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Lipozyme® TL IM Biocatalyst for Castor Oil FAME and Triacetin Production by Interesterification: Activity, Stability, and Kinetics. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change and present geopolitical tensions call for novel, renewable, and, ideally, sustainable resources and processes that, in the end, will be integrated in the natural cycles of carbon and water, progressively replacing non-renewable feedstocks. In this context, the production of biofuels and, in consequence, of biodiesel plays a notable role. This work is focused on the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from castor oil, an abundant non-edible oil, using a sustainable technology approach based on industrial lipases and methyl acetate as a methylating reagent to reduce biocatalyst inactivation. We have selected a stable industrial enzyme preparation to determine its suitability for FAME production: Lipozyme® TL IM (an inexpensive lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized by agglomeration in silica gel). Several operational variables affecting the enzyme activity have been studied: methanol excess (6:1 to 13:1), temperature (from 40 to 60 °C), and enzyme concentration (10 and 30% w/w). At all temperatures and reagent ratios, we have also tested the enzyme stability for six cycles, showing its low to negligible inactivation under operational conditions. Finally, a novel multivariable kinetic model has been proposed and fitted to experimental data obtained in a wide experimental range for the first time, showing that direct and reverse in-series reactions are present. We have estimated the values of the kinetic constants and their standard errors, and goodness-of-fit parameters, observing that the kinetic model fitted very reasonably to all retrieved experimental data at the same time.
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2
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Development of a Novel HPLC-MS Method to Separate Polar and Non-Polar Compounds in Biodiesel/Petrodiesel Mixtures. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9080214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a trend to higher sustainability, biodiesel is often mixed into petrodiesel. The analysis of these blends on a molecular level is not trivial, since huge differences in concentrations and polarity of the analytes require a large dynamic range of the analytical method, as well as the ability to investigate molecules of widely different polarities. A combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was identified as a promising method and a normal-phase (NP)-HPLC using amino-functionalized silica gel-based stationary phase delivered the best results with very fast (under 4 min) measurements, with distinct separation of the compounds and clean mass spectra of singular compounds. This method can also be easily modified to elute all FAMEs (fatty acid methyl esters) in one singular peak, thus making the separation even faster (under 3 min).
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Česla P, Hájek T, Urban J, Holčapek M. Liquid chromatography at the university of pardubice: a tribute to Professor Pavel Jandera. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3214-3231. [PMID: 35932491 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pavel Jandera was a world-leading analytical chemist who devoted his entire professional life to research in the field of high-performance liquid chromatography. During all his scientific career, he worked at the Department of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Pardubice, Czech Republic. His greatest contribution to the field of liquid chromatography was the introduction of a comprehensive theory of liquid chromatography with programmed elution conditions. He was also involved in the research of gradient elution techniques in preparative chromatography, modeling of retention and selectivity in various phase systems, preparation of organic monolithic microcolumns and, last but not least, in the development of theory and practical applications of two-dimensional liquid chromatography, mainly in the comprehensive form. In this review article, we have tried to capture the highlights of his scientific career and provide the readers with a detailed overview of Pavel Jandera's contribution to the evolution of separation sciences. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Česla
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, CZ-53210, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, CZ-53210, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holčapek
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, CZ-53210, Czech Republic
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4
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Remonatto D, Oliveira JV, Guisan JM, Oliveira D, Ninow J, Fernandez-Lorente G. Immobilization of Eversa Lipases on Hydrophobic Supports for Ethanolysis of Sunflower Oil Solvent-Free. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2151-2167. [PMID: 35050455 PMCID: PMC9068681 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are an important group of biocatalysts for many industrial applications. Two new commercial low-cost lipases Eversa® Transform and Eversa® Transform 2.0 was immobilized on four different hydrophobic supports: Lewatit-DVB, Purolite-DVB, Sepabeads-C18, and Purolite-C18. The performance of immobilized lipases was investigated in the transesterification of sunflower oil solvent-free in an anhydrous medium. Interesting results were obtained for both lipases and the four supports, but with Sepabeads support the lipases Eversa showed high catalytic activity. However, the more stable and efficient derivative was Eversa® Transform immobilized on Sepabeads C-18. A 98 wt% of ethyl ester of fatty acid (FAEE) was obtained, in 3 h at 40ºC, ethanol/sunflower oil molar ratio of 3:1 and a 10 wt% of the immobilized biocatalyst. After 6 reaction cycles, the immobilized biocatalyst preserved 70 wt% of activity. Both lipases immobilized in Sepabeads C-18 were highly active and stable in the presence of ethanol. The immobilization of Eversa Transform and Eversa Transform 2.0 in hydrophobic supports described in this study appears to be a promising alternative to the immobilization and application of these news lipases still unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Remonatto
- Department of Engineering of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - J Vladimir Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, UFSC, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - J Manuel Guisan
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC, UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Débora Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, UFSC, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Jorge Ninow
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, UFSC, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Lorente
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Quantitative Analysis of Methanol in Methanol Gasoline by Calibration Transfer Strategy Based on Kernel Domain Adaptive Partial Least Squares(kda-PLS). Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-1327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Evaporative light scattering detection based reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method to quantify intermediates and end products of biodiesel production. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1663:462726. [PMID: 34954536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A fast method based on reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography using evaporative light scattering detection (RP-UHPLC-ELSD) was developed for monitoring the intermediates and end products of biodiesel production. Gradient elution of water, acetonitrile, and a mixture of acetonitrile:2-propanol:n-hexane was used. With a minimal and easy sample preparation, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), free fatty acids (FFA), monoacylglycerols (MAG), diacylglycerols (DAG), and triacylglycerols (TAG) were successfully separated. The developed method was used to monitor an ethylic enzymatic transesterification of soybean oil and to characterize the ester content of methyl and ethyl biodiesel. The ester content obtained was compared with the reference method by gas chromatography and flame ionization detector (GC-FID), with similar results for both methyl and ethyl biodiesel. The presented method is a simple and fast alternative, a 17 min run, to monitor the transesterification process, simultaneously quantifying all the analytes produced in the reaction: biodiesel and its intermediates. Limits of detection (LOD, between 29 and 307 ng) and quantification (LOQ, between 48 and 614 ng), linearity (R2>0.99), precision (between 0.30 and 6.58%), and accuracy (between 81.6 and 119.9%) were determined for the twenty-one compounds.
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Development and validation of a simple and reliable alternative method for process monitoring and final product quality control during fatty acid ethyl esters production. Talanta 2021; 235:122752. [PMID: 34517620 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As the production of biofuels increase, there is an urgent need to easily analytically control their production at the plant level as well as to assess the quality of the final products. Especially method capable of determining fatty acid ethyl ester content of 96.5% is crucial for utilization in praxis. In this work, a refractive index method with required sensitivity was developed and validated by means of a standard reference gas chromatography method. Validation with a considerable set of real unique samples obtained at pilot scale was performed for both purposes - process monitoring at high conversions and final product quality control. The results confirmed a favourable degree of accuracy with a relative deviation lower than 3.5% from the reference value given by the gas chromatography. Moreover, application of the method for quality control of fresh and long-term stored samples revealed that the deterioration of final products during storage can be detected. The developed refractive index method is thus suitable for the simple and rapid evaluation of the quality of produced fatty acid ethyl esters and for analytical monitoring of their production process.
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Mandari V, Devarai SK. Efficient separation and quantification of methyl palmitate and methyl oleate in biodiesel mixture using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Chem Ind 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2021.1997652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Mandari
- Industrial Bioprocess and Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Devarai
- Industrial Bioprocess and Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, India
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Fotia V, Potortì AG, La Torre GL, Di Bella G, Saitta M. Separation of racemic mixtures of
sn
‐1(3)‐monoacylglycerols by
enantioselective‐HPLC
/
ELSD. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Abreu S, Heron S, Solgadi A, Joffre F, Tchapla A, Chaminade P. Rapid assessment of triacylglycerol fatty acyls composition by LC-APPI +-HRMS using monoacylglycerol like fragments intensities. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1178:338809. [PMID: 34482865 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a new analytical approach for the analysis of triacylglycerol fatty acyls distribution by normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) coupled with APPI+-HRMS. The NPLC method used allows the separation of more than 30 classes of lipids. The energy of the APPI+ source enables the formation of low-intensity ions B fragments ([RC = O+74]+ <3%), characteristic of lipids with a glycerol esterified by one or more fatty acyls. We found the relative intensities of ions B were close to the fatty acyl distribution. To establish the proof of concept, we decided to focus on the triacylglycerols (TGs) class, the major component of plant oils. By either NPLC or FIA, the TGs class appeared as a single peak. In our experimental conditions, ions B are always present in the mass spectra of TGs and each ion B is specific to a fatty acyl group. The Orbitrap mass spectrometer featured high enough resolution and accuracy to identify ions B and distinguish them from other TG fragment ions. A further adjustment of the fatty acyls relative quantities calculation from ions B intensities was computed using weighting coefficients of ions B response. The methodology was developed and validated using plant oils characterized by a GC-FID reference method. NPLC-APPI+-HRMS method offers the advantage of analyzing the fatty acyl composition of complex lipid extracts without the need for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Abreu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Lipides: Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques, 92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sylvie Heron
- Université Paris-Saclay, ICP - CNRS UMR 8000, (LETIAM), 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Audrey Solgadi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes Au Service de L'Innovation Thérapeutique, IPSIT-SAMM, 92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Alain Tchapla
- Université Paris-Saclay, ICP - CNRS UMR 8000, (LETIAM), 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Chaminade
- Université Paris-Saclay, Lipides: Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques, 92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France.
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11
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Retention dependences support highly confident identification of lipid species in human plasma by reversed-phase UHPLC/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:319-331. [PMID: 34244835 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC/MS) method was developed with the aim to unambiguously identify a large number of lipid species from multiple lipid classes in human plasma. The optimized RP-UHPLC/MS method employed the C18 column with sub-2-μm particles with the total run time of 25 min. The chromatographic resolution was investigated with 42 standards from 18 lipid classes. The UHPLC system was coupled to high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight (QTOF) mass analyzer using electrospray ionization (ESI) measuring full-scan and tandem mass spectra (MS/MS) in positive- and negative-ion modes with high mass accuracy. Our identification approach was based on m/z values measured with mass accuracy within 5 ppm tolerance in the full-scan mode, characteristic fragment ions in MS/MS, and regularity in chromatographic retention dependences for individual lipid species, which provides the highest level of confidence for reported identifications of lipid species including regioisomeric and other isobaric forms. The graphs of dependences of retention times on the carbon number or on the number of double bond(s) in fatty acyl chains were constructed to support the identification of lipid species in homologous lipid series. Our list of identified lipid species is also compared with previous publications investigating human blood samples by various MS-based approaches. In total, we have reported more than 500 lipid species representing 26 polar and nonpolar lipid classes detected in NIST Standard reference material 1950 human plasma.
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Al-Zaban MI, AlHarbi MA, Mahmoud MA, Bahatheq AM. Production of biodiesel from oleaginous fungal lipid using highly catalytic bimetallic gold-silver core-shell nanoparticle. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:381-389. [PMID: 34092000 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to synthesize, characterize and apply gold-silver core-shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs), a nanocatalyst, to maximize biodiesel production from fungal isolate Fusarium solani (FS12) via a transesterification one-step reaction. METHODS AND RESULTS The Au@Ag NPs structure was examined by UV-vis spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). All devices were used to characterize Au@Ag NPs and confirmed successful synthesis of nanoparticles. Fungal lipid was quantitatively determined by sulfo-phospho-vanillin colorimetric method. Among 15 F. solani isolates obtained from rhizospheric soils of the date palm, F. solani (AF12) was chosen as the highly significant producer that accumulates above 20% lipid. The maximum biodiesel yield was 91.28 ± 0.19%, obtained under the optimum reaction conditions of 3% Au@Ag NPs as nanocatalyst concentration, and 1:20 oil to methanol molar ratio at 70℃ for 30 min. HPLC method was applied for monitoring in situ transesterification reaction. FTIR spectroscopy was used in qualitative analysis of biodiesel by verifying the presence of unique characteristic peaks of diagnostic significance. The quality of the biodiesel produced was confirmed by the high purity of fatty acid methyl esters analysis content up to >99%. CONCLUSIONS These findings propose the applicability of F. solani (FS12) as a promising isolate to accumulate lipids and biodiesel production as a feedstock. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The link between nanotechnology and fungi. Au@Ag NPs were synthesized at room temperature, which displayed high catalytic activity for in situ transesterification reaction. Catalytic activity appeared at low temperature, mole ratio and short reaction time. Oleaginous fungi are described as easily grown, have short life cycle, are cost-effective, and they utilized various sources of carbon up to waste and a simplified process to develop scale-up production as well, economic value, opposite the usage of vegetable oils which need for large agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayasar I Al-Zaban
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A AlHarbi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Mahmoud
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aisha M Bahatheq
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Immobilization of Eversa ® Transform via CLEA Technology Converts It in a Suitable Biocatalyst for Biolubricant Production Using Waste Cooking Oil. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010193. [PMID: 33401727 PMCID: PMC7794791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of the previously optimized magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregate of Eversa (Eversa-mCLEA) in the enzymatic synthesis of biolubricants by transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) with different alcohols has been evaluated. Eversa-mCLEA showed good activities using these alcohols, reaching a transesterification activity with isoamyl alcohol around 10-fold higher than with methanol. Yields of isoamyl fatty acid ester synthesis were similar using WCO or refined oil, confirming that this biocatalyst could be utilized to transform this residue into a valuable product. The effects of WCO/isoamyl alcohol molar ratio and enzyme load on the synthesis of biolubricant were also investigated. A maximum yield of around 90 wt.% was reached after 72 h of reaction using an enzyme load of 12 esterification units/g oil and a WCO/alcohol molar ratio of 1:6 in a solvent-free system. At the same conditions, the liquid Eversa yielded a maximum ester yield of only 34%. This study demonstrated the great changes in the enzyme properties that can be derived from a proper immobilization system. Moreover, it also shows the potential of WCO as a feedstock for the production of isoamyl fatty acid esters, which are potential candidates as biolubricants.
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15
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Kinetics of Soybean Oil Hydrolysis on Niobium Catalysts. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Elsayed HA, Mehaney A. Monitoring of soybean biodiesel based on the one-dimensional photonic crystals comprising porous silicon. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Composites of Crosslinked Aggregates of Eversa® Transform and Magnetic Nanoparticles. Performance in the Ethanolysis of Soybean Oil. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eversa® Transform 2.0 has been launched to be used in free form, but its immobilization may improve its performance. This work aimed to optimize the immobilization of Eversa® Transform 2.0 by the crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) technique, using almost all the available tools to improve its performance. Several variables in the CLEA preparation were optimized to improve the recovered activity, such as precipitant nature and crosslinker concentration. Moreover, some feeders were co-precipitated to improve the crosslinking step, such as bovine serum albumin, soy protein, or polyethyleneimine. Starch (later enzymatically degraded) was utilized as a porogenic agent to decrease the substrate diffusion limitations. Silica magnetic nanoparticles were also utilized to simplify the CLEA handling, but it was found that a large percentage of the Eversa activity could be immobilized on these nanoparticles before aggregation. The best CLEA protocol gave a 98.9% immobilization yield and 30.1% recovered activity, exhibited a porous structure, and an excellent performance in the transesterification of soybean oil with ethanol: 89.8 wt% of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) yield after 12 h of reaction, while the free enzyme required a 48 h reaction to give the same yield. A caustic polishing step of the product yielded a biodiesel containing 98.9 wt% of FAEEs and a free fatty acids content lower than 0.25%, thus the final product met the international standards for biodiesel. The immobilized biocatalyst could be reused for at least five 12 h-batches maintaining 89.6% of the first-batch yield, showing the efficient catalyst recovery by applying an external magnetic field.
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Awadallak JA, da Silva EA, da Silva C. Production of linseed diacylglycerol-rich oil by combined glycerolysis and esterification. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2020; 145:111937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Afsharizadeh M, Mohsennia M. Catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and corn oil over zirconia-based metal oxide nanocatalysts. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-019-01622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Babaei Rouchi M, Khanmohammadi Khorrami M, Garmarudi AB, de la Guardia M. Application of infrared spectroscopy as Process Analytics Technology (PAT) approach in biodiesel production process utilizing Multivariate Curve Resolution Alternative Least Square (MCR-ALS). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 213:347-353. [PMID: 30716646 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Process Analytical Technology means at-line collection of analytical information from the process when the reaction is in progress. Obtained information enables process engineers to better control the Critical Process Parameters and direct the reaction to desirable routs. Near-infrared spectroscopy due to its analytical features, as well as the high capability of automation, versatile sampling and spectral acquisition methods is a useful tool in process monitoring when coupled to chemometrics. The Multiple Scatter Correction preprocessing technique and Alternative Least Square method can extract spectral and concentration information of a reaction mixture simultaneously, were employed pairing with fiber optic Near-Infrared spectroscopy in 1000-2250 nm spectral region was employed to extract the analytical information from the biodiesel production process. The obtained output demonstrated appropriate results about the concentration and type of components during the process. The kinetics of the reaction was also studied using the obtained results and showed a three-stage kinetics with different rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Babaei Rouchi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
| | | | - Amir Bagheri Garmarudi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 50 Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Casagrande M, Kulsing C, Althakafy JT, Piatnicki CMS, Marriott PJ. Direct Analysis of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants, and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Stability in Biodiesel by Liquid Chromatography and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Easy reuse of magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates of lipase B from Candida antarctica to obtain biodiesel from Chlorella vulgaris lipids. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:451-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Ramos MD, Miranda LP, Giordano RLC, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Kopp W, Tardioli PW. 1,3-Regiospecific ethanolysis of soybean oil catalyzed by crosslinked porcine pancreas lipase aggregates. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:910-920. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita D. Ramos
- Dept. de Engenharia Química, PPG-EQ; Univ. Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar); São Carlos SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Letícia P. Miranda
- Dept. de Engenharia Química, PPG-EQ; Univ. Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar); São Carlos SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Raquel L. C. Giordano
- Dept. de Engenharia Química, PPG-EQ; Univ. Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar); São Carlos SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | | | - William Kopp
- Kopp Technologies (KTech); São Carlos SP 13560-460 Brazil
| | - Paulo W. Tardioli
- Dept. de Engenharia Química, PPG-EQ; Univ. Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar); São Carlos SP 13565-905 Brazil
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Remonatto D, de Oliveira JV, Manuel Guisan J, de Oliveira D, Ninow J, Fernandez-Lorente G. Production of FAME and FAEE via Alcoholysis of Sunflower Oil by Eversa Lipases Immobilized on Hydrophobic Supports. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 185:705-716. [PMID: 29297136 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The performance of two new commercial low-cost lipases Eversa® Transform and Eversa® Transform 2.0 immobilized in different supports was investigated. The two lipases were adsorbed on four different hydrophobic supports. Interesting results were obtained for both lipases and for the four supports. However, the most active derivative was prepared by immobilization of Eversa® Transform 2.0 on Sepabeads C-18. Ninety-nine percent of fatty acid ethyl ester was obtained, in 3 h at 40 °C, by using hexane as solvent, a molar ratio of 4:1 (ethanol/oil), and 10 wt% of immobilized biocatalyst. The final reaction mixture contained traces of monoacylglycerols but was completely free of diacylglycerols. After four reaction cycles, the immobilized biocatalyst preserved 75% of activity. Both lipases immobilized in Sepabeads C-18 were very active with ethanol and methanol as acceptors, but they were much more stable in the presence of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Remonatto
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | - J Manuel Guisan
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis (CSIC),, UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Ninow
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Lorente
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Abreu Silveira E, Moreno-Perez S, Basso A, Serban S, Pestana Mamede R, Tardioli PW, Sanchez Farinas C, Rocha-Martin J, Fernandez-Lorente G, Guisan JM. Modulation of the regioselectivity of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase via biocatalyst engineering for the Ethanolysis of oil in fully anhydrous medium. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:88. [PMID: 29246143 PMCID: PMC5732512 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzymatic ethanolysis of oils (for example, high oleic sunflower oil containing 90% of oleic acid) may yield two different reaction products depending on the regioselectivity of the immobilized lipase biocatalyst. Some lipase biocatalysts exhibit a 1,3-regioselectivity and they produced 2 mols of fatty acid ethyl ester plus 1 mol of sn2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) per mol of triglyceride without the release of glycerol. Other lipase biocatalysts are completely non-regioselective releasing 3 mols of fatty acid ethyl ester and 1 mol of glycerol per mol of triglyceride. Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) adsorbed on hydrophobic supports is a very interesting biocatalyst for the ethanolysis of oil. Modulation of TLL regioselectivity in anhydrous medium was intended via two strategies of TLL immobilization: a. - interfacial adsorption on different hydrophobic supports and b.- interfacial adsorption on a given hydrophobic support under different experimental conditions. Results Immobilization of TLL on supports containing divinylbenezene moieties yielded excellent 1,3-regioselective biocatalysts but immobilization of TLL on supports containing octadecyl groups yielded non-regioselective biocatalysts. On the other hand, TLL immobilized on Purolite C18 at pH 8.5 and 30 °C in the presence of traces of CTAB yielded a biocatalyst with a perfect 1,3-regioselectivity and a very interesting activity: 2.5 μmols of oil ethanolyzed per min per gram of immobilized derivative. This activity is 10-fold higher than the one of commercial Lipozyme TL IM. Immobilization of the same enzyme on the same support, but at pH 7.0 and 25 °C, led to a biocatalyst which can hydrolyze all ester bonds in TG backbone. Conclusions Activity and regioselectivity of TLL in anhydrous media can be easily modulated via Biocatalysis Engineering producing very active immobilized derivatives able to catalyze the ethanolysis of triolein. When the biocatalyst was 1,3-regioselective a 33% of 2-monoolein was obtained and it may be a very interesting surfactant. When biocatalyst catalyzed the ethanolysis of the 3 positions during the reaction process, a 99% of ethyl oleate was obtained and it may be a very interesting drug-solvent and surfactant. The absence of acyl migrations under identical reaction conditions is clearly observed and hence the different activities and regioselectivities seem to be due to the different catalytic properties of different derivatives of TLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Abreu Silveira
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC. Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonia Moreno-Perez
- Pharmacy and Biotechnology Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Basso
- Purolite, Unit D, Llantrisant Business Park, Llantrisant, CF72 8LF, UK
| | - Simona Serban
- Purolite, Unit D, Llantrisant Business Park, Llantrisant, CF72 8LF, UK
| | - Rita Pestana Mamede
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC. Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC. Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Lorente
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC. Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Guisan
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC. Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Triacylglycerols in edible oils: Determination, characterization, quantitation, chemometric approach and evaluation of adulterations. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1515:1-16. [PMID: 28801042 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable oils are a dietary source of lipids that constitute an essential component of a healthy diet. The commonly used vegetable oils differ significantly for their triacylglycerol (TAG) profile. TAGs represent the principal components of oils and may contain different fatty acids (FA) esterified with glycerol leading to several positional isomers. To differentiate individual TAGs species in edible oils, advanced analysis systems and innovative methods are therefore required. TAGs can be considered as good fingerprints for quality control and many studies have been performed to develop rapid and low cost analytical methods to determinate the authenticity, origin and eventually evidence frauds or adulterations. The present manuscript provides a general overview on the most common vegetable oils TAGs compositions and on the related analytical methodologies recently used. Finally, the chemometric applications developed to assess the authenticity, quality and botanical origin of various edible oils are discussed.
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Kumar G. Ultrasonic-assisted reactive-extraction is a fast and easy method for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oilseeds. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 37:634-639. [PMID: 28427676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The alkyl ester of vegetable oil represents as an alternative fuel for diesel engines which is to reduce the cost of biodiesel by increasing the efficiency of biodiesel production by single step reaction i.e. production of biodiesel by combing extraction of oil from oilseed and reaction of extract with alcohol by using ultrasonication. This process is called ultrasonic reactive-extraction. It consists of the investigation of the optimum conditions i.e. seed size >1-<2, molar ratio oilseed to methanol 1:100, catalyst concentration 1.5wt% of oilseed, reaction time 20min and ultrasonic amplitude 50%, cycle 0.3s gives the maximum conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar
- Chemical Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, Bhagwant Institute of Technology, Muzaffarnagar 251315 (UP), India.
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Xia W, Budge SM. Techniques for the Analysis of Minor Lipid Oxidation Products Derived from Triacylglycerols: Epoxides, Alcohols, and Ketones. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:735-758. [PMID: 33371569 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation can lead to flavor and safety issues in fat-containing foods. In order to measure the extent of lipid oxidation, hydroperoxides and their scission products are normally targeted for analytical purposes. In recent years, the formation of rarely monitored oxygenated products, including epoxides, alcohols, and ketones, has also raised concerns. These products are thought to form from alternative pathways that compete with chain scissions, and should not be neglected. In this review, a number of instrumental techniques and approaches to determine epoxides, alcohols, and ketones are discussed, with a focus on their selectivity and sensitivity in applications to food lipids and oils. Special attention is given to methods employing gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). For characterization purposes, GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) provides valuable information regarding the structures of individual oxygenated fatty acids, typically as methyl esters, isolated from oxygenated triacylglycerols (TAGs), while the use of liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) techniques allows analysis of intact oxygenated TAGs and offers information about the position of the oxygenated acyl chain on the glycerol backbone. For quantitative purposes, traditional chromatography methods have exhibited excellent sensitivity, while spectroscopic methods, including NMR, are superior to chromatography for their rapid analytical cycles. Future studies should focus on the development of a routine quantitative method that is both selective and sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Dept. of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Suzanne M Budge
- Dept. of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Jaiswal SK, Tejo Prakash N, Prakash R. 1H NMR Based Quantification of Ethyl Ester in Biodiesel: A Comparative Study of Product-Dependent Derivations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/22297928.2016.1246977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Ovčačíková M, Lísa M, Cífková E, Holčapek M. Retention behavior of lipids in reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1450:76-85. [PMID: 27179677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) method using two 15cm sub-2μm particles octadecylsilica gel columns is developed with the goal to separate and unambiguously identify a large number of lipid species in biological samples. The identification is performed by the coupling with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using quadrupole - time-of-flight (QTOF) instrument. Electrospray ionization (ESI) full scan and tandem mass spectra are measured in both polarity modes with the mass accuracy better than 5ppm, which provides a high confidence of lipid identification. Over 400 lipid species covering 14 polar and nonpolar lipid classes from 5 lipid categories are identified in total lipid extracts of human plasma, human urine and porcine brain. The general dependences of relative retention times on relative carbon number or relative double bond number are constructed and fit with the second degree polynomial regression. The regular retention patterns in homologous lipid series provide additional identification point for UHPLC/MS lipidomic analysis, which increases the confidence of lipid identification. The reprocessing of previously published data by our and other groups measured in the RP mode and ultrahigh-performance supercritical fluid chromatography on the silica column shows more generic applicability of the polynomial regression for the description of retention behavior and the prediction of retention times. The novelty of this work is the characterization of general trends in the retention behavior of lipids within logical series with constant fatty acyl length or double bond number, which may be used as an additional criterion to increase the confidence of lipid identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Ovčačíková
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Lísa
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Cífková
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holčapek
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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32
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Mumtaz MW, Mukhtar H, Dilawer UA, Hussain SM, Hussain M, Iqbal M, Adnan A, Nisar J. Biocatalytic transesterification of Eruca sativa oil for the production of biodiesel. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Quantitation of triacylglycerols in edible oils by off-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry using a single column. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1404:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Vyňuchalová K, Jandera P. Comparison of a C30 Bonded Silica Column and Columns with Shorter Bonded Ligands in Reversed-Phase LC. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Maran JP, Priya B. Comparison of response surface methodology and artificial neural network approach towards efficient ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production from muskmelon oil. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 23:192-200. [PMID: 25457517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study is to evaluate and compare the prediction and simulating efficiencies of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) based models on fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield achieved from muskmelon oil (MMO) under ultrasonication by two step in situ process. In first in situ process, free fatty acid content of MMO was reduced from 6.43% to 0.91% using H2SO4 as acid catalyst and organic phase in the first step was subjected to second reaction by adding KOH in methanol as basic catalyst. The influence of process variables (methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time) on conversion of FAME (second step) was investigated by central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of RSM and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network with the topology of 4-7-1. Both (RSM and ANN) were statistically compared by the coefficient of determination, root mean square error and absolute average deviation, based on the validation data set. The coefficient of determination (R(2)) calculated from the validation data for RSM and ANN models were 0.869 and 0.991 respectively. While both models showed good predictions in this study. But, the ANN model was more precise compared to the RSM model and it showed that, ANN is to be a powerful tool for modeling and optimizing FAME production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Prakash Maran
- Department of Food Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode 638052, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - B Priya
- Department of Food Process Engineering, SRM University, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Localization of double bonds in triacylglycerols using high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5175-88. [PMID: 25701424 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A method for localizing double bonds in triacylglycerols using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was developed. The technique was based on collision-induced dissociation or pulsed Q collision-induced dissociation of the C3H5N(+•) adducts ([M + 55](+•)) formed in the presence of acetonitrile in the APCI source. The spectra were investigated using a large series of standards obtained from commercial sources and prepared by randomization. The fragmentation spectra made it possible to determine (i) the total number of carbons and double bonds in the molecule, (ii) the number of carbons and double bonds in acyls, (iii) the acyl in the sn-2 position on the glycerol backbone, and (iv) the double-bond positions in acyls. The double-bond positions were determined based on two types of fragments (alpha and omega ions) formed by cleavages of C-C bonds vinylic to the original double bond. The composition of the acyls and their positions on glycerol were established from the masses and intensities of the ions formed by the elimination of fatty acids from the [M + 55](+•) precursor. The method was applied for the analysis of triacylglycerols in olive oil and vernix caseosa.
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Holčapek M, Ovčačíková M, Lísa M, Cífková E, Hájek T. Continuous comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of complex lipidomic samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5033-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Cruz-Izquierdo Á, Picó EA, López C, Serra JL, Llama MJ. Magnetic Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (mCLEAs) of Candida antarctica lipase: an efficient and stable biocatalyst for biodiesel synthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115202. [PMID: 25551445 PMCID: PMC4281201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-catalyzed production of biodiesel is the object of extensive research due to the global shortage of fossil fuels and increased environmental concerns. Herein we report the preparation and main characteristics of a novel biocatalyst consisting of Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) which are covalently bound to magnetic nanoparticles, and tackle its use for the synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible vegetable and waste frying oils. For this purpose, insolubilized CALB was covalently cross-linked to magnetic nanoparticles of magnetite which the surface was functionalized with -NH2 groups. The resulting biocatalyst combines the relevant catalytic properties of CLEAs (as great stability and feasibility for their reutilization) and the magnetic character, and thus the final product (mCLEAs) are superparamagnetic particles of a robust catalyst which is more stable than the free enzyme, easily recoverable from the reaction medium and reusable for new catalytic cycles. We have studied the main properties of this biocatalyst and we have assessed its utility to catalyze transesterification reactions to obtain biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oils including unrefined soybean, jatropha and cameline, as well as waste frying oil. Using 1% mCLEAs (w/w of oil) conversions near 80% were routinely obtained at 30°C after 24 h of reaction, this value rising to 92% after 72 h. Moreover, the magnetic biocatalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused for at least ten consecutive cycles of 24 h without apparent loss of activity. The obtained results suggest that mCLEAs prepared from CALB can become a powerful biocatalyst for application at industrial scale with better performance than those currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Cruz-Izquierdo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Enrique A. Picó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carmen López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan L. Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - María J. Llama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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López C, Cruz-Izquierdo A, Picó EA, García-Bárcena T, Villarroel N, Llama MJ, Serra JL. Magnetic biocatalysts and their uses to obtain biodiesel and biosurfactants. Front Chem 2014; 2:72. [PMID: 25207271 PMCID: PMC4144358 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobiocatalysis, as the synergistic combination of nanotechnology and biocatalysis, is rapidly emerging as a new frontier of biotechnology. The use of immobilized enzymes in industrial applications often presents advantages over their soluble counterparts, mainly in view of stability, reusability and simpler operational processing. Because of their singular properties, such as biocompatibility, large and modifiable surface and easy recovery, iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are attractive super-paramagnetic materials that serve as a support for enzyme immobilization and facilitate separations by applying an external magnetic field. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) have several benefits in the context of industrial applications since they can be cheaply and easily prepared from unpurified enzyme extracts and show improved storage and operational stability against denaturation by heat and organic solvents. In this work, by using the aforementioned advantages of MNPs of magnetite and CLEAs, we prepared two robust magnetically-separable types of nanobiocatalysts by binding either soluble enzyme onto the surface of MNPs functionalized with amino groups or by cross-linking aggregates of enzyme among them and to MNPs to obtain magnetic CLEAs. For this purpose the lipase B of Candida antarctica (CALB) was used. The hydrolytic and biosynthetic activities of the resulting magnetic nanobiocatalysts were assessed in aqueous and organic media. Thus, the hydrolysis of triglycerides and the transesterification reactions to synthesize biodiesel and biosurfactants were studied using magnetic CLEAs of CALB. The efficiency and easy performance of this magnetic biocatalysis validates this proof of concept and sets the basis for the application of magnetic CLEAs at industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen López
- Enzyme and Cell Technology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao, Spain ; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alvaro Cruz-Izquierdo
- Enzyme and Cell Technology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao, Spain
| | - Enrique A Picó
- Enzyme and Cell Technology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao, Spain
| | - Teresa García-Bárcena
- Enzyme and Cell Technology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao, Spain
| | - Noelia Villarroel
- Enzyme and Cell Technology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao, Spain
| | - María J Llama
- Enzyme and Cell Technology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan L Serra
- Enzyme and Cell Technology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao, Spain
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Effect of reaction parameters on conversion of krill (Euphausia superba) oil by immobilized lipase ethanolysis. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Haigh KF, Vladisavljević GT, Reynolds JC, Nagy Z, Saha B. Kinetics of the pre-treatment of used cooking oil using Novozyme 435 for biodiesel production. Chem Eng Res Des 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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In vitro duodenal lipolysis of lipid-based drug delivery systems studied by HPLC–UV and HPLC–MS. Int J Pharm 2014; 465:396-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ueki Y, Saiki S, Shibata T, Hoshina H, Kasai N, Seko N. Optimization of Grafted Fibrous Polymer as a Solid Basic Catalyst for Biodiesel Fuel Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2014.42011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Spudeit DA, Piovezan M, Dolzan MD, Vistuba JP, Azevedo MS, Vitali L, Leal Oliveira MA, Oliveira Costa AC, Micke GA. Simultaneous determination of free and total glycerol in biodiesel by capillary electrophoresis using multiple short-end injection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3333-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Piovezan
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis SC Brazil
| | - Maressa D. Dolzan
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis SC Brazil
| | | | - Mônia Stremel Azevedo
- Department of Food Science Technologies; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis SC Brazil
| | - Luciano Vitali
- Department of Food Science Technologies; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis SC Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Amadeu Micke
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis SC Brazil
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Ferrario V, Veny H, De Angelis E, Navarini L, Ebert C, Gardossi L. Lipases immobilization for effective synthesis of biodiesel starting from coffee waste oils. Biomolecules 2013; 3:514-34. [PMID: 24970178 PMCID: PMC4030945 DOI: 10.3390/biom3030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immobilized lipases were applied to the enzymatic conversion of oils from spent coffee ground into biodiesel. Two lipases were selected for the study because of their conformational behavior analysed by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations taking into account that immobilization conditions affect conformational behavior of the lipases and ultimately, their efficiency upon immobilization. The enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel was initially carried out on a model substrate (triolein) in order to select the most promising immobilized biocatalysts. The results indicate that oils can be converted quantitatively within hours. The role of the nature of the immobilization support emerged as a key factor affecting reaction rate, most probably because of partition and mass transfer barriers occurring with hydrophilic solid supports. Finally, oil from spent coffee ground was transformed into biodiesel with yields ranging from 55% to 72%. The synthesis is of particular interest in the perspective of developing sustainable processes for the production of bio-fuels from food wastes and renewable materials. The enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel is carried out under mild conditions, with stoichiometric amounts of substrates (oil and methanol) and the removal of free fatty acids is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Ferrario
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Harumi Veny
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.
| | | | | | - Cynthia Ebert
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Lucia Gardossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
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Chu BS, Nagy K. Enrichment and quantification of monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 932:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Santos R, Vieira RB, Valentini A. Monitoring the conversion of soybean oil to methyl or ethyl esters using the refractive index with correlation gas chromatography. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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48
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Jiang L, Huang H, Lei M, Zheng H, Liang J, Zhang H. Estimation of Docosahexaenoic Acid Glycerides in Schizochytrium sp. Oil by Open Column Chromatography and Reversed-phase HPLC. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Clark WM, Medeiros NJ, Boyd DJ, Snell JR. Biodiesel transesterification kinetics monitored by pH measurement. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 136:771-774. [PMID: 23570721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of a pH change that was observed over the course of the transesterification reaction that converts vegetable oil to biodiesel may provide a simple method to monitor the reaction. Transesterification of canola oil at 6:1 methanol to oil ratio with 0.5 wt.% KOH as catalyst was studied at 25, 35, and 45 °C. Reaction conversion was correlated to pH measurements and the results were shown to be in agreement with an independent measure of conversion using an enzymatic assay for glycerol. Rate constants obtained from these measurements are consistent with those in the literature. The measured pH change appears to be related to dilution of OH(-) ions as the oil is converted to products rather than to depletion of OH(-) due to reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Clark
- Chemical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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Talukder MMR, Lee HZS, Low RF, Pei-Lyn LC, Warzecha D, Wu J. Potential use of whole cell lipase from a newly isolated Aspergillus nomius for methanolysis of palm oil to biodiesel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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