food spoilage and freshness, food adulteration and authenticity as well as natural toxins, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, veterinary, and growth promoter drug residues. Further, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), acrylamide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), biogenic amines, nitrosamine, furfural, phenolic compounds, heavy metals, food packaging materials, melamine, and food additives were also examined for the first time. Therefore, it is logical to predict that the application of the IMS technique in food safety, food quality, and contaminant analysis will be impressively increased in the future. HighlightsCurrent status of IMS for residues and contaminant detection in food safety.To assess all the detected contaminants in food safety, for the first time.Identified IMS-related parameters and chemical compounds in food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Alikord
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Halal Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Özzeybek G, Erarpat S, Bakırdere S. Simple, Sensitive, and Selective High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) Method for the Determination of Buturon in Herbal Tea, Dried Blueberry, and Cranberry Samples and Evaluation of Its Stability in Gastric Conditions. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1710746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Özzeybek
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezin Erarpat
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
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Diaw PA, Oturan N, Gaye Seye MD, Mbaye OMA, Mbaye M, Coly A, Aaron JJ, Oturan MA. Removal of the herbicide monolinuron from waters by the electro-Fenton treatment. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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p-Phenylenediamine-modified graphene oxide as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction of phenylurea herbicides, nitroimidazoles, chlorophenols, phenylurea insecticides and phthalates. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:464. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Buleandra M, Popa DE, David IG, Bacalum E, David V, Ciucu AA. Electrochemical behavior study of some selected phenylurea herbicides at activated pencil graphite electrode. Electrooxidation of linuron and monolinuron. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Su M, Jia L, Wu X, Sun H. Residue investigation of some phenylureas and tebuthiuron herbicides in vegetables by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with integrated selective accelerated solvent extraction-clean up in situ. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:4845-4853. [PMID: 29574757 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some trace amounts of urea herbicide residues can be transferred to humans via the food chain, thereby being potentially harmful to human health. The development of a robust analytical methodology for effective sample preparation and simultaneous determination of herbicide residues in vegetable samples is required for achieving food safety. RESULTS The diuron-molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) synthesized have excellent affinity and high selectivity to phenylureas (monolinuron, isoproturon, diuron and linuron) and tebuthiuron. A novel automated procedure with better selectivity for vegetable sample treatment was developed by integrated matrix solid-phase dispersion-accelerated solvent extraction clean-up in situ. Five herbicides can be baseline separated with runtime down to 5 min by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9999. The limit of quantification of the method was in the range of 0.8-2.3 µg kg-1 . Diuron residue in cherry tomato sample was found to be 40 µg kg-1 . CONCLUSION The developed method has satisfactory selectivity, good linearity, high sensitivity and accuracy as well as speediness, and can ensure rapid selective extraction and sensitive multi-residue analysis at low microgram per kilogram levels of the herbicides in vegetable food. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Licong Jia
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xingqiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Hanwen Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
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Use of a hypercrosslinked triphenylamine polymer as an efficient adsorbent for the enrichment of phenylurea herbicides. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1538:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Covaciu FD, Magdas DA, Marincas O, Moldovan Z. Determination of Pesticides in Carrots by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1263313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florina D. Covaciu
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - D. Alina Magdas
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Olivian Marincas
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zaharie Moldovan
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography and Applied Physics, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Graphene Reinforced Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction for the Enrichment of some Phenylurea Residues in Milk Sample. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Determination of phenylureas herbicides in food stuffs based on matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9115-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stocka J, Tankiewicz M, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J. Green aspects of techniques for the determination of currently used pesticides in environmental samples. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7785-805. [PMID: 22174632 PMCID: PMC3233438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are among the most dangerous environmental pollutants because of their stability, mobility and long-term effects on living organisms. Their presence in the environment is a particular danger. It is therefore crucial to monitor pesticide residues using all available analytical methods. The analysis of environmental samples for the presence of pesticides is very difficult: the processes involved in sample preparation are labor-intensive and time-consuming. To date, it has been standard practice to use large quantities of organic solvents in the sample preparation process; but as these solvents are themselves hazardous, solvent-less and solvent-minimized techniques are becoming popular. The application of Green Chemistry principles to sample preparation is primarily leading to the miniaturization of procedures and the use of solvent-less techniques, and these are discussed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Stocka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, Gdansk 80-233, Poland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.B.); (J.N.)
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14
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Fenik J, Tankiewicz M, Biziuk M. Properties and determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Wang Y, Cai C, Xiao L, Wu Q, Cheng G. Determination of Phenylureas Herbicides in Foodstuffs Based on Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Extraction and RP-LC with UV Detection. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-010-1870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Smith VJ, Bogdan D, Caira MR, Bogdan M, Bourne SA, Fărcaş SI. Cyclodextrin inclusion of four phenylurea herbicides: determination of complex stoichiometries and stability constants using solution 1H NMR spectroscopy. Supramol Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270902980655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J. Smith
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Diana Bogdan
- b National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies , PO Box 700, Cluj-Napoca, RO-3400, Romania
| | - Mino R. Caira
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Mircea Bogdan
- b National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies , PO Box 700, Cluj-Napoca, RO-3400, Romania
| | - Susan A. Bourne
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Sorin I. Fărcaş
- b National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies , PO Box 700, Cluj-Napoca, RO-3400, Romania
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Beyer A, Biziuk M. Methods for determining pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in food samples--problems and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 48:888-904. [PMID: 18949592 DOI: 10.1080/10408390701761878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of residual amounts of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food samples requires the use of specific techniques regarding sample preparation as well as instrumental analysis which should be characterized by a very low detection limit. A problem associated with the use of pesticides and PCBs is the need for controlling their residues in the environment, particularly in food, as these chemicals show a propensity to accumulate. The analysis of food samples for the presence of pesticides and PCBs brings on many difficulties because of the specificity of sample preparation consisting of multistep purification procedures of samples that contain trace amounts of an analyte. Concentration determinations of pollutants that easily dissolve in complex matrices, particularly in the presence of a large apportionment of interfering substances, pose a big challenge. Therefore, the basic step in food analysis for the presence of pesticides and PCBs is sample preparation which mainly consists of analyte enrichment and the removal of interfering substances. But all steps of the analytical procedure that include sample collection and preparation, extraction of analytes from matrix, extract purification, and final determination, are very significant; their precision and correct application have a decisive effect on the final result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Beyer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk.
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Crespo-Corral E, Santos-Delgado M, Polo-Díez L, Soria A. Determination of carbamate, phenylurea and phenoxy acid herbicide residues by gas chromatography after potassium tert-butoxide/dimethyl sulphoxide/ethyl iodide derivatization reaction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Beyer A, Biziuk M. Applications of sample preparation techniques in the analysis of pesticides and PCBs in food. Food Chem 2008; 108:669-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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LAL A, TAN G, CHAI M. Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatographic Methods. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:231-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asha LAL
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya
| | - Guanhuat TAN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya
| | - Meekin CHAI
- Department of Science and Mathemathics, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional
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Bettazzi F, Laschi S, Mascini M. One-shot screen-printed thylakoid membrane-based biosensor for the detection of photosynthetic inhibitors in discrete samples. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 589:14-21. [PMID: 17397647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Screen-printing technology offers the possibility to produce a large number of sensors at low cost. Thus, due to their intrinsic characteristics and reproducibility, screen-printed electrodes can be used in the development of disposable electrochemical devices. In the present work, carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPCEs) have been used to develop a one-shot-measure biosensor for the detection of photosynthetic inhibitors in discrete samples. The measurement was based on the electrochemical evaluation of the activity of photosystem II (PSII), a protein complex present in photosynthetic organisms and involved in the photosynthesis. The biosensor was prepared by the modification of the working electrode of a SPCE, using thylakoid membranes extracted from spinach leaves. The modified sensors were then used as one-shot system to measure the presence of PSII activity inhibitors in discrete standard solutions. The coupling of the developed biosensor with a custom-made cell made it possible to perform tests using only 50 microL of total sample volume with a measurement time of 10 min. Inhibition curves were recorded for some photosynthetic inhibitors in a concentration range of 10(-6) to 10(-8) molL(-1). A reproducibility (relative standard deviation, R.S.D.%) of 10% was found and the calculated limit of detections (LODs) were in the nanomolar range. The effect of storage on sensitivity and reproducibility of a biosensor prepared by direct lyophilisation of thylakoid membranes on the electrode surface was also evaluated, confirming the possible use of the modified sensor up to one week after the preparation. Measurements on real samples were also reported, comparing the results with those obtained using a fluorescence-based commercial instrument for the analysis of photosynthetic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bettazzi
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Picó Y, Fernández M, Ruiz MJ, Font G. Current trends in solid-phase-based extraction techniques for the determination of pesticides in food and environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:117-31. [PMID: 17175029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures for pesticide residues in food and environment are reviewed and discussed. The use of these procedures, which include several approaches such as: matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), represents an opportunity to reduce analysis time, solvent consumption, and overall cost. SPE techniques differ from solvent extraction depending on the interactions between a sorbent and the pesticide. This interaction may be specific for a particular pesticide, as in the interaction with an immunosorbent, or non-specific, as in the way a number of different pesticides are adsorbed on apolar or polar materials. A variety of applications were classified according to the method applied: conventional SPE, SPME, hollow-fiber micro-extraction (HFME), MSPD and SBSE. Emphasis is placed on the multiresidue analysis of liquid and solid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmácia, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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