1
|
Khaliliyan H, Lin J, Jusner P, Schiehser S, Bacher M, Kostić M, Rosenau T, Potthast A, Böhmdorfer S. Profiling of historical rag papers by their non-cellulosic polysaccharide composition. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121611. [PMID: 38142095 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulose and pectin are noteworthy components of historical European rag papers, and have not been studied in detail so far. Rag papers were made from used textiles, and fiber-based utilities, such as ropes and bags. These had been prepared until the mid-19th century from plant-based fibers. Their polysaccharide composition could relate to their condition and history. This information can be expected to hold importance for the preservation and conservation of historical objects. We investigated a collection of rag papers of different age for their composition of non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and compared the findings with modern rag papers and wood pulps. Furthermore, a non-destructive determination of the hemicellulose and pectin content by near-infrared spectroscopy was developed. Historical rag papers had a lower hemicellulose/pectin content than pulps; the fractions of rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose were higher, while xylose was lower. In modern rag papers, xylose tended to be at the higher end of the range, which suggests a degradation of hemicelluloses/pectin over time or a change in raw materials and manufacturing. Rag papers also showed higher crystallinity than wood pulp papers. These findings provide insights into rag paper characteristics and offer potential classification methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Khaliliyan
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Justine Lin
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Paul Jusner
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sonja Schiehser
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Markus Bacher
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Mirjana Kostić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mekonnen KD, Hailemariam K. Valorization of calcium hypochlorite precipitate as a new source of heterogeneous catalyst development for biodiesel production: A preliminary experiment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21959. [PMID: 38053885 PMCID: PMC10694178 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main problem related with liquid bleach production from calcium hypochlorite is the amount of precipitates generated and its consequent management. As a result, academic and industrial communities have been challenged with searching of a means for its valorization. Therefore, this research explores the application of the precipitate as a viable source of Ca-based heterogeneous catalyst development for the production of waste cooking oil methyl esters for the first-time. The catalyst was prepared by dividing the precipitates into three forms, viz. raw untreated (RC), heat treated (RC-TB), and NaOH impregnated plus thermally activated (RC-ITB). The prepared catalysts were efficiently characterized by XRF, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET techniques. The characterization results indicated that the catalysts are mainly composed of calcium metal in the form of oxides (CaO), calcite (CaCO3) and Portlandite (Ca(OH)2), which are the promising constituents of basic catalysts. The BET inspection of RC, RC-TB, and RC-ITB revealed the specific surface area of 8.509, 9.089, and 9.312 m2/g, respectively. At the same reaction conditions, the maximum biodiesel yield of 76.05 % was achieved by RC-ITB compared to RC-TB (62.57 %) and RC (19.74 %), because it's larger specific surface area and highest basic nature (pH = 12.65 at 1:5 w/v) improves the reaction catalysis through better catalyst-substrates interactions. The lower biodiesel yield was attained through the RC catalyst due to its untreated surface, lower specific area, and weak alkaline nature (pH value = 10.66 at 1:5 w/v). Furthermore, regardless of the amount of yield, almost similar fuel properties and functional groups of the products over the coded catalysts were observed. Generally, the possibility of calcium hypochlorite precipitate as a precursor of Ca-based heterogeneous catalyst has been effectively proven in this research, which could be very important for environmental safety and industrial resource integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kedir Derbie Mekonnen
- School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology-Wollo University, Wollo, Ethiopia
| | - Kefyalew Hailemariam
- School of Mechanical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Díaz L, Horstmann F, Brito A, González L. A comprehensive review of the influence of co-solvents on the catalysed methanolysis process to obtain biodiesel. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13006. [PMID: 36747949 PMCID: PMC9898661 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-polar oil and polar short-chain alcohols, used as reactants in the transesterification reaction, are immiscible. Transesterification reactions can only occur on the phase boundary and they are therefore diffusion-limited. Several methods are employed to overcome the limitation of mass transfer by increasing miscibility and thereby accelerating the reaction. Co-solvents are additional solvents that should be soluble in the oil and alcohol phase; this could lead to an increase in the reaction rate and a reduction in the temperature and the reaction time. This work aims to provide a comprehensive literature review on the influence of co-solvents on the processes of catalysed methanolysis for the biodiesel production. Most authors have not systematically determined and justified the effects of cosolvents. So far it seems impossible to establish which cosolvents are the most suitable for which methanolysis systems. The purpose of this work is to highlight and justify the differences or similarities in co-solvent impacts among the various publications by examining the chemical structure of the respective co-solvents, including the functional groups and the resulting physicochemical properties such as the dielectric constant or the log P value. Besides biodiesel, co-solvents like THF and acetone seems to be the best choices for alkaline methanolysis systems due to successful broadly applications with different oils, catalysts and reaction conditions. Moreover, THF and n-hexane are essentially advisable for in-situ methanolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Díaz
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of La Laguna; Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Island, 38200, Spain,Corresponding author.
| | - F. Horstmann
- Department of Food Technology, Hochschule Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Leipziger Straße 123, Fulda, 36037, Germany
| | - A. Brito
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of La Laguna; Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Island, 38200, Spain
| | - L.A. González
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of La Laguna; Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Island, 38200, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Xing X, Liu Y, Shi W, Wang M. Directional methanolysis of kitchen waste for the co-production of methyl levulinate and fatty acid methyl esters: Catalytic strategy and machine learning modeling. Bioresour Technol 2023; 367:128274. [PMID: 36351533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To add value to ordinary kitchen waste, heterogeneous acid-base catalytic methanolysis was conducted to produce high-value liquid biofuels, methyl levulinate (ML) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Yields of 53.3 % ML and 98.5 % FAME were achieved by methanolysis of kitchen waste under the co-catalysis of carbon-silica composite (C/Si-SO3H) and zirconium modified ultrastable Y zeolite (Zr/USY). These target products can be easily recovered from the methanolic phase and can be purified at the end of the reaction. The collaborative combination of C/Si-SO3H and Zr/USY exhibited higher activity than their commercial counterpart. This strategy can be applied to differently composed kitchen waste and kitchen waste with different water content. Product yields were predicted using an artificial neural network method, and the relative importance of the influencing factors was investigated by the random forest method. The systematic insight gained from this work supports the value-added utilization of kitchen waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Zhang
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Xu Xing
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yuting Liu
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Mingzhe Wang
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Becker M, Ahn K, Bacher M, Xu C, Sundberg A, Willför S, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Comparative hydrolysis analysis of cellulose samples and aspects of its application in conservation science. Cellulose (Lond) 2021; 28:8719-8734. [PMID: 34316103 PMCID: PMC8299441 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-021-04048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Knowledge about the carbohydrate composition of pulp and paper samples is essential for their characterization, further processing, and understanding the properties. In this study, we compare sulfuric acid hydrolysis and acidic methanolysis, followed by GC-MS analysis of the corresponding products, by means of 42 cellulose and polysaccharide samples. Results are discussed and compared to solid-state NMR (crystallinity) and gel permeation chromatography (weight-averaged molecular mass) data. The use of the hydrolysis methods in the context of cellulose conservation science is evaluated, using e-beam treated and artificially aged cellulose samples. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-04048-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190 Austria
| | - Kyujin Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190 Austria
- National Archives of Korea, 30 Daewangpangyo-ro 851beon-gil, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Markus Bacher
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190 Austria
| | - Chunlin Xu
- c/o Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Sundberg
- c/o Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- c/o Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190 Austria
- c/o Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190 Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zavarize DG, de Oliveira JD. Brazilian açaí berry seeds: an abundant waste applied in the synthesis of carbon-based acid catalysts for transesterification of low free fatty acid waste cooking oil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:21285-21302. [PMID: 33411290 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Residues of açaí seeds (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) were a novel source for the synthesis of the acid heterogeneous catalyst applied in the conversion of low free fatty acid waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel. Yield of activated carbon (AC) and catalyst (CAT), as well as density of SO3H groups and total acidity, was analyzed in an entirely random designed experiment using multiple linear regression, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test. Time, temperature, dosage of KOH, and ratio of H2SO4/AC were the predictor variables with 3 levels each, at a significance level of α = .05. A significant yield variation portion of AC was explained by the experimental factors (R2 = .891, F (3, 23) = 62.9, p < .0001), as did the yield of CAT (R2 = .960, F (3, 23) = 185.7, p < .0001), density of SO3H (R2 = .969, F (3, 23) = 242.2, p < .0001), and total acidity (R2 = .973, F (3, 23) = 280.6, p < .0001). Levels of time (p = .001) and KOH dosage (p = .006) were significant to the yield of AC, and temperature levels were not influent on density of SO3H (p = .731) or total acidity (p = .762). CAT showed a SBET of 249 m2 g-1, Vpore of 0.104 cm3 g-1, low crystallinity, high thermal stability, and a mesoporous amorphous structure. Optimized catalytic tests resulted in 89% conversion of WCO and 11 cycles of reuse, better than pure H2SO4 or pure KOH (p < .0001) and also better than many biomass-derived catalysts reported in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Gualberto Zavarize
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, State University of Maranhão, São Luis, 65055-310, Brazil.
- Center of Social Sciences, Health and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, Imperatriz, State of Maranhão, 65915-240, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Diniz de Oliveira
- Technological, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranhão, Imperatriz, 65900-470, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eugene A, Lapierre C, Ralph J. Improved analysis of arabinoxylan-bound hydroxycinnamate conjugates in grass cell walls. Biotechnol Biofuels 2020; 13:202. [PMID: 33303001 PMCID: PMC7731738 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinoxylan in grass cell walls is acylated to varying extents by ferulate and p-coumarate at the 5-hydroxy position of arabinosyl residues branching off the xylan backbone. Some of these hydroxycinnamate units may then become involved in cell wall radical coupling reactions, resulting in ether and other linkages amongst themselves or to monolignols or oligolignols, thereby crosslinking arabinoxylan chains with each other and/or with lignin polymers. This crosslinking is assumed to increase the strength of the cell wall, and impedes the utilization of grass biomass in natural and industrial processes. A method for quantifying the degree of acylation in various grass tissues is, therefore, essential. We sought to reduce the incidence of hydroxycinnamate ester hydrolysis in our recently introduced method by utilizing more anhydrous conditions. RESULTS The improved methanolysis method minimizes the undesirable ester-cleavage of arabinose from ferulate and p-coumarate esters, and from diferulate dehydrodimers, and produces more methanolysis vs. hydrolysis of xylan-arabinosides, improving the yields of the desired feruloylated and p-coumaroylated methyl arabinosides and their diferulate analogs. Free ferulate and p-coumarate produced by ester-cleavage were reduced by 78% and 68%, respectively, and 21% and 39% more feruloyl and p-coumaroyl methyl arabinosides were detected in the more anhydrous method. The new protocol resulted in an estimated 56% less combined diferulate isomers in which only one acylated arabinosyl unit remained, and 170% more combined diferulate isomers conjugated to two arabinosyl units. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the new protocol for mild acidolysis of grass cell walls is both recovering more ferulate- and p-coumarate-arabinose conjugates from the arabinoxylan and cleaving less of them down to free ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and dehydrodiferulates with just one arabinosyl ester. This cleaner method, especially when coupled with the orthogonal method for measuring monolignol hydroxycinnamate conjugates that have been incorporated into lignin, provides an enhanced tool to measure the extent of crosslinking in grass arabinoxylan chains, assisting in identification of useful grasses for biomass applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Eugene
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Catherine Lapierre
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - John Ralph
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bhogle CS, Pandit AB. Ultrasound assisted methanolysis of polycarbonate at room temperature. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 58:104667. [PMID: 31450321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates an attempt to depolymerize Polycarbonate (PC) at room temperature, which otherwise requires extreme temperature and pressure conditions. It was achieved by the use of ultrasound to intensify the methanolysis reaction of PC. Use of ultrasound showed a significant enhancement in the rate of methanolysis which leads to a reduction in the reaction time from 45 min to 15 min to depolymerize 5 g PC at 30 °C by using 0.1 g NaOH and THF to methanol ratio equaling 3 (w/w). Bubble dynamic study also leads to a conclusion that the highest cavitational enhancement can be achieved at THF to methanol ratio equaling 3 (w/w) which might be due to the fact that this solvent mixture exhibits the least viscosity at this composition. The effect of various parameters such as temperature, NaOH concentration, ultrasonic input power and solvent composition were investigated. The products obtained were bisphenol-A(BPA) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) which were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography (GC) respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakant Sharad Bhogle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsubaki S, Oono K, Onda A. Fractionation of plant-cuticle-based bio-oils by microwave-assisted methanolysis combined with hydrothermal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01887. [PMID: 31211264 PMCID: PMC6562327 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted methanolysis was performed to fractionate a mixture of fatty acid methyl-esters from the cuticles of various wild plants and agricultural wastes. A combination of hydrothermal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis effectively removed hemicellulose and cellulose to afford plant cuticles concentrated in residual materials. The subsequent methanolysis treatment afforded bio-oil from plant cuticles in ∼10% yield with a maximum higher heating value (HHV) of 32 MJ kg-1 from bagasse. The proposed cascading treatments allow the total use of herbaceous soft biomass by utilizing hemicellulose and cellulose fractions as well as plant cuticles to produce bio-oils with high HHVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Tsubaki
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1 E4-3, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kiriyo Oono
- Research Laboratory of Hydrothermal Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Akebono-cho 2-5-1, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Ayumu Onda
- Research Laboratory of Hydrothermal Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Akebono-cho 2-5-1, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Roda-Serrat MC, Christensen KV, El-Houri RB, Fretté X, Christensen LP. Fast cleavage of phycocyanobilin from phycocyanin for use in food colouring. Food Chem 2017; 240:655-661. [PMID: 28946325 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phycocyanins from cyanobacteria are possible sources for new natural blue colourants. Their chromophore, phycocyanobilin (PCB), was cleaved from the apoprotein by solvolysis in alcohols and alcoholic aqueous solutions. In all cases two PCB isomers were obtained, while different solvent adducts were formed upon the use of different reagents. The reaction is believed to take place via two competing pathways, a concerted E2 elimination and a SN2 nucleophilic substitution. Three cleavage methods were compared in terms of yield and purity: conventional reflux, sealed vessel heated in an oil bath, and microwave assisted reaction. The sealed vessel method is a new approach for fast cleavage of PCB from phycocyanin and gave at 120°C the same yield within 30min compared to 16h by the conventional reflux method (P<0.05). In addition the sealed vessel method resulted in improved purity compared to the other methods. Microwave irradiation increased product degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cinta Roda-Serrat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Knud Villy Christensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rime Bahij El-Houri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Xavier Fretté
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Lars Porskjær Christensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumar G. Ultrasonic-assisted reactive-extraction is a fast and easy method for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oilseeds. Ultrason Sonochem 2017; 37:634-639. [PMID: 28427676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The alkyl ester of vegetable oil represents as an alternative fuel for diesel engines which is to reduce the cost of biodiesel by increasing the efficiency of biodiesel production by single step reaction i.e. production of biodiesel by combing extraction of oil from oilseed and reaction of extract with alcohol by using ultrasonication. This process is called ultrasonic reactive-extraction. It consists of the investigation of the optimum conditions i.e. seed size >1-<2, molar ratio oilseed to methanol 1:100, catalyst concentration 1.5wt% of oilseed, reaction time 20min and ultrasonic amplitude 50%, cycle 0.3s gives the maximum conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar
- Chemical Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, Bhagwant Institute of Technology, Muzaffarnagar 251315 (UP), India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiao Y, He P, Cheng W, Liu J, Shan W, Song H. Converting solid wastes into liquid fuel using a novel methanolysis process. Waste Manag 2016; 49:304-310. [PMID: 26739453 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomass fast pyrolysis followed by hydrodeoxygenation upgrading is the most popular way to produce upgraded bio-oil from biomass. This process requires large quantities of expensive hydrogen and operates under high pressure condition (70-140 atm). Therefore, a novel methanolysis (i.e., biomass pyrolysis under methane environment) process is developed in this study, which is effective in upgraded bio-oil formation at atmospheric pressure and at about 400-600°C. Instead of using pure methane, simulated biogas (60% CH4+40% CO2) was used to test the feasibility of this novel methanolysis process for the conversion of different solid wastes. The bio-oil obtained from canola straw is slightly less than that from sawdust in term of quantity, but the oil quality from canola straw is better in terms of lower acidity, lower Bromine Number, higher H/C atomic ratio and lower O/C atomic ratio. The municipal solid waste and newspaper can also obtain relatively high oil yields, but the oil qualities of them are both lower than those from sawdust and canola straw. Compared with catalysts of 5%Zn/ZSM-5 and 1%Ag/ZSM-5, the 5%Zn-1%Ag/ZSM-5 catalyst performed much better in terms of upgraded bio-oil yield as well as oil quality. During the methanolysis process, the metal silver may be used to reduce the total acid number of the oil while the metal zinc might act to decrease the bromine number of the oil. The highly dispersed Zn and Ag species on/in the catalyst benefit the achievement of better upgrading performance and make it be a very promising catalyst for bio-oil upgrading by biogas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Liu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Wenpo Shan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hua Song
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kostić MD, Veličković AV, Joković NM, Stamenković OS, Veljković VB. Optimization and kinetic modeling of esterification of the oil obtained from waste plum stones as a pretreatment step in biodiesel production. Waste Manag 2016; 48:619-629. [PMID: 26706748 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the use of oil obtained from waste plum stones as a low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production. Because of high free fatty acid (FFA) level (15.8%), the oil was processed through the two-step process including esterification of FFA and methanolysis of the esterified oil catalyzed by H2SO4 and CaO, respectively. Esterification was optimized by response surface methodology combined with a central composite design. The second-order polynomial equation predicted the lowest acid value of 0.53mgKOH/g under the following optimal reaction conditions: the methanol:oil molar ratio of 8.5:1, the catalyst amount of 2% and the reaction temperature of 45°C. The predicted acid value agreed with the experimental acid value (0.47mgKOH/g). The kinetics of FFA esterification was described by the irreversible pseudo first-order reaction rate law. The apparent kinetic constant was correlated with the initial methanol and catalyst concentrations and reaction temperature. The activation energy of the esterification reaction slightly decreased from 13.23 to 11.55kJ/mol with increasing the catalyst concentration from 0.049 to 0.172mol/dm(3). In the second step, the esterified oil reacted with methanol (methanol:oil molar ratio of 9:1) in the presence of CaO (5% to the oil mass) at 60°C. The properties of the obtained biodiesel were within the EN 14214 standard limits. Hence, waste plum stones might be valuable raw material for obtaining fatty oil for the use as alternative feedstock in biodiesel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan D Kostić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, Serbia
| | - Ana V Veličković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, Serbia
| | - Nataša M Joković
- Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Olivera S Stamenković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, Serbia
| | - Vlada B Veljković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang H, Wood T, Young SP, Millington DS. A straightforward, quantitative ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in urine: an improved clinical screening test for the mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:123-8. [PMID: 25458519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are complex storage disorders that result in the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in urine, blood, brain and other tissues. Symptomatic patients are typically screened for MPS by analysis of GAG in urine. Current screening methods used in clinical laboratories are based on colorimetric assays that lack the sensitivity and specificity to reliably detect mild GAG elevations that occur in some patients with MPS. We have developed a straightforward, reliable method to quantify chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) in urine by stable isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. The GAGs were methanolyzed to uronic acid-N-acetylhexosamine or iduronic acid-N-glucosamine dimers and mixed with stable isotope labeled internal standards derived from deuteriomethanolysis of GAG standards. Specific dimers derived from HS, DS and CS were separated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry using selected reaction monitoring for each targeted GAG product and its corresponding internal standard. The method was robust with a mean inaccuracy from 1 to 15%, imprecision below 11%, and a lower limit of quantification of 0.4mg/L for CS, DS and HS. We demonstrate that the method has the required sensitivity and specificity to discriminate patients with MPS III, MPS IVA and MPS VI from those with MPS I or MPS II and can detect mildly elevated GAG species relative to age-specific reference intervals. This assay may also be used for the monitoring of patients following therapeutic intervention. Patients with MPS IVB are, however, not detectable by this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Zhang
- Duke Medicine, Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Division, NC, USA
| | - Tim Wood
- Greenwood Genetic Center, SC, USA
| | - Sarah P Young
- Duke Medicine, Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Division, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Naureen R, Tariq M, Yusoff I, Chowdhury AJK, Ashraf MA. Synthesis, spectroscopic and chromatographic studies of sunflower oil biodiesel using optimized base catalyzed methanolysis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 22:332-9. [PMID: 25972756 PMCID: PMC4423648 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl esters from vegetable oils have attracted a great deal of interest as substitute for petrodiesel to reduce dependence on imported petroleum and provide an alternate and sustainable source for fuel with more benign environmental properties. In the present study biodiesel was prepared from sunflower seed oil by transesterification by alkali-catalyzed methanolysis. The fuel properties of sunflower oil biodiesel were determined and discussed in the light of ASTM D6751 standards for biodiesel. The sunflower oil biodiesel was chemically characterized with analytical techniques like FT-IR, and NMR (1H and 13C). The chemical composition of sunflower oil biodiesel was determined by GC–MS. Various fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were identified by retention time data and verified by mass fragmentation patterns. The percentage conversion of triglycerides to the corresponding methyl esters determined by 1H NMR was 87.33% which was quite in good agreement with the practically observed yield of 85.1%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Naureen
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, 60000 Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ismail Yusoff
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumar G, Kumar D, Johari R. Time reducing process for biofuel production from non edible oil assisted by ultrasonication. Ultrason Sonochem 2014; 21:1618-1623. [PMID: 24792785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Limited resources of conventional fuels such as petrodiesel have led to the search for alternative fuels. Various convention batch/continuous processes for the biodiesel production have been developed before the recent year. All processes are time consuming with high labor cost. Thus, we need a new process for biodiesel production which reduces the reaction time and production cost as well as save the energy. In this work, ultrasonic assisted transesterification of Jatrophacurcas oil is carried out in the presence of methanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst, keeping the molar ratio of oil to alcohol 1:5, catalyst concentration 0.75 wt% of oil, ultrasonic amplitude 50% and pulse 0.3 cycle, 7 min reaction time under atmospheric condition. Ultrasonic mixing has increased the rate of transesterification reaction as compare to the mechanical mixing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar
- Chemical Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, Bhagwant Institute of Technology, Muzaffarnagar 251315, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sahu Jain College, Najibabad 246763, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajeev Johari
- Department of Chemistry, Vardhman College, College Bijnor 246701, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|