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Yabalak E, Aminzai MT, Gizir AM, Yang Y. A Review: Subcritical Water Extraction of Organic Pollutants from Environmental Matrices. Molecules 2024; 29:258. [PMID: 38202840 PMCID: PMC10780272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Most organic pollutants are serious environmental concerns globally due to their resistance to biological, chemical, and photolytic degradation. The vast array of uses of organic compounds in daily life causes a massive annual release of these substances into the air, water, and soil. Typical examples of these substances include pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Since they are persistent and hazardous in the environment, as well as bio-accumulative, sensitive and efficient extraction and detection techniques are required to estimate the level of pollution and assess the ecological consequences. A wide variety of extraction methods, including pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and subcritical water extraction, have been recently used for the extraction of organic pollutants from the environment. However, subcritical water has proven to be the most effective approach for the extraction of a wide range of organic pollutants from the environment. In this review article, we provide a brief overview of the subcritical water extraction technique and its application to the extraction of PAHs, PCBs, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and others form environmental matrices. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the influence of key extraction parameters, such as extraction time, pressure, and temperature, on extraction efficiency and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Yabalak
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Mersin University, TR-33343 Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Mohammad Tahir Aminzai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan;
| | - Ahmet Murat Gizir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, TR-33343 Mersin, Türkiye;
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Murugan K, Vasudevan N. Spatial variance of POPs and heavy metals in transformer oil-contaminated soil around Tamil Nadu. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:487. [PMID: 28875239 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The persistent organic pollutants in the environment are one of the global issues to their unregulated disposal and informal recycling. This study investigates the contamination of soil with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenolic compounds and heavy metals via spillage of transformer oil (TO). Fresh TO (FTO), used TO (UTO) and soil samples were analysed using GC-MS to confirm the presence of 8 PCB congeners, 16 PAHs and 24 types of phenolic compounds and using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to confirm the presence of 7 heavy metals. The chromatographic analysis revealed the levels of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta- and octachlorobiphenyls in FTO to be 5.63, 25.24, 0.195, 0.185, 2.169, 1.023 and 5.28 mg/L and the level of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexachlorobiphenyls in UTO to be 0.27, 1.21, 1.31, 0.80, 1.77 and 3.90 mg/L. Analysis of soil from 10 different TO-contaminated sites showed the presence of PCBs, PAHs, phenolic compounds and heavy metals in the concentration range of 0.53-42.87 mg/kg, 3.19-246.6 μg/kg, 0.01-4086.45 μg/kg and 1.0-401.3 mg/kg, respectively. The variation in the concentration of these compounds and heavy metals among different sampling sites was determined using principal component analysis (PCA), metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) and Bray-Curtis cluster analysis (Bu-CA). The toxicity equivalence factor and the mechanism involved in the disruption of endocrine system are discussed. Thus, this study exemplifies the need for complete ban of PCB-containing TOs in developing countries and urges the need for technology for the disposal of TO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuvelan Murugan
- Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, CEG Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Namasivayam Vasudevan
- Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, CEG Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rosińska A, Karwowska B. Dynamics of changes in coplanar and indicator PCB in sewage sludge during mesophilic methane digestion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:341-349. [PMID: 27166779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Research was conducted, which aim was to evaluate the influence of mesophilic methane digestion on degradation of coplanar and indicator PCB in sewage sludge, and on dynamics of changes of these congeners during the process. For the research, sewage sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant were used. Mesophilic digestion was conducted at the temperature of 36°C±1°C. The anaerobic stabilization processes of sewage sludge occurred correctly what was confirmed by appropriate values of pH, content of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ratio of VFA to alkalinity. Biodegradation of organic compounds in sewage sludge was confirmed by the decrease in total solids (by 26%) and volatile solids (by 36%). Up to the 3rd day of the digestion process no statistically significant differences in concentration of both coplanar and indicator PCB was observed. During the following days of the process, an increase in lower chlorinated PCB concentration was demonstrated and a decrease in concentration of higher chlorinated congeners (penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorobiphenyls). After the digestion, a decrease in higher chlorinated congener concentration was found. Significant degradation was demonstrated for coplanar PCB 169 (from 77.8 to 80.5%), and indicator PCB 180 (from 57.1 to 90.3%) and PCB 153 (from 60.4 to 79.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rosińska
- Department of Chemistry, Water and Wastewater Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Dąbrowskiego 69 Str, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - B Karwowska
- Department of Chemistry, Water and Wastewater Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Dąbrowskiego 69 Str, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Salihoglu G, Salihoglu NK, Aksoy E, Tasdemir Y. Spatial and temporal distribution of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in soils of an industrialized city in Turkey. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2011; 92:724-732. [PMID: 21035942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface soil (0-5 cm) samples from 43 sampling sites covering the entire urban territory of Bursa, an industrialized city in Turkey, were collected in each season and analyzed for 83 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The mean concentration of total PCBs (Σ83 PCBs) among all sites over the four seasons was 2121.51 pg/g dry weight (dw), with a range of 207.61-5461.95 pg/g dw. Total PCB concentrations in the soil samples collected near an industrial region were the highest in all seasons. In general, PCB patterns were dominated by low-chlorinated homologue groups (≤ 5 Cl groups at a 79% level). The predominant homologue group found in Bursa city soils was the penta-CBs (29.1%) followed by the tetra-CBs (25.5%) and tri-CBs (17.6%). A total of seven dioxin-like PCB congeners (CB-77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, and 126) were found in every sampling location and their mean total concentration for all locations and seasons was 259.27 pg/g dw, with a range of 7.02-1581.13 pg/g dw. A significant relationship (r = 0.77, p < 0.01) was found between the concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs and the seasonal average sum of PCB concentrations. A correlation between light congeners (<penta-CB) and total organic carbon (TOC) was not observed, whereas a significant correlation (r = 0.36, p < 0.05) for heavy congeners (≥ penta-CB) and TOC was found. The pollution potential was assessed based on the values found in soils in different regions in relation to current guideline values. Overall, it was found that PCB levels in the urban soils of Bursa were much lower than both the target values and the values found in most European soils and other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güray Salihoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
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Rocco G, Toledo C, Ahumada I, Sepúlveda B, Cañete A, Richter P. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in biosolids using continuous ultrasound-assisted pressurized solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1193:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Matlakowska R, Sklodowska A. Adaptive responses of chemolithoautotrophic acidophilic Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans to sewage sludge. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:1485-98. [PMID: 17578413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic variability of two strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans genus during growth in sewage sludge. METHODS AND RESULTS Compared with A. ferrooxidans cells grown in mineral medium, those grown in sewage sludge demonstrated remarkable changes in ultrastructure (transmission electron microscopy) and significantly elongated lag phases. These latter cells also lacked carboxysomes and rusticyanin, showed lower level of cytochromes and exhibited modifications to their outer membrane proteins (SDS-PAGE). Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that most restriction fragments were highly conserved and shared by strains grown under different conditions. However, in relation to cells grown in mineral medium, sludge-grown A. ferrooxidans lacked a number of restriction fragments, clearly indicating structural changes to the chromosomal DNA of the organism. CONCLUSIONS In combination, the results of this study provide evidence of adaptive responses by chemolithoautotrophic acidophilic A. ferrooxidans to facilitate growth in sewage sludge. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The obtained results are important from scientific as well as industrial application point of view, because they confirmed that A. ferrooxidans highly sensitive to organic compounds bacteria is useful in biotechnologies of heavy metal removal from shale ore, polluted soils and sewage sludge containing organic hazardous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matlakowska
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
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Gomez-Rico MF, Font R, Aracil I, Fullana A. Analysis of organic pollutants in sewage sludges from the Valencian community (Spain). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 52:306-16. [PMID: 17384980 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen sewage sludges were studied to analyse, with the minimum number of steps, the organic pollutants that the European Union proposes to be controlled for land application. The compounds determined were a selection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); a selection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP); nonylphenolic compounds, including nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates with 1 and 2 ethoxy groups (NP1EO + NP2EO); extractable organic halides (EOX); and linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) with an alkylic chain of 10 to 13 carbon atoms. The results were compared with the proposed regulatory limit values, and it was observed that NP + NP1EO + NP2EO and LAS exceeded the maximums in most samples, and DEHP exceeded some of them, whereas PAHs, PCBs, and EOX almost always went beyond the limits. The values obtained are similar to those from other countries, and it can be said that it is difficult to comply with the limits for NP + NP1EO + NP2EO and LAS in many of them, although this latter parameter was not considered in the study carried out by Leschber (2004) concerning the toxicity of sewage sludge. Statistical multivariant analysis was used to look for some relationship between the results of pollutants and the characteristics of the samples, and it was found that the ratio of NP1EO + NP2EO to NP was related to sludge treatment at the sewage plant. At the same time, it was seen that the higher values of organic pollutants belonged to digested sludges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Gomez-Rico
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain.
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Yang JS, Kim DH, Lee DW, Chang YS. EFFECT OF SOLVENT ON EXTRACTION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AND POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS FROM CHARCOAL. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Yang
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - D. H. Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
- b Division of Chemical Metrology and Materials Evaluation , Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , P. O. Box 102, Daeduk Science Town, Daejon, 305-606, Korea
| | - D. W. Lee
- c Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Y.-S. Chang
- d School of Environmental Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Ky., 790-784, U.S.A
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Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E. Simultaneous sonication-assisted extraction, and determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates and polychlorinated biphenyls in sludge from wastewater treatment plants. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 584:455-61. [PMID: 17386637 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP), nonylphenol, nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylates (NPEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic pollutants in sewage sludge which have to be monitored in the European Union according to a future Sludge Directive. In the present work, an analytical method for the simultaneous extraction and determination of DEHP, NPEs and PCBs is proposed for the routine analysis of these compounds in sludge from wastewater treatment plants. All the compounds were simultaneously extracted by sonication with hexane and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in electronic impact mode. Recoveries achieved were 105% for DEHP, 61.4-88.6% for NPEs and 55.8-108.3% for PCBs with relative standard deviation bellow 10%. Limits of quantification were 65 microg kg(-1) for DEHP, from 630 to 2504 microg kg(-1) for NPEs and from 5.4 to 10.6 microg kg(-1) for PCBs in dried sludge. The applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the determination of these compounds in sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Seville (South Spain).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aparicio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de Africa 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
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Rawa-Adkonis M, Wolska L, Namieśnik J. Analytical Procedures for PAH and PCB Determination in Water Samples—Error Sources. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340600713645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rawa-Adkonis
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty , Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT) , Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lidia Wolska
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty , Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT) , Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty , Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT) , Gdańsk, Poland
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Shin SK, Kim TS. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oils from Korea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2006; 137:1514-22. [PMID: 16716496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Using Korean waste official method, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed from 33 transformer oils collected under National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) in Republic of Korea (ROK) and their emission rate in Korea was estimated. Practical quantification limits analyzed by this method were in the ranges of 0.02 and 0.05 mg L(-1), and recovery of samples was in the ranges of 77-97%. The analytical results showed that PCBs in the transformer oils were identified as Aroclor 1242, 1254 or 1260. Twenty-nine samples were determined to contain PCBs of >0.05 mg L(-1) and among these samples, nine samples contained to have >2 mg kg(-1) which is limit of Waste Control Act (WCA) with regard to PCBs in transformer oil from Korea. The concentrations of PCBs in transformer oils were between N.D. (not detected) and 48.33 mg kg(-1). PCBs concentrations did not exceed 50 mg kg(-1) which is generally accepted limit for the definition of waste in POPs Guideline of Basel Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyoung Shin
- National Instituted of Environmental Research, Sudokwon Landfill 2-1 Environmental Complex, Kyungseodong, Seogu, Incheon 404-170, Korea.
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Rawa‐Adkonis M, Wolska L, Przyjazny A, Namieśnik J. Sources of Errors Associated with the Determination of PAH and PCB Analytes in Water Samples. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600755793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Microanalysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Water Samples – Methods and Instruments. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kristenson EM, Neidig HC, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UAT. Fast miniaturised sample preparation for the screening and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in sludge. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:1121-8. [PMID: 16116987 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sludge are usually extracted by a technique such as Soxhlet with subsequent fractionation prior to long GC runs using GC-ECD or GC-HRMS. In this study, the extraction of selected chlorinated biphenyls (CBs) from a spiked sludge sample by three rapid techniques, i.e. ultrasonic (USE), pressurised-liquid (PLE), and microwave-assisted (MAE) extraction using a domestic microwave, was studied, with subsequent direct GC-ECD, GC-MS, or GC x GC-microECD analysis of the extracts. The main goal was to select an appropriate, and miniaturised, extraction method after only a brief optimisation and demonstrate the power of GC x GC analysis of dirty extracts. For PLE similar CB recoveries were found when extracting with either n-hexane or n-hexane/acetone (1/1). For USE and MAE, n-hexane/acetone (1/1) was the preferred extraction solvent. USE gave the best recoveries (80-95%; except 130% for CB 105). The only clean-up needed prior to GC-MS or GC x GC-gECD analysis was the removal of sulphur-containing compounds. GC-ECD was not suitable for these dirty extracts. The lowest LODs for the CBs (20 fg or 0.1 ng/g sludge) were found when combining USE and GC x GC-microECD, because of the powerful extraction, high separation power and excellent detectability provided by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maria Kristenson
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, de Boelelaan 1083,1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Katsoyiannis A, Samara C. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the sewage treatment plant of Thessaloniki, northern Greece: occurrence and removal. WATER RESEARCH 2004; 38:2685-2698. [PMID: 15207599 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and the removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during the conventional activated sludge treatment process were investigated in the wastewater treatment plant of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece. POPs of interest were seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 19 organochlorine pesticides. Target compounds were determined at six different points across the treatment system. Most abundant compounds in raw wastewater at all treatment stages were PCB-52, PCB-110, PCB-180 and Heptachlor-exo-epoxide. Quintozene occurred frequently but in relatively low concentrations. Hexachlorocyclohexanes, DDT and its metabolites (DDE, DDD) and Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Isodrin ("Drins") were found at medium or low frequencies and in concentrations close to their detection limits. Removal percentages throughout the whole treatment process ranged from 65% to 91% for individual POP species. Significant linear relationship was observed between removal efficiency and log Kow for PCBs suggesting that compounds with a strong hydrophobic character are principally removed through sorption to sludge particles and transfer to the sludge processing systems. Total PCBs' concentrations in sewage sludge ranged between 185 and 765 ng g(-1) dw being below the EU limit for use of sludge in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
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Pajączkowska J, Sułkowska A, Sułkowski W, Jędrzejczyk M. Spectroscopic study of the humification process during sewage sludge treatment. J Mol Struct 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(03)00103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Park HM, Kim YM, Cheong CS, Ryu JC, Lee DW, Lee KB. Origin of trace organic contaminants adsorbed on the surface of silicon wafers in a manufacturing line. ANAL SCI 2002; 18:477-9. [PMID: 11999527 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mee Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryangri, Seoul
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