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Simultaneous Determination of Pesticides and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Water Samples by UHPLC–Quadrupole-Orbitrap HRMS Combined with On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides and veterinary pharmaceuticals are used for effective crop production and prevention of livestock diseases; these chemicals are released into the environment via various pathways. Although the chemicals are typically present in trace amounts post-release, they could disturb aquatic ecosystems and public health through resistance development toward drugs or diseases, e.g., reproductive disorders. Thus, the residues of pesticides and veterinary pharmaceuticals in the environment must be managed and monitored. To that end, we developed a simultaneous analysis method for 41 target chemicals in environmental water samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)–quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) coupled with an on-line solid-phase extraction system. Calibration curves for determining linearity were constructed for 10–750 ng∙L−1, and the coefficient of determination for each chemical exceeded 0.99. The method’s detection and quantitation limits were 0.32–1.72 ng∙L−1 and 1.02–5.47 ng∙L−1, respectively. The on-line solid-phase extraction system exhibited excellent method reproducibility and reduced experimental error. As the proposed method is applicable to the monitoring of pesticides and veterinary pharmaceuticals in surface water and groundwater samples acquired near agricultural areas, it allows for the management of chemicals released into the environment.
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2
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Clavijo S, Avivar J, Suárez R, Cerdà V. Analytical strategies for coupling separation and flow-injection techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Vallecillos L, Borrull F, Pocurull E. On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine musk fragrances in wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Quintana JB, Boonjob W, Miró M, Cerdà V. Online Coupling of Bead Injection Lab-On-Valve Analysis to Gas Chromatography: Application to the Determination of Trace Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Solid Waste Leachates. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4822-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900409u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA—Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Warunya Boonjob
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA—Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA—Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Víctor Cerdà
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA—Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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5
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Koning S, Janssen HG, Brinkman UAT. Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Ali I, Gupta V, Aboul‐Enein HY, Hussain A. Hyphenation in sample preparation: Advancement from the micro to the nano world. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2040-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Kerkdijk H, Mol HGJ, van der Nagel B. Volume Overload Cleanup: An Approach for On-Line SPE-GC, GPC-GC, and GPC-SPE-GC. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7975-83. [PMID: 17896824 DOI: 10.1021/ac0701536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new concept for cleanup, based on volume overloading of the cleanup column, has been developed for on-line coupling of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), solid-phase extraction (SPE), or both, to gas chromatography (GC). The principle is outlined and the applicability demonstrated by the determination of pesticide residues in food matrixes using integrated and automated cleanup-GC-MS. Compared to conventional approaches for on-line cleanup-GC, the new technique involves introduction of much smaller volumes (e.g., 2-20 microL) into the GC without sacrificing method LODs. The much smaller injection volumes involved greatly simplify on-line coupling, improve robustness, and increase attractiveness for implementation in routine laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Kerkdijk
- Department of Analytical Research, TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Hyötyläinen T. Principles, developments and applications of on-line coupling of extraction with chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:14-28. [PMID: 17196971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupling of extraction and chromatographic separation allows the whole analysis to be performed in a closed system. On-line systems are particularly useful when the analytes are labile, the amount of sample is limited, or very high sensitivity is required. Many on-line systems have been developed both for liquid and for solid samples. This review discusses the different instruments that have been constructed and the factors that need to be considered in the coupling. Selected illustrative applications are described to illustrate the potential of the on-line systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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9
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Maloschik E, Ernst A, Hegedűs G, Darvas B, Székács A. Monitoring water-polluting pesticides in Hungary. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Gómez-Gutiérrez AI, Jover E, Bodineau L, Albaigés J, Bayona JM. Organic contaminant loads into the Western Mediterranean Sea: estimate of Ebro River inputs. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:224-36. [PMID: 16616295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Annual input estimates for several organic contaminants from the Ebro River into the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea were carried out on the basis of monthly sampling from November 2002 to October 2003. Some organochlorine compounds (DDT and its degradation products, DDD and DDE, PCBs (9 congeners), HCB and gamma-HCH) were selected due to their reported occurrence in the river. Furthermore, some polar pesticides used in the Ebro Delta were also determined (atrazine, simazine, diazinon, fenitrothion and molinate). Concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 19.5 ng l(-1) for the organochlorine compounds (sum of particulate and dissolved phases) and from not detected (ND) to 170 ng l(-1) for the more polar pesticides, which were only found in the dissolved phase. The sum of PCB congeners (mean 8.9 ng l(-1)) showed the highest concentrations among the organochlorine compounds and atrazine (mean 82 ng l(-1)) among the polar pesticides. Based on the contaminant concentrations and on hydrological data, contaminant discharges into the sea were estimated amounting in total to 167 and 1,258 kg year(-1) of organochlorine compounds and polar pesticides, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that PCBs, DDTs and HCB inputs were basically influenced by spate periods due to an increase in suspended particulate matter associated to runoff and sediment resuspension. Whereas for more water soluble contaminants, such as the agrochemicals, their seasonal use had a higher incidence in contaminant fluxes. Bulk chemical parameters such as SPM, DOC, POC, %OC, %ON and C/N ratio provided additional information on the organic matter sources. This provides a better understanding of the temporal variability of the contaminant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Gómez-Gutiérrez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, I.I.Q.A.B.-C.S.I.C., Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Liang HD, Han DM, Yan XP. Cigarette filter as sorbent for on-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1103:9-14. [PMID: 16310206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol using the cigarette filter as sorbent coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for simultaneous determination of trace naphthalene (NAPH), phenanthrene (PHEN), anthracene (ANT), fluoranthene (FLU), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), and benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP) in water samples. To on-line interface solid-phase extraction to HPLC, a preconcentration column packed with the cigarette filter was used to replace a conventional sample loop on the injector valve of the HPLC for on-line solid-phase extraction. The sample solution was loaded and the analytes were then preconcentrated onto the preconcentration column. The collected analytes were subsequently eluted with a mobile phase of methanol-water (95:5). HPLC with a photodiode array detector was used for their separation and detection. The detection limits (S/N = 3) for preconcentrating 42 mL of sample solution ranged from 0.9 to 58.6 ng L(-1) at a sample throughput of 2 samples h(-1). The enhancement factors were in the range of 409-1710. The developed method was applied to the determination of trace NAPH, PHEN, ANT, FLU, BbF, BkF, BaP and BghiP in local river water samples. The recoveries of PAHs spiked in real water samples ranged from 87 to 115%. The precisions for nine replicate measurements of a standard mixture (NAPH: 4.0 microg L(-1), PHEN: 0.40 microg L(-1), ANT: 0.40 microg L(-1), FLU: 2.0 microg L(-1), BbF: 1.6 microg L(-1), BkF: 2.0 microg L(-1), BaP: 2.0 microg L(-1), BghiP: 1.7 microg L(-1)) were in the range of 1.2-5.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ding Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Linhai 317000, China
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12
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Hyötyläinen T, Lüthje K, Rautiainen-Rämä M, Riekkola ML. Determination of pesticides in red wines with on-line coupled microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction-gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1056:267-71. [PMID: 15595562 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (MMLLE) was coupled on-line with gas chromatography for the determination of pesticides in wine. The MMLLE-GC provided to be efficient and selective and the method was linear, repeatable and sensitive. The limits of detection ranged from 0.05 to 2.3 microg/l and the limits of quantification were 0.2-7.5 microg/l for all the analytes using FID as detector. With MS detection LODs in the range 0.03-0.4 and LOQs of 0.3-3.5 microg/l were achieved. The method was applied to the determination of pesticides in several red wines of different origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hyötyläinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Brossa L, Marcé RM, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Application of on-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the determination of endocrine disruptors in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2002; 963:287-94. [PMID: 12187982 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have applied a method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE), on-line coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry through an on-column interface, to determine a group of endocrine-disrupting compounds in water samples. We have optimised the parameters affecting the SPE process and transfer step and used the method to analyse river, coastal and tap waters. In the full-scan acquisition mode, all the compounds were determined by preconcentrating only 15 ml of water sample. Di-n-butyl phthalate, benzylbutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate at concentrations between 0.02 and 0.5 microg l(-1) were determined in some real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brossa
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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14
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Determination of triazine herbicides by capillary liquid chromatography with on-column focusing and temperature gradient. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Among the environmental areas, in this review attention will be focused on water matrices and both on organic (e.g., pesticides, herbicides, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), inorganic species and anion pollutants, since these kinds of substances include a wide number of compounds with different physical and chemical properties and different effects on human health. Analytical methods for control of quality of waters are required to be highly specific and possibly highly sensitive for the determination of even low amounts of pollutants. The main problems encountered during the analysis are the separation of matrix components from the pollutants of interest and the achievement of low detection limits. Therefore an overview on different materials and techniques available for sample concentration and/or matrix removal will be provided and discussed according to the chemical characteristics of the pollutant that has to be enriched.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bruzzoniti
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy
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16
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Comparison of gas chromatography with NPD, MS, and tandem MS-MS in the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in environmental waters. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02789761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Sasano R, Hamada T, Kurano M, Furuno M. On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to gas chromatography with fast solvent vaporization and concentration in an open injector liner. Analysis of pesticides in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2000; 896:41-9. [PMID: 11093638 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to combine solid-phase extraction (SPE) with gas chromatography (GC) for the fully automated determination of pesticides and herbicides in aqueous samples. The interface technique employed for connecting SPE with GC was fast solvent vaporization and concentration in an open injector liner. The interface device consisted of the programmed-temperature vaporizing injector without using the packing material in the liner and the target compounds were concentrated around the inlet of the GC capillary column. This avoided the degradation of target compounds, and no precise control of the injecting speed was required, when an automatic SPE system was connected to GC-MS. The aqueous samples used in this system were prepared by spiking 29 kinds of pesticide and herbicide compounds, which are regulated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Japanese National government, in purified water and river water, to a resulting concentration of 1 microg/l. Employing this system, the recoveries and RSDs (n=6) of most compounds were greater than 75% and within 10%, respectively. From the results of this study, we found that on-line automatic SPE and capillary GC-MS equipped with the fast solvent vaporizing and concentrating method in an open injector liner could be connected in order to obtain good results for the determination of pesticides in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sasano
- GL Sciences, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
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Yokley RA, Cheung MW. Analytical method for the determination of atrazine and its dealkylated chlorotriazine metabolites in water using gas chromatography/mass selective detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:4500-4507. [PMID: 11052690 DOI: 10.1021/jf991100v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue method is reported for the determination of atrazine and its dealkylated chlorotriazine metabolites in water. Water samples are buffered to pH 10 and partitioned in ethyl acetate. Final analysis is accomplished using gas chromatography/mass selective detection (GC/MSD) in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.050 ng and the limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.10 ppb for 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (G-30033), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine (G-28279), and 2, 4-diamino-6-chloro-s-triazine (G-28273). The mean procedural recoveries were 90, 92, 98, and 85% and the standard deviations were 12, 13, 16, and 20% for atrazine, G-30033, G-28279, and G-28273, respectively (n = 30). The study was conducted under U.S. EPA FIFRA Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines 40 CFR 160 for method validation. The reported procedure accounts for residues of G-28273 in water that are not included in EPA Method 507.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Yokley
- Development Resources/Chemical Support Department, Novartis Crop Protection, Inc., Greensboro, North Carolina 27419, USA
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Pocurull E, Brossa L, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Trace determination of antifouling compounds by on-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:361-8. [PMID: 10941683 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) on-line coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry through an on-column interface has been applied to determine three antifouling compounds in water samples. Parameters affecting the SPE process and transfer step have been optimised and the method developed has been applied to the analysis of marinas, fishing ports and Ebro river water. The method allows the analytes to be detected at 0.01 microgram l-1 in SIM acquisition mode by preconcentrating only 10 ml of water sample. Different marina and fishing port water samples have been analysed and Irgarol 1051 has been found in some of them at a concentration level equal or lower than 0.05 microgram l-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pocurull
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Aguilar C, Janssen HG, Cramers CA. On-line coupling of equilibrium-sorptive enrichment to gas chromatography to determine low-molecular-mass pollutants in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2000; 867:207-18. [PMID: 10670722 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-line combination of equilibrium sorptive enrichment and gas chromatography is used for the analysis of a group of pollutants varying widely in polarity and volatility in aqueous samples at trace levels. For the ESE process open-tubular traps were used. The newly developed hyphenated method shows a high sensitivity for all the compounds under study. The detection limits were typically between 0.1 and 1 microg/l. The sample volumes required for the compounds to reach equilibrium with the stationary phase are in the range of 20 ml for the aromatic hydrocarbons included in the study (benzene, toluene and p-xylene), to 200 ml for epichlorohydrin and dichlorohydrin. Within- and between-day precision of the absolute peak areas varied between 3 and 16%. The performance of the new method was tested by the analysis of different environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aguilar
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Analytical and Organic Department, Tarragona, Spain
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Vreuls RJJ, Dall�ge J, Brinkman UAT. Gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for sensitive determination of organic microcontaminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(199911)11:9<663::aid-mcs4>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Vreuls JJ, Louter AJ, Brinkman UA. On-line combination of aqueous-sample preparation and capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:279-314. [PMID: 10526793 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods currently in use to combine the preparation of aqueous samples on-line with capillary gas chromatography (GC) comprise heartcut-orientated reversed-phase liquid chromatography-GC and analyte-isolation-orientated analyte extraction-GC. These approaches either use techniques in which water is directly introduced onto the GC column, or an indirect approach in which water is eliminated, i.e., by solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction or liquid-liquid extraction, prior to introduction of the analytes onto the GC column. The latter type of approach is much more successful and user-friendly, and many applications have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Vreuls
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Louter AJ, Vreuls JJ, Brinkman UA. On-line combination of aqueous-sample preparation and capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 842:391-426. [PMID: 10377972 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of methods currently in use to combine the preparation of aqueous samples on-line with capillary gas chromatography. Two approaches can be distinguished: heartcut-orientated reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (GC) and analyte-isolation-orientated analyte extraction-GC. These approaches either use techniques in which water is directly introduced onto the GC column, or an indirect approach in which water is eliminated, i.e., by solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction or liquid-liquid extraction, prior to introduction of the analytes onto the GC column. The latter type of approach is much more successful and user friendly, and many applications have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Louter
- Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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