1
|
Transcriptome Analysis of Bovine Macrophages (BoMac) Cells after Infection with Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus. J Vet Res 2022; 66:487-495. [PMID: 36846036 PMCID: PMC9944999 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is found worldwide in cattle under natural conditions. However, the effect of BIV infection on immune functions has not been fully characterised. Material and Methods Transcriptome analysis of BoMac cells after in vitro infection with BIV was performed using BLOPlus bovine microarrays. Genes identified as differentially expressed were subjected to functional analysis with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA). Results Out of 1,743 genes with altered expression, 1,315 were mapped as unique molecules. In total, 718 genes were identified as upregulated and 597 genes as downregulated. Differentially expressed genes were involved in 16 pathways related to immune response. The most enriched canonical pathway was leukocyte extravasation signalling. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) production was indicated as the most activated pathway and the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4) signalling pathway was the most inhibited one. In addition, the study showed that the inflammatory response was decreased during BIV infection. Conclusion This is the first report to describe the microarray analysis of changes in gene expression upon BIV infection of bovine macrophages. Our data indicated how BIV influences the expression of genes and signalling pathways engaged in the immune response.
Collapse
|
2
|
McNab T, Desport M, Dobson R, Tenaya IWM, Hartaningsih N, Wilcox GE. Prior bovine immunodeficiency virus infection does not inhibit subsequent superinfection by the acutely pathogenic Jembrana disease virus. Virology 2010; 404:261-8. [PMID: 20570311 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In cattle the interaction between the two genetically and antigenically related bovine lentiviruses, the acutely pathogenic Jembrana disease virus (JDV) and the non-pathogenic Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) has not been reported although both JDV and a BIV-like virus have been reported in the Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) population in Indonesia. The outcome of infection of Bali cattle with the R29 strain of BIV prior to superinfection 42 days later with JDV(TAB/87) was determined. All BIV-inoculated cattle were successfully infected and developed an antibody response to the TM and CA proteins. BIV infection did not prevent subsequent infection with JDV or ameliorate the clinical signs of Jembrana disease in the infected cattle. It did, however, modify the dynamics of the JDV infection with an earlier onset and end of the acute disease process, and a reduction in the duration of viremia that exceeded 10(6) genome copies/ml of plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tegan McNab
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
McNab T, Desport M, Tenaya WM, Hartaningsih N, Wilcox GE. Bovine immunodeficiency virus produces a transient viraemic phase soon after infection in Bos javanicus. Vet Microbiol 2009; 141:216-23. [PMID: 19766411 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) in Indonesia with a non-pathogenic bovine lentivirus similar to Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is suspected but efforts to detect the virus have been unsuccessful. To define the kinetics of BIV infection in Bali cattle, 13 were infected with the R-29 strain of BIV and monitored for 60 days. No clinical effects were detected. Proviral DNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 4 to 60 days with peak titres 20 days post-infection (dpi). There was a transient viraemia from 4 to 14 dpi with a maximum titre of 1x10(4)genome copies/ml plasma. An antibody response to the transmembrane (TM) glycoprotein commenced 12 dpi but an antibody response to the capsid (CA) protein was detected in one animal only and not until 34 dpi. The results indicated that detection of BIV in infected Bali cattle would have a greater chance of success soon after infection and prior to the onset of a CA antibody response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tegan McNab
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yeşilbagğ K, Yılmaz Z, Güngör B. Prevalence of antibodies to bovine respiratory viruses in cattle infected with bovine immunodeficiency virus. Vet Rec 2008; 162:660-1. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.20.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Yeşilbagğ
- Department of Microbiology and Virology; Uludağ University; 16059 Bursa Turkey
| | - Z. Yılmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Uludağ University; 16059 Bursa Turkey
| | - B. Güngör
- Department of Microbiology and Virology; Uludağ University; 16059 Bursa Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Noorbakhsh F, Tang Q, Liu S, Silva C, van Marle G, Power C. Lentivirus envelope protein exerts differential neuropathogenic effects depending on the site of expression and target cell. Virology 2006; 348:260-76. [PMID: 16492386 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 07/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neuropathogenic effects of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) envelope proteins in the context of both extracellular exposure and intracellular expression in feline neural cells. The envelope from the neurovirulent CSF-derived FIV V1 strain (V1-CSF) conferred infectivity to pseudotyped viruses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P < 0.01) in contrast to other cell types. Intracellular V1-CSF envelope expression in macrophages and microglia but not astrocytes resulted in the induction of host inflammatory genes contributing to neurotoxicity including IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and indolamine 2',3'-dioxygenase (IDO) (P < 0.05) with concurrent neuronal death (P < 0.05). Upregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress genes was evident in brains from FIV-infected animals (P < 0.05) and in FIV-infected macrophages (P < 0.05) relative to controls. Intrastriatal implantation of an FIV envelope pseudotyped virus led to marked neuroinflammation and neuronal injury associated with neurobehavioral deficits (P < 0.01). Thus, lentivirus envelope proteins exert differential neuropathogenic effects through mechanisms that depend on the infected or exposed cell type.
Collapse
|
6
|
St-Louis MC, Cojocariu M, Archambault D. The molecular biology of bovine immunodeficiency virus: a comparison with other lentiviruses. Anim Health Res Rev 2005; 5:125-43. [PMID: 15984320 DOI: 10.1079/ahr200496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was first isolated in 1969 from a cow, R-29, with a wasting syndrome. The virus isolated induced the formation of syncytia in cell cultures and was structurally similar to maedi-visna virus. Twenty years later, it was demonstrated that the bovine R-29 isolate was indeed a lentivirus with striking similarity to the human immunodeficiency virus. Like other lentiviruses, BIV has a complex genomic structure characterized by the presence of several regulatory/accessory genes that encode proteins, some of which are involved in the regulation of virus gene expression. This manuscript aims to review biological and, more particularly, molecular aspects of BIV, with emphasis on regulatory/accessory viral genes/proteins, in comparison with those of other lentiviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude St-Louis
- University of Québec at Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Snider TG, Hoyt PG, Coats KS, Graves KF, Cooper CR, Storts RW, Luther DG, Jenny BF. Natural bovine lentiviral type 1 infection in Holstein dairy cattle. I. Clinical, serological, and pathological observations. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:89-101. [PMID: 12493490 PMCID: PMC7134018 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, serological, and pathological abnormalities observed in Holstein cows naturally infected with bovine lentivirus 1 bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and other infections were progressive and most commonly associated with weight loss, lymphoid system deficiency, and behavioral changes. Clinical evidence of meningoencephalitis was dullness, stupor, and occasional head or nose pressing postures. The polymerase chain reactions associated the BIV provirus with the lesions in the central nervous system and lymphoid tissues. Multiple concurrent infections developed in retrovirally infected cows undergoing normal stresses associated with parturition and lactation. A major functional correlate of the lymphoreticular alterations was the development of multiple secondary infections which failed to resolve after appropriate antibacterial therapy. The chronic disease syndrome in dairy cows associated with BIV may be useful as a model system for investigation of the pathogenesis of the nervous system lesions and lymphoid organ changes that occur in humans with lentiviral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Snider TG, Coats KS, Storts RW, Graves KF, Cooper CR, Hoyt PG, Luther DG, Jenny BF. Natural bovine lentivirus type 1 infection in Holstein dairy cattle. II. Lymphoid tissue lesions. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:1-15. [PMID: 12602682 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) in Holstein cows was associated with morphologic evidence of lymphoid organ deficiency. Cows were subjected to normal management practices including parturition and lactation without adverse environmental stresses. During the clinical disease process there was marked weight loss and wasting with frequent and severe concurrent infections. Lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and dysplasia in lymph nodes, and hypertrophy and hyperplasia in hemal lymph nodes were characteristics of the lymphoid tissues. Atrophy of lymphoid cell compartments with depletion of lymphocytes and a lymphocytic lymphoid folliculitis were components of the lymphoid system pathology. The nodal tissue lesions resembled those observed in feline, simian, and human lentiviral disease. A functional correlation with immune system deficiency was the development of multiple bacterial infections which failed to resolve after appropriate therapy. The BIV-associated disease syndrome in dairy cows may be useful as a model system for investigation of the pathogenesis of the lymphoid organ changes that occur in humans and animals with lentiviral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wright SM, Mleczko A, Coats KS. Bovine immunodeficiency virus expression in vitro is reduced in the presence of beta-chemokines, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES. Vet Res Commun 2002; 26:239-50. [PMID: 12090295 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015209806058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of HIV expression in vitro by a cocktail of the beta-chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES provided the initial evidence that HIV utilizes chemokine receptors as co-receptors for infection of cells. Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), a lentivirus, infects a wide variety of leukocyte populations, but the cellular receptor(s) utilized by this virus for infection of cells is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES affect BIV expression in vitro, as a prelude to identifying the cellular receptors utilized by this virus. Fetal bovine lung (FBL) cells were pretreated with serial dilutions of a cocktail of the chemokines, and then the cells were infected with BIV. Virus expression in these cells was determined by counting the syncytia that had developed in the cultures by five days after infection. A significant decrease in syncytium formation, corresponding to increasing concentrations of the chemokines, was the result. Reacting the chemokines with chemokine-specific neutralizing antibodies prior to treatment of the cells neutralized the effect of the chemokines on virus replication in a dose-dependent manner, restoring viral expression to a level similar to that of untreated cells. The presence of a CCR5 homologue on the surface of FBL cells was confirmed using an anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody and FACS analysis. Collectively, these data provide preliminary evidence that BIV may utilize the CCR5 receptor for infection of cells in vitro, but additional studies are necessary to confirm this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University,MS 39762, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moody CA, Pharr GT, Murphey J, Hughlett MB, Weaver CC, Nelson PD, Coats KS. Confirmation of vertical transmission of bovine immunodeficiency virus in naturally infected dairy cattle using the polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14:113-9. [PMID: 11939331 DOI: 10.1177/104063870201400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is vertically transmitted in naturally infected dairy cattle. Twenty-two dam/calf pairs from a Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station dairy were the study group. Blood samples were collected following delivery of calves, the peripheral blood leukocytes were purified from these samples, and the leukocyte DNA was used in polymerase chain reactions targeting the pol gene region of the BIV provirus. Southern blotting and hybridization were used to confirm the BIV specificity of the amplified fragments. BIV provirus was detected in 14 of 22 calves (64%), demonstrating vertical transmission. Eight of the calves were disqualified from the final interpretation of transplacental transfer because they may have nursed their mothers prior to blood collection, allowing the possibility of lactogenic transfer of the virus. Transplacental transmission of BIV was identified in 6 of 22 calves (27%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cary A Moody
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bielanski A, Simar C, Maxwell P, Nadin-Davis S. Bovine immunodeficiency virus in relation to embryos fertilized in vitro. Vet Res Commun 2001; 25:663-73. [PMID: 11767012 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012795214250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The association of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) with embryos derived by in vitro fertilization from oocytes of experimentally infected heifers or oocytes/embryos exposed to the virus in vitro was investigated. Using a nested-PCR assay, proviral DNA of BIV was not detected in follicular fluid or in embryos derived from BIV-infected donors. In vitro exposure of oocytes to BIV during maturation or insemination with BIV-infected semen resulted in zona pellucida-intact embryos testing negative for BIV provirus. However, exposure of zona pellucida-free day-7 embryos to the virus resulted in a positive BIV assay for 28% of the batches of embryos, suggesting that the zona pellucida has a role in protecting against BIV infection. The presence of BIV in the IVF system had no apparent effect on the development of bovine embryos to the blastocyst stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bielanski
- Animal Diseases Research Institute, Germplasm Centre of Expertise, Ottawa-Nepean, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scobie L, Venables C, Sayers AR, Weightman S, Jarrett O. Prevalence of bovine immunodeficiency virus infection in cattle in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2001; 149:459-60. [PMID: 11688750 DOI: 10.1136/vr.149.15.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Scobie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kalvatchev Z, Walder R, Garzaro D, Barrios M. Detection of genetic diversity among bovine immunodeficiency virus population by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Viral Immunol 2001; 13:373-81. [PMID: 11016600 DOI: 10.1089/08828240050144680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial virus specimens rescued from rabbits, experimentally infected with bovine immunodeficiency (BIV) strain R29, were monitored for changes in quasispecies population, using the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The generation of characteristic SSCP patterns enables the rapid differentiation of BIV variants derived from the conserved part on the env region of the BIV genome, reducing the need for expensive and time-consuming direct sequencing analyses. Our results showed genetic polymorphism among a number of sampled BIV population in experimentally infected rabbits. At least three SSCP patterns (BIV quasispecies) were detected. The SSCP analysis allows for an easy, sensitive, and rapid screening of genetic variants of the virus and the assessment of variation at a number of tissue target sites. These variations may relate to cell-type targets and/or disease progression, and could be significant to our understanding of lentiviral pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Kalvatchev
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Centro de Microbiología y Biologia Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Evermann JF, Howard TH, Dubovi EJ, Knowles DP, Miller LD, Pearson JE, Snider TG, Suarez DL. Controversies and clarifications regarding bovine lentivirus infections. Subcommittee for the Bovine Retrovirus Committee, US Animal Health Association. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:1318-24. [PMID: 11061383 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Burger RA, Nelson PD, Kelly-Quagliana K, Coats KS. Failure to detect bovine immunodeficiency virus contamination of stud bull spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes in samples supplied by artificial insemination centers. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:816-9. [PMID: 10895906 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection could be detected in spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes from stud bulls in artificial insemination centers. ANIMALS 30 bulls at 3 artificial insemination centers. PROCEDURE Polymerase chain reaction testing that used 3 sets of primer pairs targeting pol and env regions of the BIV proviral genome was performed on DNA extracted from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, and blood leukocytes from each bull. Southern blot analysis was performed to increase sensitivity of detection. Western blot analysis of plasma samples was used to detect antibodies against BIV. RESULTS BIV provirus was not detected in DNA samples obtained from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, or blood leukocytes, and antibodies against BIV were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Contrary to our report of high point prevalence of BIV contamination of semen from a single artificial insemination center, bulls of the study reported here did not appear to be infected. Maximum risk of BIV infection in similar bulls was estimated at 10% with a confidence level of 95%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Burger
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abed Y, Archambault D. A viral transmembrane recombinant protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol Methods 2000; 85:109-16. [PMID: 10716344 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) truncated transmembrane envelope protein (designated hereafter tTM) in insect cells has been described previously (Abed, Y., St-Laurent, G., Zhang, H., Jacobs, R.M., Archambault, D., 1999. Development of a Western blot assay for detection of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus using capsid and transmembrane proteins expressed from recombinant baculovirus. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 6, 168-172). In this study, a tTM-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the serodetection of BIV infection. A total of 109 bovine sera including 86 BIV-negative and 23 BIV-positive serum samples were tested. The ELISA results were compared with those of three Western blot assays using, as test antigens, cell culture-derived whole virus proteins (WB1), and the tTM (WB2) and p26 (WB3) fusion proteins expressed from recombinant baculovirus in insect cells, respectively. The concordances of the ELISA results with those of the WB1, WB2, and WB3 were 97.2, 100 and 97.2%, respectively. The tTM protein-based ELISA and Western blot permitted the detection of BIV infection in cattle whose sera failed to react with the p26 fusion protein and the whole virus protein preparation. The tTM recombinant protein was also used to study the kinetics of appearance of antibodies against BIV transmembrane envelope protein in rabbits infected experimentally with BIV. Antibodies to tTM were detected at 28 days post-infection and persisted through the entire 36-39.5 months experimental time period. The results of this study showed that the tTM-ELISA might be useful for the serodetection of BIV-infected animals, and for basic studies on BIV replication life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Abed
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Scholl DT, Truax RE, Baptista JM, Ingawa K, Orr KA, O'Reilly KL, Jenny BF. Natural transplacental infection of dairy calves with bovine immunodeficiency virus and estimation of effect on neonatal health. Prev Vet Med 2000; 43:239-52. [PMID: 10718493 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(99)00110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Many experimental infection studies with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) have been conducted, but neither virus transmission under natural conditions nor longitudinal clinical effects of naturally occurring infections in non-experimental populations are well explored. We tested the hypotheses that BIV is transmitted across the placenta during gestation and that intragestionally infected calves are at increased risk of neonatal disease. A cohort of 59 dairy cows on one farm were enrolled at parturition and the BIV serostatus of the cows and their pre-colostral calves determined with an indirect fluorescent-antibody assay. Moreover, the enrolled calves were monitored thrice weekly for specific clinical signs through the duration of the 30 day neonatal period and the occurrence of clinical signs analyzed for association with calf pre-colostral BIV serostatus and dam BIV serostatus. Confounding due to calf passive immunity and season of birth were also explored. Forty percent of seropositive cows (14/35) gave birth to seropositive calves but no seropositive calves (0/19) were born to seronegative dams (estimated relative risk 16, 95% exact confidence interval 2.6-5.8 x 10(29)). Calf pre-colostral BIV serostatus was not associated with the occurrence or frequency of clinical signs--but dam BIV serostatus was associated with the odds of occurrence of calf hyperthermia and with the frequency of occurrence of calf hyperthermia and hyperventilatory events. This study is inconclusive about the effects of prenatal BIV infection on neonatal health--but it does provide evidence for the natural occurrence of transplacental BIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Scholl
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gradil CM, Watson RE, Renshaw RW, Gilbert RO, Dubovi EJ. Detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus DNA in the blood and semen of experimentally infected bulls. Vet Microbiol 1999; 70:21-31. [PMID: 10591494 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Five 18- to 24-month-old bulls were inoculated with either a cell suspension containing bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV-FL112; 3 bulls) or a BIV-free cell suspension (2 bulls). Blood and semen specimens were collected once a week for 14 weeks, and seroconversion was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing. The presence of BIV in blood and semen was determined by virus isolation and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Antibodies to BIV were detected in the 3 experimentally infected bulls as early as day post inoculation (DPI) 17, and levels peaked at DPI 37-58. BIV was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) of the infected bulls at DPI 9 (2 bulls) and DPI 23 (1 bull), and could be isolated from one animal up to DPI 65. PCR analysis of MNC DNA, using BIV pol gene primers, detected virus in all three of the experimentally infected bulls from DPI 9 until the termination of the experiment at DPI 98. Efforts to isolate a significant number of non-spermatozoal cells (NSC) by gradient separation from the semen of the experimentally infected bulls were unsuccessful. Two methods for the extraction of total NSC DNA from up to 2 ml of non-extended semen were employed; however, no BIV pol fragment was amplified from these DNA preparations. Additionally, 30 bulls from artificial insemination (AI) centers were evaluated for BIV infection by PCR. No amplification products were obtained from MNC DNA from the AI submissions using primer sets for both the BIV pol and env genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Gradil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|