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Stutzman JR, Hutchins PD, Bain RM. Online Bipolar Dual Spray for the Charge State Reduction and Characterization of Complex Synthetic Polymers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2840-2848. [PMID: 38053368 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Charge reduction mass spectrometry (CR/MS) hyphenated to liquid chromatography (LC) couples liquid-phase compound separation and mass spectral decompression to resolve and characterize multicomponent systems. LC/CR/MS has proven to be effective for complex mixture analysis, particularly synthetic polymers. A newer charge manipulation approach called bipolar dual spray has previously been demonstrated to reduce the observed charge state distribution of ammoniated polyethene glycol. In this approach, two electrospray emitters, in close proximity and of opposite polarity, fuse droplets from their electrospray plumes, which allows the subsequent chemistry. In this work, we investigate the ability of bipolar dual spray to reduce the charge of synthetic polyols, thereby simplifying complex mixture analysis and generating new compositional information only available through the coupling of charge reduction with LC/MS analysis. This work also represents the first demonstration of online charge reduction via dual spray. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 7.2K subjected to LC/MS with dual spray reduced the average charge state from 8.2+ to 4.4+. LC/MS with dual spray was also applied to the characterization of an end-group-modified PEG 10K (i.e., aminated) containing several reaction impurities. This approach allowed for the identification of low-level starting material, tosylated PEG, and PEG mono(amine), where both LC/MS and direct infusion dual spray did not detect the impurities. Overall, the results demonstrated that bipolar dual spray can be incorporated into an LC/MS analysis and affords the ability to reduce the charge state distribution of PEG cations, decompress the m/z axis, lower spectra complexity, and enable/simplify data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Stutzman
- Analytical Sciences, Dow Inc., Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Paul D Hutchins
- Analytical Sciences, Dow Inc., Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Ryan M Bain
- Analytical Sciences, Dow Inc., Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
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2
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Zhu SZ, Zhang L, Zhang J, Guo YL. Arc Plasma-Based Dissociation Device: Fingerprinting Mass Spectrometric Analysis Realized at Atmospheric Condition. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14633-14639. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Su-zhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin-long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Abualhasan MN, Watson DG. Tagging Fatty Acids Via Choline Coupling for the Detection of Carboxylic Acid Metabolites in Biological Samples. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180516093353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Fatty acids and other metabolites containing a carboxyl group are of high interest
in biomedicine because of their major role in many metabolic pathways and, particularly in the
case of oxidised fatty acids, their high biological activity. Tagging carboxylic acid compounds with a
permanent positive charge such as a quaternary ammonium compound could increase the LC-MS detection
sensitivity and selectivity. This paper describes a new and novel strategy for analysing carboxylcontaining
compounds in biological samples by ESI-MS through coupling to choline.
Methods:
Coupling of carboxylic acid derivatives in biological samples was performed by coupling to
2-Fluoro-1, 3 dimethyl –pyridinium (FDMP). The variation in the fatty acid profile of five different
plasma samples was studied and was illustrated by using principal components analysis (PCA) to group
the samples. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) modelling was then
applied to identify the fatty acids that were responsible for the variation.
Results:
The test results showed that choline coupling reactions were successful in detecting fatty acids,
oxidised fatty acids and other compounds containing carboxylic acid groups in biological samples. The
PCA results showed loadings of different fatty acids according to the plasma sample allowing identification
of the fatty acids responsible for the observed variation.
Conclusion:
A new and easy tagging method was developed to detect carboxylic acids in plasma samples.
The method proved to be precise and reproducible and can quantify fatty acid compounds to 50
ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad N. Abualhasan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestinian Territory, Occupied
| | - David G. Watson
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Toyo'oka T. DL-Amino Acid Analysis Based on Labeling with Light and Heavy Isotopic Reagents Followed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2030:293-306. [PMID: 31347126 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9639-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
L-Pyroglutamic acid succinimidyl ester (L-PGA-OSu) and its isotopic variant (L-PGA[d5]-OSu) were synthesized and used as the chiral labeling reagents for the enantioseparation of amino acids by reversed-phase UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The enantiomers of amino acids were labeled with the reagents at 60 °C for 10 min in an alkaline medium. The resulting diastereomers were well separated by the reversed-phase chromatography using an ODS column, packed with small particles (1.7 μm) (Rs = 1.95-8.05). A highly sensitive detection at a low-fmol level (0.5-3.2 fmol) was obtained from the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) chromatograms. An isotope labeling strategy using light and heavy variants for the differential analysis of the DL-amino acids in different sample groups is also presented in this paper. The ratios of D/L-alanine in different yogurt products were successfully determined by the proposed method. The D/L ratios were almost comparable to those obtained from only using light reagent (i.e., L-PGA-OSu). Therefore, the proposed strategy seems to be useful for the differential analysis of DL-amino acids, not only in food products but also in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Lubin A, Bajic S, Cabooter D, Augustijns P, Cuyckens F. Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Using a High Voltage Target Compared to Electrospray Ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:286-293. [PMID: 27896698 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new atmospheric pressure ionization (API) source, viz. UniSpray, was evaluated for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of pharmaceutical compounds by head-to-head comparison with electrospray ionization (ESI) on the same high-resolution MS system. The atmospheric pressure ionization source is composed of a grounded nebulizer spraying onto a high voltage, cylindrical stainless steel target. Molecules are ionized in a similar fashion to electrospray ionization, predominantly producing protonated or deprotonated species. Adduct formation (e.g., proton and sodium adducts) and in-source fragmentation is shown to be almost identical between the two sources. The performance of the new API source was compared with electrospray by infusion of a mix of 22 pharmaceutical compounds with a wide variety of functional groups and physico-chemical properties (molecular weight, logP, and pKa) in more than 100 different conditions (mobile phase strength, solvents, pH, and flow rate). The new API source shows an intensity gain of a factor 2.2 compared with ESI considering all conditions on all compounds tested. Finally, some hypotheses on the ionization mechanism, similarities, and differences with ESI, are discussed. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lubin
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Deirdre Cabooter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium.
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Lehmann WD. A timeline of stable isotopes and mass spectrometry in the life sciences. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:58-85. [PMID: 26919394 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review retraces the role of stable isotopes and mass spectrometry in the life sciences. The timeline is divided into four segments covering the years 1920-1950, 1950-1980, 1980-2000, and 2000 until today. For each period methodic progress and typical applications are discussed. Application of stable isotopes is driven by improvements of mass spectrometry, chromatography, and related fields in sensitivity, mass accuracy, structural specificity, complex sample handling ability, data output, and data evaluation. We currently experience the vision of omics-type analyses, that is, the comprehensive identification and quantification of a complete compound class within one or a few analytical runs. This development is driven by stable isotopes without competition by radioisotopes. In metabolic studies as classic field of isotopic tracer experiments, stable isotopes and radioisotopes were competing solutions, with stable isotopes as the long-term junior partner. Since the 1990s the number of metabolic studies with radioisotopes decreases, whereas stable isotope studies retain their slow but stable upward tendency. Unique fields of stable isotopes are metabolic tests in newborns, metabolic experiments in healthy controls, newborn screening for inborn errors, quantification of drugs and drug metabolites in doping control, natural isotope fractionation in geology, ecology, food authentication, or doping control, and more recently the field of quantitative omics-type analyses. There, cells or whole organisms are systematically labeled with stable isotopes to study proteomic differences or specific responses to stimuli or genetic manipulation. The duo of stable isotopes and mass spectrometry will probably continue to grow in the life sciences, since it delivers reference-quality quantitative data with molecular specificity, often combined with informative isotope effects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:58-85, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf D Lehmann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Nanita SC, Kaldon LG. Emerging flow injection mass spectrometry methods for high-throughput quantitative analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:23-33. [PMID: 26670771 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Where does flow injection analysis mass spectrometry (FIA-MS) stand relative to ambient mass spectrometry (MS) and chromatography-MS? Improvements in FIA-MS methods have resulted in fast-expanding uses of this technique. Key advantages of FIA-MS over chromatography-MS are fast analysis (typical run time <60 s) and method simplicity, and FIA-MS offers high-throughput without compromising sensitivity, precision and accuracy as much as ambient MS techniques. Consequently, FIA-MS is increasingly becoming recognized as a suitable technique for applications where quantitative screening of chemicals needs to be performed rapidly and reliably. The FIA-MS methods discussed herein have demonstrated quantitation of diverse analytes, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, environmental contaminants, and endogenous compounds, at levels ranging from parts-per-billion (ppb) to parts-per-million (ppm) in very complex matrices (such as blood, urine, and a variety of foods of plant and animal origin), allowing successful applications of the technique in clinical diagnostics, metabolomics, environmental sciences, toxicology, and detection of adulterated/counterfeited goods. The recent boom in applications of FIA-MS for high-throughput quantitative analysis has been driven in part by (1) the continuous improvements in sensitivity and selectivity of MS instrumentation, (2) the introduction of novel sample preparation procedures compatible with standalone mass spectrometric analysis such as salting out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) with volatile solutes and NH4(+) QuEChERS, and (3) the need to improve efficiency of laboratories to satisfy increasing analytical demand while lowering operational cost. The advantages and drawbacks of quantitative analysis by FIA-MS are discussed in comparison to chromatography-MS and ambient MS (e.g., DESI, LAESI, DART). Generally, FIA-MS sits 'in the middle' between ambient MS and chromatography-MS, offering a balance between analytical capability and sample analysis throughput suitable for broad applications in life sciences, agricultural chemistry, consumer safety, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Nanita
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE, 19714, USA.
| | - Laura G Kaldon
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE, 19714, USA
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Toyo’oka T, Kikura-Hanajiri R. A Reliable Method for the Separation and Detection of Synthetic Cannabinoids by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry, and Its Application to Plant Products. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:762-9. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo’oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Profiling of chiral and achiral carboxylic acid metabolomics: synthesis and evaluation of triazine-type chiral derivatization reagents for carboxylic acids by LC-ESI-MS/MS and the application to saliva of healthy volunteers and diabetic patients. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:1003-14. [PMID: 25366977 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Novel triazine-type chiral derivatization reagents, i.e., (S)-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (DMT-3(S)-Apy) and (S)-4,6-dimethoxy-N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (DMT-1(S)-Apy), were developed for the highly sensitive and selective detection of chiral carboxylic acids by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Among the synthesized reagents, DMT-3(S)-Apy was a more efficient chiral reagent for the enantiomeric separation of chiral carboxylic acids in terms of separation efficiency by reversed-phase chromatography and detection sensitivity by ESI-MS/MS. The DMT-3(S)-Apy was used for the determination of 13 carboxylic acids in human saliva of healthy volunteers and diabetic patients. Various biological carboxylic acids including chiral carboxylic acids, and mono- and di-carboxylic acids were clearly identified in the saliva of healthy persons and diabetic patients. The concentrations of carboxylic acids detected in the saliva of diabetic patients were relatively higher than those in the healthy persons. Furthermore, the concentration of D-lactic acid (LA) and the ratio of D/L-LA in the diabetic patients were significantly higher than those in the healthy persons. The low ratio of D/L-LA in healthy persons was also identified to be independent of age and sex. These results suggest that the determination of the D/L-LA ratio in saliva might be applicable for the diagnosis of diabetes. Based on these observations, DMT-3(S)-Apy seems to be a useful chiral derivatization reagent for the determination not only of chiral carboxylic acids but also achiral ones. In conclusion, the proposed method using DMT-3(S)-Apy is useful for the carboxylic acid metabolomics study of various specimens.
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Mochizuki T, Todoroki K, Inoue K, Min JZ, Toyo’oka T. Isotopic variants of light and heavy l-pyroglutamic acid succinimidyl esters as the derivatization reagents for dl-amino acid chiral metabolomics identification by liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 811:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Mochizuki T, Taniguchi S, Tsutsui H, Min JZ, Inoue K, Todoroki K, Toyo’oka T. Relative quantification of enantiomers of chiral amines by high-throughput LC–ESI-MS/MS using isotopic variants of light and heavy l-pyroglutamic acids as the derivatization reagents. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 773:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Looi CY, Arya A, Cheah FK, Muharram B, Leong KH, Mohamad K, Wong WF, Rai N, Mustafa MR. Induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via caspase pathway by vernodalin isolated from Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) seeds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56643. [PMID: 23437193 PMCID: PMC3577860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) seeds (CA) is a well known medicinal herb in Indian sub-continent. We recently reported anti-oxidant property of chloroform fraction of Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) seeds (CACF) by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced growth of human breast cancer cells. However, the active compounds in CACF have not been investigated previously. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we showed that CACF inhibited growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. CACF induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells as marked by cell size shrinkage, deformed cytoskeletal structure and DNA fragmentation. To identify the cytotoxic compound, CACF was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation which yielded 6 fractions. CACF fraction A and B (CACF-A, -B) demonstrated highest activity among all the fractions. Further HPLC isolation, NMR and LC-MS analysis of CACF-A led to identification of vernodalin as the cytotoxic agent in CACF-A, and -B. 12,13-dihydroxyoleic acid, another major compound in CACF-C fraction was isolated for the first time from Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) seeds but showed no cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 cells. Vernodalin inhibited cell growth of human breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 by induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Increased of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, coupled with downregulation of anti-apoptotic molecules (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL) led to reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and release of cytochrome c in both human breast cancer cells treated with vernodalin. Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol triggered activation of caspase cascade, PARP cleavage, DNA damage and eventually cell death. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on cytotoxic and apoptotic mechanism of vernodalin isolated from the Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) seeds in human breast cancer cells. Overall, our data suggest a potential therapeutic value of vernodalin to be further developed as new anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Ji Z, Xu N, Gang Q, Wei S. Identification of pyrroloindoline-containing cyclic hexapeptides in the metabolites of Streptomyces alboflavus 313 by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:265-71. [PMID: 23361356 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the chemical biodiversity of biologically active cyclic hexapeptides in the metabolites from microorganisms, the fermentation broth of Streptomyces alboflavus 313 was analyzed using HPLC, equipped with a diode array detector (DAD), coupled with ESI tandem MS (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). In the mass spectra of cyclic hexapeptides, predominant ions [M+H](+), as well as [M-18+H](+), [M-28+H](+) and [M+Na](+), were observed and used to determine the molecular masses, while fragmentation reactions of [M+H](+) were recorded to provide information on the contents of amino acids and their linkage sequence. Based on the fragmentation patterns and comparison with standards, 15 pyrroloindoline-containing natural cyclic hexapeptides, cp01-15, were identified from the microorganism and six of these are reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China.
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14
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2D gels still have a niche in proteomics. J Proteomics 2013; 88:4-13. [PMID: 23353020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid advance of MS-based proteomics one might think that 2D gel-based proteomics is dead. This is far from the truth. Current research has shown that there are still a number of places in the field of protein and molecular biology where 2D gels still play a leading role. The aim of this review is to highlight some of these applications. Examples from our own research as well as from other published works are used to illustrate the 2D gel driven research in the areas of: 1) de novo sequencing and protein identification from organisms with no or incomplete genome sequences available; 2) alternative detection methods for modification specific proteomics; 3) identification of protein isoforms and modified proteins. With an example of the glycoprotein TIMP-1 protein we illustrate the unique properties of 2D gels for the separation and characterisation of multiply modified proteins. We also show that careful analysis of experimental and theoretical protein mass and pI can lead to the identification of unanticipated protein variants modified by for example proteolytic cleavage. Together this shows that there is an important niche for 2D gel-based proteomics, which compliments traditional LC-MS techniques for specific protein research purposes.
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Alzweiri M, Watson DG, Parkinson JA. METABONOMICS AS A CLINICAL TOOL OF ANALYSIS: LC-MS APPROACHES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.644054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Alzweiri
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - David G. Watson
- b Strathclyde Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , U.K
| | - John A. Parkinson
- c WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , U.K
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Abstract
Glycosylation is increasingly recognized as a common and biologically significant post-translational modification of proteins. Modern mass spectrometry methods offer the best ways to characterize the glycosylation state of proteins. Both glycobiology and mass spectrometry rely on specialized nomenclature, techniques, and knowledge, which pose a barrier to entry by the nonspecialist. This introductory chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of glycobiology, mass spectrometry methods, and the intersection of the two fields. Foundational material included in this chapter includes a description of the biological process of glycosylation, an overview of typical glycoproteomics workflows, a description of mass spectrometry ionization methods and instrumentation, and an introduction to bioinformatics resources. In addition to providing an orientation to the contents of the other chapters of this volume, this chapter cites other important works of potential interest to the practitioner. This overview, combined with the state-of-the-art protocols contained within this volume, provides a foundation for both glycobiologists and mass spectrometrists seeking to bridge the two fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Patrie
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Stanoeva JP, Stefova M. Evaluation of the ion trap MS performance for quantification of flavonoids and comparison to UV detection. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1395-1406. [PMID: 23147814 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of an ion trap mass spectrometer, usually employed for identification, has been here systematically evaluated for quantitative analysis of various conjugated forms of flavonoids and compared with UV quantification. Three MS methods were tested to assess the potential and limits of the ion trap for quantification of flavonoids: full-scan experiment MS(2) , isolated ion experiment MS, and full-scan experiment MS. The test was performed using nine reference standards of flavonoids with six different aglycones: luteolin, apigenin, hypolaetin, 4'-O-methylhypolaetin, isoscutellarein and 4'-O-methylisoscutellarein in the form of 7-O-glucosides and diglucosides, mono or diacetylated, isolated from Sideritis scardica. The analytical characteristics of the tested MS methods were shown to be comparable to UV with regards to precision and accuracy, and superior for selectivity and sensitivity especially when using extracted ion chromatograms. Detection limits did not differ significantly between the MS methods but were significantly lower than those obtained with UV detection by one order of magnitude. Another issue addressed by these results was the choice of most suitable standard substances for quantification of flavonoids with various substituents attached when using MS. In UV detection, the nature of the aglycone is crucial for the absorbance properties, and various derivatives can be quantified with the available one with the same aglycone. Here, it was shown that in MS detection, one flavone derivative can be quantified using other available derivatives with similar substitution pattern with regards to attached and acetylated sugars, whereas the nature of the aglycone is not crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Toyo’oka T. LC–MS determination of bioactive molecules based upon stable isotope-coded derivatization method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:174-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Recent developments in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and related techniques. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tsutsui H, Fujii S, Sakamoto T, Min JZ, Todoroki K, Toyo'oka T. Chiral amines as reagents for HPLC-MS enantioseparation of chiral carboxylic acids. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1551-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Suruga-ku Shizuoka Japan
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21
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Stahnke H, Kittlaus S, Kempe G, Hemmerling C, Alder L. The influence of electrospray ion source design on matrix effects. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:875-884. [PMID: 22791255 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates to which extent the design of electrospray ion sources influences the susceptibility to matrix effects (MEs) in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For this purpose, MEs were measured under comparable conditions (identical sample extracts, identical LC column, same chromatographic method and always positive ion mode) on four LC-MS/MS instrument platforms. The instruments were combined with five electrospray ion sources, viz. Turbo Ion Spray, Turbo V(TM) Source, Standard ESI, Jet Stream ESI and Standard Z-Spray Source. The comparison of MEs could be made at all retention times because the method of permanent postcolumn infusion was applied. The MEs ascertained for 45 pesticides showed for each electrospray ion source the same pattern, i.e. the same number of characteristic signal suppressions at equivalent retention times in the chromatogram. The Turbo Ion Spray (off-axis geometry), Turbo V(TM) Source (orthogonal geometry) and the Standard Z-Spray Source (double orthogonal geometry) did not differ much in their susceptibility to MEs. The Jet Stream ESI (orthogonal geometry) reaches a higher sensitivity by an additional heated sheath gas, but suffers at the same time from significantly stronger signal suppressions than the comparable Standard ESI (orthogonal geometry) without sheath gas. No relation between source geometry and extent of signal suppression was found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Stahnke
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Wang X, Kapoor V, Smythe GA. Extraction and Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of the Active Principles from Selected Chinese Herbs and Other Medicinal Plants. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 31:927-44. [PMID: 14992545 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x0300165x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal herbs have a long history of use in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine and a substantial body of evidence has, over recent decades, demonstrated a range of important pharmacological properties. Western biomedical researchers are examining not only the efficacy of the traditional herbal products but, through the use of a range of bioassays and analytical techniques, are developing improved methods to isolate and characterize active components. This review briefly describes the different extraction methodologies used in the preparation of herbal extracts and reviews the utility of chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of their active components. In particular, applications of gas or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the isolation and characterization of active components of ginseng are critically assessed. The analysis of toxic substances from herb extracts with mass spectrometric techniques is also discussed along with the potential for mass spectrometric methods to investigate the proteomics of herbal extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosuo Wang
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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23
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Wei S, Gao J, Wu W, Ji Z, Zhang J. Simultaneous identification of multiple celangulins from the root bark of Celastrus angulatus using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:23-33. [PMID: 21520311 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Celangulins are a small family of β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenoids endowed with diverse polyoxygenated polyol esters and various biological properties. Since our research focuses on celangulins, the development of rapid and sensitive online analytical methods to analyse and characterise them is of great significance. OBJECTIVE To develop an HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS method capable of simple and rapid analysis of celangulins in crude extract of root bark of C. angulatus extracts. METHODOLOGY High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry was established for the efficient and rapid identification of the celangulins. Chromatographic separations of celangulins were performed on a Hypersil Gold C(18) reverse-phase column by gradient elution with acetonitrile-water as mobile phase at a flow-rate 0.2 mL/min. RESULTS ESI/MS/MS analysis of sodium adduct ion ([M + Na](+) ) of each celangulin shows that all the celangulins produced very similar fragmentation profiles, and that the characteristic fragments at m/z 245, m/z 229 and m/z 231 were defined as the diagnostic ions for celangulins. Simultaneously, 46 components in the extracts of this plant were separated, and 36 of them were characterised as celangulins by online ESI/MS/MS and by comparing their retention times, UV and MS spectra with those of authentic compounds. CONCLUSION HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS was demonstrated to be a powerful tool for the characterisation of minor celangulins in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Wei
- Institute of Pesticide Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
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24
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Scionti V, Katzenmeyer BC, Solak N, Li X, Wesdemiotis C. Interfacing multistage mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography or ion mobility separation for synthetic polymer analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:113-137. [PMID: 22641724 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are naturally mixtures of homologs, even in pure form. More complexity is introduced by the presence of different comonomers, end groups and/or macromolecular architectures. The analysis of such systems is substantially facilitated by interfacing mass spectrometry (MS), which disperses based on mass, with an additional level of separation involving either interactive liquid chromatography (LC) or ion mobility (IM) spectrometry, both of which are readily coupled online with electrospray ionization and MS detection. IM-MS separates in the gas phase, post-ionization and, therefore, is ideally suitable for labile and reactive polymers. Its usefulness is illustrated with the characterization of non-covalent siloxane-saccharide complexes, metallosupramolecular assemblies and an air- and moisture-sensitive inorganic polymer, poly(dichlorophosphazene). Conversely, LC-MS which separates in solution phase, before ionization, is most effective for the analysis of polymeric mixtures whose components differ in polarity. Interactive LC conditions can be optimized to disperse by the content of hydrophobic units, as is demonstrated for amphiphilic polyether copolymers and sugar-based nonionic surfactant blends. Both LC-MS and IM-MS can be extended into a third dimension by tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) studies on select oligomers, in order to obtain insight into individual end groups and isomeric architectures, comonomer sequences and degree of substitution, for example, by hydrophobic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Scionti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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25
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Sheen JF, Ho YH. A discharge adaptor interface for use in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3675-3682. [PMID: 22468323 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A discharge adaptor, composed of a metal casing and platinum (Pt) wire needle, was directly attached to an electrospray ionization (ESI) probe tip, to transform the ionization into atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Six generic drugs were analyzed with the developed discharge adaptor (DA) and two commercial interfaces. The DA interface produced more intense radical anions, [M]˙⁻, and less sodium adduct ions, [M + Na]⁺, than the ESI interface, whereas almost the same molecular ions were detected as the APCI interface. The effects of solvent and desolvation gas flow in the DA interface were similar to those in the ESI interface, but differed from those in the APCI interface. Better sensitivity of the tested drugs was obtained relative to the commercial APCI interface. For human plasma samples, the DA interface also demonstrated good tolerance to plasma matrices, linearity from 5 or 20 to 500 ng/mL (r² > 0.99) and ruggedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Feng Sheen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, Taiwan.
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26
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Mechref Y. Analysis of glycans derived from glycoconjugates by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3467-81. [PMID: 22180203 PMCID: PMC3360420 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The high structural variation of glycan derived from glycoconjugates, which substantially increases with the molecular size of a protein, contributes to the complexity of glycosylation patterns commonly associated with glycoconjugates. In the case of glycoproteins, such variation originates from the multiple glycosylation sites of proteins and the number of glycan structures associated with each site (microheterogeneity). The ability to comprehensively characterize highly complex mixture of glycans has been analytically stimulating and challenging. Although the most powerful MS and MS/MS techniques are capable of providing a wealth of structural information, they are still not able to readily identify isomeric glycan structures without high-order MS/MS (MS(n) ). The analysis of isomeric glycan structures has been attained using several separation methods, including high-pH anion-exchange chromatography, hydrophilic interaction chromatography and GC. However, CE and microfluidics CE (MCE) offer high separation efficiency and resolutions, allowing the separation of closely related glycan structures. Therefore, interfacing CE and MCE to MS is a powerful analytical approach, allowing potentially comprehensive and sensitive analysis of complex glycan samples. This review describes and discusses the utility of different CE and MCE approaches in the structural characterization of glycoproteins and the feasibility of interfacing these approaches to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
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27
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Xu F, Zou L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ong CN. Enhancement of the capabilities of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with derivatization: general principles and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1143-1172. [PMID: 21557289 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The integration of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with derivatization is a relatively new and unique strategy that could add value and could enhance the capabilities of LC-MS-based technologies. The derivatization process could be carried out in various analytical steps, for example, sampling, storage, sample preparation, HPLC separation, and MS detection. This review presents an overview of derivatization-based LC-MS strategy over the past 10 years and covers both the general principles and applications in the fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, biomarker and metabolomic research, environmental analysis, and food-safety evaluation. The underlying mechanisms and theories for derivative reagent selection are summarized and highlighted to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguo Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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28
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Terrier P, Desmazières B, Tortajada J, Buchmann W. APCI/APPI for synthetic polymer analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:854-874. [PMID: 21246594 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Modern mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers involves soft ionization techniques. Whereas matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray (ESI) are employed routinely, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and more recently atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are used to a lesser extent. However, these latter ionization methods coupled to liquid-phase separation techniques create new opportunities for the characterization of polymers, especially for low molecular weight compounds or for the polymers that are poorly ionizable by the usual methods. After a part devoted to the description of classical MS methods employed for polymer analysis (MALDI, ESI, and their use with chromatography), APCI and APPI techniques will be described, discussed, and selected examples will present the interest of these ionization sources (or interfaces for LC/MS) in the field of polymer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Terrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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29
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Chen HJC. Analysis of DNA adducts in human samples: Acrolein-derived exocyclic DNA adducts as an example. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1391-400. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Huang X, Mazza G. Application of LC and LC-MS to the analysis of melatonin and serotonin in edible plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:269-84. [PMID: 21432696 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.529193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland of animals. Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter and one of the precursors of melatonin biosynthesis. These two indoleamines have recently been reported to have widespread occurrence in many edible plants. Consuming foodstuffs containing melatonin and serotonin could raise their physiologic concentrations in blood and enhance human health. Literature concerning analytical methods suitable for determination of melatonin and serotonin in edible plants is limited, although several liquid chromatographic (LC) techniques have been used for their quantification. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods combine selectivity, sensitivity, and high precision, and enable the simultaneous determination of melatonin and serotonin. This work reviews LC and LC-MS techniques used to determine melatonin and serotonin, and the available data on melatonin and serotonin levels in edible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Schmid S, Jecklin MC, Zenobi R. Electrosonic spray ionization—An ideal interface for high-flow liquid chromatography applications. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3704-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Guo XF, Zhou Y, Tu FQ, Xiong XJ, Wang H, Zhang HS. Determination of phytohormones in plant samples based on the precolumn fluorescent derivatization with 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-aminozide-difluoroboradiaza-s
-indacene by HPLC for routine use. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:789-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Spitsmeister M, Adamberg K, Vilu R. UPLC/MS based method for quantitative determination of fatty acid composition in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 82:288-95. [PMID: 20621131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative fatty acid composition of microorganisms at various growth space points is required for understanding membrane associated processes of cells, but the majority of the relevant publications still restrict to the relative compositions. In the current study, a simple and reliable method for quantitative measurement of fatty acid content in bacterial biomass without prior derivatization using ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was developed. The method was applied for investigating the influence of specific growth rate and pH on the fatty acid profiles of two biotechnologically important microorganisms - Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Lactococcus lactis grown in controlled physiological states. It was found that the membranes of slowly growing cells are more rigid and that the fatty acid fraction of the cells of L. lactis diminishes considerably with increasing growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merli Spitsmeister
- Competence Centre of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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34
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Characterization and classification of matrix effects in biological samples analyses. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4071-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Chen HJC, Lin WP. Simultaneous quantification of 1,N2-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts derived from acrolein and crotonaldehyde in human placenta and leukocytes by isotope dilution nanoflow LC nanospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9812-8. [PMID: 19899782 DOI: 10.1021/ac9019472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to acrolein and crotonaldehyde due to environmental pollution and endogenous lipid peroxidation. These aldehydes react with the 2'-deoxyguanosine moiety of DNA, forming the exocyclic 1,N2-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts AdG and CdG. These adducts are mutagenic lesions, and they play an important role in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, a highly sensitive and quantitative assay was developed for simultaneous detection and quantification of AdG and CdG isomers in human placenta and leukocyte DNA by isotope dilution nanoflow LC with nanospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-NSI/MS/MS). The on-column detection limits (S/N > or = 3) of AdG and CdG were 15 and 8.9 amol, respectively. The quantification limits of AdG and CdG for the entire assay were 619 and 297 amol, respectively, corresponding to 9.8 and 4.7 adducts in 10(9) normal nucleotides, respectively, starting with 20 microg of DNA. Different enzyme hydrolysis methods were compared, and the optimal hydrolysis conditions were employed for the assay. Levels of AdG and CdG in human placental DNA (20 microg) were 108 and 26 in 10(8) normal nucleotides, respectively, with the respective relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.6% and 3.1% (n = 3). Levels of AdG and CdG in 9 human leukocyte DNA samples were 78 +/- 23 (mean +/- SD) and 6.2 +/- 3.8 (mean +/- SD) in 10(8) normal nucleotides, respectively, starting from 30 microg of DNA. Using this assay, only 4-6 microg of DNA sample was subjected to this nanoLC-NSI/MS/MS system for analysis. Only 1-1.5 mL of blood is needed for measuring AdG and CdG levels in leukocyte DNA. Thus, it is clinically feasible using this highly sensitive assay to investigate the potential of using these adducts as noninvasive biomarkers for DNA damage resulting from acrolein and crotonaldehyde and to study their roles in cancer development and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- 168 University Road, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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36
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Allwood JW, Goodacre R. An introduction to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry instrumentation applied in plant metabolomic analyses. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2010; 21:33-47. [PMID: 19927296 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade the application of non-targeted high-throughput metabolomic analysis within the plant sciences has gained ever increasing interest and has truly established itself as a valuable tool for plant functional genomics and studies of plant biochemical composition. Whilst proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy is particularly appropriate for the analysis of bulk metabolites and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) and derivatised primary metabolites, liquid chromatography (LC)-MS is highly applicable to the analysis of a wide range of semi-polar compounds including many secondary metabolites of interest to plant researchers and nutritionists. In view of the recent developments in the separation sciences, leading to the advent of ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and MS based technology showing the ever improving resolution of metabolite species and precision of mass measurements (sub-ppm accuracy now being achievable), this review sets out to introduce the background and update the reader upon LC, high performance (HP)LC and UHPLC, as well as the large range of MS instruments that are being applied in current plant metabolomic studies. As well as covering the theory behind modern day LC-MS, the review also discusses the most relevant metabolomics applications for the wide range of MS instruments that are currently being applied to LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William Allwood
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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37
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Tomaiuolo M, Vecchione G, Margaglione M, Pisanelli D, Grandone E. Stable-isotope dilution LC–ESI-MS/MS techniques for the quantification of total homocysteine in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3292-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Koomen J, Hawke D, Kobayashi R. Developing an Understanding of Proteomics: An Introduction to Biological Mass Spectrometry. Cancer Invest 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/cnv-46344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Gallardo E, Barroso M, Queiroz JA. LC-MS: a powerful tool in workplace drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:109-15. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Mechref Y, Novotny MV. Glycomic analysis by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:207-222. [PMID: 18973241 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of multiple glycosylation sites on a protein, together with the number of glycan structures which could potentially be associated with each site (microheterogeneity) often leads to a large number of structural combinations. These structural variations increase with the molecular size of a protein, thus contributing to the complexity of glycosylation patterns. Resolving such fine structural differences has been instrumentally difficult. The degree of glycoprotein microheterogeneity has been analytically challenging in the identification of unique glycan structures that can be crucial to a distinct biological function. Despite the wealth of information provided by the most powerful mass spectrometric (MS) and tandem MS techniques, they are not able to readily identify isomeric structures. Although various separation methods provide alternatives for the analysis of glycan pools containing isomeric structures, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is often the method of choice for resolving closely related glycan structures because of its unmatched separation efficiency. It is thus natural to consider combining CE with the MS-based technologies. This review describes the utility of different CE approaches in the structural characterization of glycoproteins, and discusses the feasibility of their interface to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry, National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, METACyt Biochemical Analysis Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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41
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Giegold S, Teutenberg T, Tuerk J, Kiffmeyer T, Wenclawiak B. Determination of sulfonamides and trimethoprim using high temperature HPLC with simultaneous temperature and solvent gradient. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3497-502. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Allwood JW, Ellis DI, Goodacre R. Metabolomic technologies and their application to the study of plants and plant-host interactions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 132:117-35. [PMID: 18251855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is perhaps the ultimate level of post-genomic analysis as it can reveal changes in metabolite fluxes that are controlled by only minor changes within gene expression measured using transcriptomics and/or by analysing the proteome that elucidates post-translational control over enzyme activity. Metabolic change is a major feature of plant genetic modification and plant interactions with pathogens, pests, and their environment. In the assessment of genetically modified plant tissues, metabolomics has been used extensively to explore by-products resulting from transgene expression and scenarios of substantial equivalence. Many studies have concentrated on the physiological development of plant tissues as well as on the stress responses involved in heat shock or treatment with stress-eliciting molecules such as methyl jasmonic acid, yeast elicitor or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Plant-host interactions represent one of the most biochemically complex and challenging scenarios that are currently being assessed by metabolomic approaches. For example, the mixtures of pathogen-colonised and non-challenged plant cells represent an extremely heterogeneous and biochemically rich sample; there is also the further complication of identifying which metabolites are derived from the plant host and which are from the interacting pathogen. This review will present an overview of the analytical instrumentation currently applied to plant metabolomic analysis, literature within the field will be reviewed paying particular regard to studies based on plant-host interactions and finally the future prospects on the metabolomic analysis of plants and plant-host interactions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William Allwood
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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43
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18 Coupling CE and microchip-based devices with mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Yang WC, Adamec J, Regnier FE. Enhancement of the LC/MS Analysis of Fatty Acids through Derivatization and Stable Isotope Coding. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5150-7. [PMID: 17492837 DOI: 10.1021/ac070311t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the development of an enhanced LC/ESI-MS method for the identification and quantification of fatty acids through derivatization. Fatty acids were derivatized with 2-bromo-1-methylpyridinium iodide and 3-carbinol-1-methylpyridinium iodide, forming 3-acyloxymethyl-1-methylpyridinium iodide (AMMP). This process attaches a quaternary amine to analytes and enabled ESI-MS in the positive mode of ionization with common LC mobile phases. Moreover, detection sensitivity was generally 2500-fold higher than in the negative mode of ionization used with underivatized fatty acids. The limits of detection were roughly 1.0-4.0 nM (or 10 pg/injection) for standard fatty acids from C10 to C24 and spanned approximately 2 orders of magnitude in linearity. AMMP derivatives had unique tandem mass spectra characterized by common ions at m/z 107.0, 124.0, and 178.0. Individual fatty acids also had unique fingerprint regions that allowed identification of their carbon skeleton number, number of double bonds, and double bond position. The derivatization method also allowed coding of analytes as a means of recognizing derivatives and enhancing quantification. 2H-Coding was achieved through derivatization with deuterated 3-carbinol-1-methyl-d3-pyridinium iodide. The 2H-coded derivatization reagent, 3-acyloxymethyl-1-methyl-d3-pyridinium iodide, was used in two ways. One was to differentially label equal fractions of a sample such that after being recombined and analyzed by ESI-MS all fatty acids appeared as doublet clusters of ions separated by roughly 3 amu. This greatly facilitated identification of fatty acids in complex mixtures. Another use of stable isotope coding was in comparative quantification. Control and experimental samples were differentially labeled with nondeuterated and deuterated isotopomers of CPM, respectively. After mixing the two samples, they were analyzed by ESI-MS. The abundance of a fatty acid in an experimental sample relative to the control was established by the isotope ratio of the isotopomeric fatty acids. Absolute quantification was achieved by adding differentially labeled fatty acid standards to experimental samples containing unknown quantities of fatty acids. Utility of the method was examined in the analysis of human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Soler C, Hamilton B, Furey A, James KJ, Mañes J, Picó Y. Optimization of LC–MS/MS using triple quadrupole mass analyzer for the simultaneous analysis of carbosulfan and its main metabolites in oranges. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 571:1-11. [PMID: 17723411 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes an analytical method involving a simple solvent extraction for the simultaneous liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination of carbosulfan, its most toxic metabolite--carbofuran--, and its other main metabolites--3-hydroxycarbofuran, 3-ketocarbofuran, 3-hydroxy-7-phenolcarbofuran, 3-keto-7-phenolcarbofuran, 7-phenolcarbofuran and dibutylamine--in oranges. Chromatography was performed on a Zorbax Bonus-RP (150 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase was a ternary gradient water-methanol-acetonitrile with 1.0 mM ammonium acetate at flow rate of 0.2 ml min(-1). The LC separation and MS/MS optimization were studied to select the most appropriate operating conditions. The method developed has also been validated. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were from 1 microg kg(-1) for carbofuran to 10 microg kg(-1) for 3-keto-7-phenolcarbofuran. Extracts spiked with carbosulfan and its metabolites, at LOQ level, yielded average recoveries in the range 60-94%, with relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) less than 15%. Calibration curves for carbosulfan and its metabolites (range LOQ-1000LOQ) were linear, with coefficients of correlations better than 0.990. The method was successfully applied to establish the primary degradation products in oranges treated with carbosulfan. The LC-MS/MS method developed is simple, rapid, and suitable for the quantification and confirmation of carbosulfan and seven of its main metabolites in orange at levels lower than 10 microg kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Soler
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
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Manisali I, Chen DD, Schneider BB. Electrospray ionization source geometry for mass spectrometry: past, present, and future. Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mulligan CC, Justes DR, Noll RJ, Sanders NL, Laughlin BC, Cooks RG. Direct monitoring of toxic compounds in air using a portable mass spectrometer. Analyst 2006; 131:556-67. [PMID: 16568173 DOI: 10.1039/b517541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A portable tandem mass spectrometer, capable of performing atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) using a direct atmospheric inlet, is applied to the real-time monitoring of toxic compounds in air. Analytes of interest include dimethyl methylphosphonate, arsine, benzene, toluene, pyridine and vinyl acetate. The detection, identification and quantification of organic and inorganic compounds in air is demonstrated using short analysis times (<5 seconds) with detection limits in the low ppb (v/v) levels and linear dynamic ranges of several orders of magnitude. Highly specific detection and identification is achieved, even when the analyte is a trace component in a complex mixture including such interferents as fuels, lubricants, and cleaners. The effects of environmental conditions, including temperature and humidity, are delineated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are presented to show the trade-off between false positive and false negative detection rates. Tandem mass spectrometry based both on collision-induced dissociation and on selective atmospheric pressure ion/molecule reactions is also used to increase selectivity and sensitivity.
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Singh R, Farmer PB. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: the future of DNA adduct detection. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:178-96. [PMID: 16272169 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years considerable emphasis has been placed on the development of accurate and sensitive methods for the detection and quantitation of DNA adducts. The formation of DNA adducts resulting from the covalent interaction of genotoxic carcinogens with DNA, derived from exogenous and endogenous sources, either directly or following metabolic activation, can if not repaired lead to mutations in critical genes such as those involved in the regulation of cellular growth and subsequent development of cancer. The major analytical challenge has been to detect levels of DNA adducts at the level of 0.1-1 adducts per 10(8) unmodified DNA bases using only low microgram amounts of DNA, and with high specificity and accuracy, in humans exposed to genotoxic carcinogens derived from occupational, environmental, dietary and life-style sources. In this review we will highlight the merits as well as discuss the progress made by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a method for DNA adduct detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Singh
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Biocentre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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Abstract
This review discusses the development of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) coupled to mass spectrometric (MS) detection over the last few years. Major topics addressed are instrumental setups employed and applications of this technology published in the recent literature. The instrumental section includes a discussion of the most commonly used interfaces for the hyphenation of CEC and MS as well as ionization techniques. Applications reviewed in this paper come from a variety of different fields such as the analysis of biomolecules like proteins, peptides, amino acids or carbohydrates, chiral separations or the analysis of pharmaceutical an their metabolites in a series of matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes-Kepler-University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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Chapter 6 Metabolite identification by lc-ms: applications in drug discovery and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(05)80008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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