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Wang L, Marcus RK. Evaluation of protein separations based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography using polyethylene terephthalate capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber phases. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1585:161-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Jiao X, Shen S, Shi T. One-pot preparation of a novel monolith for high performance liquid chromatography applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1007:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Lin Z, Tan X, Yu R, Lin J, Yin X, Zhang L, Yang H. One-pot preparation of glutathione-silica hybrid monolith for mixed-mode capillary liquid chromatography based on "thiol-ene" click chemistry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:228-37. [PMID: 24973032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel glutathione (GSH)-silica hybrid monolithic column synthesized via a combination of thiol-ene click reaction and one-pot process was described, where thiol-end GSH organic monomer and 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were mixed with hydrolyzed tetramethyloxysilane (TMOS) and γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MAPS) and then introduced into a fused-silica capillary for simultaneous polycondensation and "thiol-ene" click reaction to form the GSH-silica hybrid monolith. The effects of the molar ratio of TMOS/γ-MAPS, the amount of GSH, and the volume of porogen on the morphology, permeability and pore properties of the prepared GSH-silica hybrid monoliths were studied in detail. A uniform monolithic network with high porosity was obtained. A series of test compounds including alkylbenzenes, amides, and anilines were used to evaluate the retention behaviors of the GSH-silica hybrid monolithic column. The results demonstrated that the prepared GSH-silica hybrid monolith exhibited multiple interactions including hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, as well as cation exchange interaction. The run-to-run, column-to-column and batch-to-batch reproducibilities of the GSH-silica hybrid monolith for phenols' retention were satisfactory with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 1.3% (n=5), 2.6% (n=3) and 3.2% (n=3), respectively, indicating the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method. In addition, the GSH-silica hybrid monolith was applied to the separation of nucleotides, peptides and protein tryptic digests, respectively. The successful applications suggested the potential of the GSH-silica hybrid monolith in complex sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Ruifang Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Jiashi Lin
- College of Physical Education, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- The First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China.
| | - Huanghao Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
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Zhong J, Hao M, Li R, Bai L, Yang G. Preparation and characterization of poly(triallyl isocyanurate -co- trimethylolpropane triacrylate) monolith and its applications in the separation of small molecules by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1333:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Lin Z, Huang H, Li S, Wang J, Tan X, Zhang L, Chen G. Preparation of phenylboronic acid-silica hybrid monolithic column with one-pot approach for capillary liquid chromatography of biomolecules. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1271:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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6
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Calleri E, Ambrosini S, Temporini C, Massolini G. New monolithic chromatographic supports for macromolecules immobilization: Challenges and opportunities. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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7
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Highly sensitive and simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and rutin at an acetylene black paste electrode coated with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide film. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Huang H, Lin Z, Lin Y, Sun X, Xie Y, Zhang L, Chen G. Preparation and evaluation of poly(4-vinylphenylboronic acid-co-pentaerythritol triacrylate) monolithic column for capillary liquid chromatography of small molecules and proteins. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Li Y, Aggarwal P, Tolley H, Lee M. Organic Monolith Column Technology for Capillary Liquid Chromatography. ADVANCES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 2012; 50:237-80. [DOI: 10.1201/b11636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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10
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Pekel N, Salih B, Güven O. Enhancement of stability of glucose oxidase by immobilization onto metal ion-chelated poly(N-vinyl imidazole) hydrogels. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 16:253-66. [PMID: 15794489 DOI: 10.1163/1568562053115453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-vinylimidazole), PVIm, gels were prepared by gamma-irradiation polymerization of N-vinylimidazole in aqueous solutions as an affinity gel for glucose oxidase (GOx). These affinity gels with a water swelling ratio of 1800% for plain polymeric gel and between 30-80% for Cu(II) and Co(II)-chelated gels at pH 6.0 in phosphate buffer were used in the GOx adsorption studies. Maximum metal ion adsorption capacity of these hydrogels was found to be 3.64 mmol/g dry gel for Cu(II) and 1.72 mmol/g dry gel for Co(II) leading to GOx adsorption capacities of 343 and 528 mg enzyme/g dry gel, respectively, as compared to 228 mg for the plain dry PVIm gel. Activity studies were carried out using plain and the metal ion-chelated form of this hydrogel to investigate the stability and retained activity of the GOx in different buffer solutions and at different temperatures. Activity of the enzyme, either in free or immobilized form on the gel, decreased dramatically in acetate buffer solutions. In phosphate buffer solution, however, stability of enzyme has been found to be significantly high reaching 90% retained activity at the end of a 40-day period at 4 degrees C for Co(II) chelated systems. After immobilization of the enzyme onto metal-chelated hydrogel, the thermal stability of enzyme was enhanced significantly showing 23% activity, even at 75 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursel Pekel
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06532 Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Gunasena DN, El Rassi Z. Organic monoliths for hydrophilic interaction electrochromatography/chromatography and immunoaffinity chromatography. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:251-61. [PMID: 22147366 PMCID: PMC3415793 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article is aimed at providing a review of the progress made over the past decade in the preparation of polar monoliths for hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC)/capillary electrochromatography (HI-CEC) and in the design of immuno-monoliths for immunoaffinity chromatography that are based on some of the polar monolith precursors used in HILIC/HI-CEC. In addition, this review article discusses some of the applications of polar monoliths by HILIC and HI-CEC, and the applications of immuno-monoliths. This article is by no means an exhaustive review of the literature; it is rather a survey of the recent progress made in the field with 83 references published in the past decade on the topics of HILIC and immunoaffinity chromatography monoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilani N. Gunasena
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3071
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3071
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12
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Jiang Z, Smith NW, Liu Z. Preparation and application of hydrophilic monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2350-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Kumari M, Chauhan GS. Adsorption capacity, kinetics, and mechanism of copper(II) uptake on gelatin-based hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Li Y, Dennis Tolley H, Lee ML. Monoliths from poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and dimethacrylate for capillary hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4934-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Li Y, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Poly[hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate] monolithic column for efficient hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9416-24. [PMID: 19839598 DOI: 10.1021/ac9020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rigid poly[hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate] monoliths were synthesized inside 75 mum i.d. capillaries by one-step UV-initiated copolymerization using methanol and ethyl ether as porogens. The optimized monolithic column was evaluated for hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) of standard proteins. Six proteins were separated within 20 min with high resolution using a 20 min elution gradient, resulting in a peak capacity of 54. The effect of gradient rate and initial salt concentration on the retention of proteins were investigated. Mass recovery was found to be greater than 96%, indicating the biocompatibility of this monolith. The monolith was mechanically stable and showed nearly no swelling or shrinking in different polarity solvents. The preparation of this in situ polymerized acrylate monolithic column was highly reproducible. The run-to-run and column-to-column reproducibilities were less than 2.0% relative standard deviation (RSD) on the basis of the retention times of protein standards. The performance of this monolithic column for HIC was comparable or superior to the performance of columns packed with small particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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16
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Lubbad SH, Buchmeiser MR. Highly cross-linked polymeric capillary monoliths for the separation of low, medium, and high molecular weight analytes. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2521-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Hasegawa J, Kanamori K, Nakanishi K, Hanada T, Yamago S. Rigid Crosslinked Polyacrylamide Monoliths with Well-Defined Macropores Synthesized by Living Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:986-90. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Preparation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted polymer monolith for hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2404-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Svec F. Stellan Hjertén's contribution to the development of monolithic stationary phases. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1593-603. [PMID: 18383033 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This overview is presented to celebrate the birthday of one of the luminaries of the separation science and my friend - Stellan Hjertén. He made significant contributions to a variety of areas in separation science such as electrophoresis, LC, and CEC to name just a few. Since the scope of his work was enormous, this review will focus only on a single aspect of his scientific activities, the design and applications of monolithic materials. During the years starting from 1989, Stellan Hjertén published many excellent papers concerning the preparation of acrylamide chemistry-based monoliths and their use in both micro-HPLC and CEC. The following text details his works in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8197, USA.
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20
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Smith NW, Jiang Z. Developments in the use and fabrication of organic monolithic phases for use with high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:416-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Chen Z, Hua Z, Xu L, Huang Y, Zhao M, Li Y. Protein-responsive imprinted polymers with specific shrinking and rebinding. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:71-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Modification with DEAE-dextran, an alternative way to prepare anion-exchange monolithic column with lower pressure drop. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Wang M, Xu J, Zhou X, Tan T. Preparation and characterization of polyethyleneimine modified ion-exchanger based on poly(methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1147:24-9. [PMID: 17350638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A polyethyleneimine (PEI) modified ion-exchanger was prepared based on poly(methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith cast in 100 mm x 4.6 mm I.D. stainless steel tube with heptane as the porogenic solvent at 65 degrees C for 12 h. The pores larger than 500 nm presented 85% of total pore volume of PEI monolith and provided the better permeability for separation. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding capacity on the column was enhanced with increasing the molecular weight of PEI, indicated that the brush ligand emanated from the surface and captured more protein by multiple binding sites. Titration experiment as well as BSA retention versus the pH of mobile phase showed that the monolith exhibited weak ion-exchange property, and recovered BSA on the monolith reached 97% when NaCl content in mobile phase was higher than 0.5 M. Frontal analysis and gradient elution of BSA indicated that PEI monolith provided the rapid mass transfer in chromatographic procedure, which made the dynamic binding capacities as well as column efficiency keep as constants at high operating flow rate. Fast separation of three mode proteins mixture (lysozyme, hemoglobin and BSA) on the monolith was achieved within 3 min at velocity of 1445 cm/h. This demonstrated the potential of PEI monolith for the rapid analysis and separation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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24
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Hemström P, Nordborg A, Irgum K, Svec F, Fréchet JM. Polymer-based monolithic microcolumns for hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. J Sep Sci 2007; 29:25-32. [PMID: 16485706 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic capillary columns for hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) have been prepared by thermally initiated, single-step in situ polymerization of mixtures of monovinyl monomers including butyl methacrylate and/or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, with a divinyl crosslinker glycerol dimethacrylate or 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate using two different porogen systems. Two porogenic solvent mixtures were used; one "hydrophilic", consisting of water, butanediol, and propanol, and one "hydrophobic," comprising dodecanol and cyclohexanol. The porous structures of the monoliths were characterized and their performance was demonstrated with a separation of a mixture of myoglobin, ribonuclease A, and lysozyme under conditions typical of HIC.
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Gong B, Ren L, Yan C. Preparation of normal-phase HPLC stationary phase based on monodisperse hydrophilic polymeric beads and their application. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Arrua RD, Serrano D, Pastrana G, Strumia M, Igarzabal CIA. Synthesis of macroporous polymer rods based on an acrylamide derivative monomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pekel N, Salih B, Güven O. Metal ion promoted hydrogels for bovine serum albumin adsorption: Cu(II) and Co(II) chelated poly[(N-vinylimidazole)-maleic acid]. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005; 42:89-96. [PMID: 15833659 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly[(N-vinylimidazole)-maleic acid] (poly(VIm-MA)), copolymeric hydrogels were prepared by gamma-irradiating ternary mixtures of N-vinylimidazole-maleic acid-water in a (60)Co-gamma source. Cu(II) and Co(II) ions were chelated within the gels at pH=5.0. The maximum adsorption capacity of the gels were 3.71 mmol/g dry gel for Cu(II) and 1.25 mmol/g dry gel for Co(II) at pH=5.0. The swelling ratios of the gels were 1200% for poly(VIm-MA), 60 and 45% for Cu(II) and Co(II)-chelated poly(VIm-MA) gels at pH=5.0 in acetate buffer solution. These affinity gels with different swelling ratios for plain poly(VIm-MA), Cu(II)-, and Co(II)-chelated poly(VIm-MA), in acetate and phosphate buffers were used in the bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption/desorption studies in batch reactor. The maximum BSA adsorption capacities of the gels were 0.38 g/g dry gel for plain, 0.88 g/g dry gel for Cu(II)-chelated poly(VIm-MA) and 1.05 g/g dry gel for Co(II)-chelated poly(VIm-MA) gels. Adsorption capacity of BSA by the gels was reduced dramatically by increasing the ionic strength adjusted with NaCl. More than 95% of BSA were desorbed in 10 h in desorption medium containing 0.1M of EDTA for metal ion-chelated gels at pH=4.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursel Pekel
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06532 Ankara, Turkey
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Huang X, Wang Q, Yan H, Huang Y, Huang B. Octyl-type monolithic columns of 530μm i.d. for capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1062:183-8. [PMID: 15679155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel monolithic capillary column (530 microm i.d.) was prepared for capillary liquid chromatography (CLC) by in situ copolymerization of octyl methacrylate (MAOE) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) in the presence of a porogen solvent containing 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol, and water with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The influences of the contents of the porogen solvent, EDMA and the various concentration ratios of 1-propanol to 1,4-butanediol in the polymerization mixture on the morphology, porosity, globule size, stability and column efficiency were investigated. The morphology and pore size distribution of monolithic capillary columns were characterized by SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry, respectively. Chromatographic evaluations of the columns were performed under CLC mode. The results showed that good permeability and stability can be obtained under optimal experimental conditions. The separation results of some acid, neutral and basic analytes demonstrated the hydrophobicity and low affinity to basic analytes of the new column. Three metal ions, i.e. Mg(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) were also separated under ion-pair mode on the new monolithic capillary column and the results were acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Huang
- Department of Chemistry, and The Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Wahl A, Schnell I, Pyell U. Capillary electrochromatography with polymeric continuous beds synthesized via free radical polymerization in aqueous media using derivatized cyclodextrins as solubilizing agents. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1044:211-22. [PMID: 15354440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthetic route to amphiphilic acrylamide-based monolithic stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) employing water-soluble cyclodextrins as solubilizing agents was explored. N,N'-Octamethylenebisacryamide and N,N'-dodecamethylenebisacryamide were synthesized and their solubilization in aqueous solution with derivatized and underivatized cyclodextrins of different cavity size was studied. Amphiphilic stationary phases were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of the bisacrylamide-cyclodextrin host-guest complexes with hydrophilic monomers and an additional hydrophilic cross-linker in aqueous solution. Complex formation in solution and removal of the complexed cyclodextrin from the polymer during synthesis was studied with 1H-NMR and solid state 13C-NMR spectroscopy and cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. The impact of the incorporated alkylene groups in the acrylamide-based macroporous polymer on retention was studied with neutral solutes by CEC in the normal-phase elution mode and in the reversed-phase elution mode. Batch-to-batch reproducibility of the synthesis procedure and day-to-day repeatability of the separations achieved were investigated. With these capillaries, a sufficiently high electroosmotic flow velocity, a high reproducibility and repeatability of separation parameters and high plate numbers (up to 200,000 m(-1) were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wahl
- Universität Kassel, Fachbereich Naturwissenschaften, Abteilung für Analytische Chemie, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, D-34109 Kassel, Germany
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Maruska A, Kornysova O. Continuous beds (monoliths): stationary phases for liquid chromatography formed using the hydrophobic interaction-based phase separation mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:1-48. [PMID: 15134905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pioneering research work published by Hjertén et al. [J. Chromatogr. 473 (1989) 273] in 1989 dealing with development and application of the continuous bed (monolithic) technique as an attractive alternative for the classical packed columns in chromatography, stimulated further investigations in this direction. The research data published since that time on the development and application of the continuous beds formed using hydrophobic interaction-based phase separation mechanism are reviewed. Some innovative species of the beds, such as polyrotaxane beds or nonparticulate restricted-access materials for direct analysis of the biological fluids in the capillary format are also discussed. Characteristic features and practical details of the continuous bed technique are revealed. Due to many advantages, the continuous bed technique became a competitor with the traditional packings in capillary or chip-based microanalysis. The importance of the continuous bed morphology on the chromatographic characteristics is shown. The applicability of modern microscopic analysis to evaluate the morphology of the continuous beds is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrius Maruska
- Department of Chemistry, Vytautas Magnus University, Vileikos 8, LT-3035 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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31
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Calleri E, Massolini G, Lubda D, Temporini C, Loiodice FC, Caccialanza G. Evaluation of a monolithic epoxy silica support for penicillin G acylase immobilization. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1031:93-100. [PMID: 15058571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new type of penicillin G acylase (PGA)-based monolithic silica support was developed and evaluated for the chiral separation in HPLC. The preparation procedure consisted of two steps: preparation of an epoxy derivatized monolithic silica column and chemical modification of the epoxide groups with the enzyme chiral selector. The epoxy Silica-Rod column for the immobilization of PGA was prepared with the in situ modification process by using epoxy-silanes and the identification of the species bound to the surface was achieved by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. The enzyme was covalently immobilized to the surface of the derivatized monolithic column. The enantioselectivity and the performance of the developed column are discussed and compared to the corresponding experimental data obtained with a PGA-based microparticulate (5 microm) silica column.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Calleri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Activity studies of glucose oxidase immobilized onto poly(N-vinylimidazole) and metal ion-chelated poly(N-vinylimidazole) hydrogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zou H, Huang X, Ye M, Luo Q. Monolithic stationary phases for liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 954:5-32. [PMID: 12058917 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A monolithic stationary phase is the continuous unitary porous structure prepared by in situ polymerization or consolidation inside the column tubing and, if necessary, the surface is functionalized to convert it into a sorbent with the desired chromatographic binding properties [J. Chromatogr. A 855 (1999) 273]. Monolithic stationary phases have attracted considerable attention in liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography in recent years due to their simple preparation procedure, unique properties and excellent performance, especially for separation of biopolymers. This review summarizes the preparation, characterization and applications of the monolithic stationary phases. In addition, the disadvantages and limitations of the monolithic stationary phases are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfa Zou
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
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Coufal P, Cihák M, Suchánková J, Tesarová E, Bosáková Z, Stulík K. Methacrylate monolithic columns of 320 microm I.D. for capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 946:99-106. [PMID: 11873988 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic capillary columns (320 microm I.D.) were prepared for capillary liquid chromatography (CLC) by radical polymerization of butylmethacrylate (BMA) and ethylenedimethacrylate (EDMA) in the presence of a porogen solvent containing propan-1-ol, butane-1,4-diol and water. The influence of the contents of the porogen solvent and EDMA in the polymerization mixture on the monolith porosity and column efficiency was investigated. The composition of the polymerization mixture was optimized to attain a minimum HETP of the order of tens of microm for test compounds with various polarities. The separation performance and selectivity of the most efficient monolithic column prepared was characterized by van Deemter curves, peak asymmetry factors and Walters hydrophobicity and silanol indices. It was demonstrated that the 320-microm I.D. monolithic column exhibited CLC separation performance similar to that observed for 100- and 150-microm I.D. monolithic columns reported in the literature; moreover, the 320-microm I.D. column was easier to operate in CLC and exhibited a higher sample loadability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Coufal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Zou H, Luo Q, Zhou D. Affinity membrane chromatography for the analysis and purification of proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2001; 49:199-240. [PMID: 11694281 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(01)00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography is unique among separation methods as it is the only technique that permits the purification of proteins based on biological functions rather than individual physical or chemical properties. The high specificity of affinity chromatography is due to the strong interaction between the ligand and the proteins of interest. Membrane separation allows the processing of a large amount of sample in a relatively short time owing to its structure, which provides a system with rapid reaction kinetics. The integration of membrane and affinity chromatography provides a number of advantages over traditional affinity chromatography with porous-bead packed columns, especially with regard to time and recovery of activity. This review gives detailed descriptions of materials used as membrane substrates, preparation of basic membranes, coupling of affinity ligands to membrane supports, and categories of affinity membrane cartridges. It also summarizes the applications of cellulose/glycidyl methacrylate composite membranes for proteins separation developed in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zou
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116011, China.
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36
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Salih B, Pekel N, Güven O. A new metal chelate sorbent for glucose oxidase: Cu(II)- and Co(II)-chelated poly(N-vinylimidazole) gels. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Hoegger D, Freitag R. Acrylamide-based monoliths as robust stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 914:211-22. [PMID: 11358215 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the synthesis of rigid, macroporous polymers (monoliths) to be used as stationary phases in capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The procedure reproducibly results in columns with good mechanical and chemical stability. Once the procedure was optimized, it yielded the desired CEC columns in nearly 100% of the cases. The batch-to-batch standard deviation of the migration of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) marker for nine randomly chosen columns was 5%. The polymerization is carried out inside the capillary, an aqueous phase is used as solvent. Monomers based on acrylamides with varying hydrophilicity were used to introduce the interactive moieties together with piperazine diacrylamide as cross-linker and vinylsulfonic acid as provider of the charged, EOF-producing moieties. The pore size of the monoliths was adjusted by adding varying amounts of ammonium sulfate to the reaction mixture. In this manner, the average pore size of a given monolith could be reproducibly adjusted to values ranging from 50 nm to 1.3 microm. The procedure was optimized for four particular types of monoliths, which differed in hydrophobicity. The latter was adjusted by introducing suitable co-monomers, such as alkyl chain-bearing molecules, into the monolithic structure. Attempts to systematically investigate the chromatographic behavior of the monolithic stationary phases were made, using a model mixture of aromatic compounds as sample. The standard deviations for the run-to-run reproducibility of the retention times for unretained and retained analytes were <1.5%. Flat Van Deemter curves were measured even at elevated flow-rates (2 mm/s). Plate heights between 10 and 15 microm were measured in this range. The retention order was taken as the principal indication for the chromatographic mode. The separation was found to be governed neither by pure reversed-phase nor by pure normal-phase chromatography, even on monoliths, where large amounts of C6 ligands had been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hoegger
- Center of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne
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Hearn MT. Physicochemical factors in polypeptide and protein purification and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques: current status and challenges for the future. HANDBOOK OF BIOSEPARATIONS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(00)80050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hjertén S. Standard and Capillary Chromatography, Including Electrochromatography, on Continuous Polymer Beds (Monoliths), Based on Water-Soluble Monomers. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ie970676b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stellan Hjertén
- Department of Biochemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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41
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Li YM, Liao JL, Zhang R, Henriksson H, Hjertén S. Continuous beds for microchromatography: chromatofocusing and anion exchange chromatography. Anal Biochem 1999; 267:121-4. [PMID: 9918663 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the preparation of continuous beds derivatized with polyethyleneimine (PEI) for chromatofocusing and anion exchange chromatography in the capillary mode. First, a continuous bed activated by epoxy groups was synthesized inside a fused silica capillary and became at the same time covalently attached to the inner wall of the capillary. A PEI solution was then pumped through the continuous bed to allow the imine groups in PEI to react with the epoxy groups in the bed. Efficient immobilization of PEI was indicated by the high-resolution separation of standard proteins (hemoglobins C, S, F, and A) in both chromatofocusing and anion exchange chromatography on a capillary column prepared by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Li
- Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, S-751 23, Sweden
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Xie S, Svec F, Fréchet JM. Rigid porous polyacrylamide-based monolithic columns containing butyl methacrylate as a separation medium for the rapid hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. J Chromatogr A 1997; 775:65-72. [PMID: 9253195 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Macroporous poly(acrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate-co-N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide) monoliths containing up to 15% butyl methacrylate units have been prepared by direct polymerization within the confines of HPLC columns. The hydrodynamic and chromatographic properties of these 50 mm x 8 mm I.D. columns-such as back pressure at different flow-rates, effect of percentage of hydrophobic component in the polymerization mixture, effect of salt concentration on the retention of proteins, dynamic loading capacity, and recovery-were determined under conditions typical of hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Using the monolithic column, five proteins were easily separated within only 3 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xie
- Cornell University, Department of Chemistry, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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