1
|
Stumbrytė-Kaminskienė A, Gudlevičienė Ž, Dabkevičienė D, Mackevičienė I. Combined Effect of HPV and Several Gene SNPs in Laryngeal Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56020081. [PMID: 32079256 PMCID: PMC7074362 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is one of the most common head and neck tumors. The molecular mechanism of LSCC remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Human papillomavirus (HPV) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TP53, MDM2, MDM4, MTHFR, CASP8, and CCR5 genes in LSCC, and to assess their correlations with patient survival. Materials and Methods: 49 LSCC patients were enrolled in this study. PCR and qRT-PCR were used to detect, identify, and quantify HPV. SNPs were genotyped using PCR and PCR-RFLP. Results: By analyzing the interactions of the SNPs of the genes with clinical parameters, the majority of patients with lymph node status (N1,2) were identified as carriers of MDM2T/G, CASP8ins/del, CCR5wt/wt SNP. Cluster analysis showed that patients with MDM2T/T SNP survive longer than patients identified as CASP8ins/ins, MTHFRC/C, and MDM4A/A variant carriers; meanwhile, LSCC patients with MDM2T/T polymorphic variant had the best survival. Multivariate analysis showed that HPV-positive patients without metastasis in regional lymph nodes (N0) and harboring CASP8ins/del variant had the best survival. Meanwhile, HPV-negative patients with identified metastasis in lymph nodes (N1 and N2) and CASP8ins/del variant had poor survival. Conclusions: This finding suggests patients survival prognosis and tumor behavior are different according HPV status, SNP variants, and clinical characteristics of the LSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Stumbrytė-Kaminskienė
- Biobank, National Cancer Institute, P. Baublio 3b, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-52190909
| | - Živilė Gudlevičienė
- Biobank, National Cancer Institute, P. Baublio 3b, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Daiva Dabkevičienė
- Laboratory of Clinical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, P. Baublio 3b, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Irina Mackevičienė
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Santariškių 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muehling LM, Turner RB, Brown KB, Wright PW, Patrie JT, Lahtinen SJ, Lehtinen MJ, Kwok WW, Woodfolk JA. Single-Cell Tracking Reveals a Role for Pre-Existing CCR5+ Memory Th1 Cells in the Control of Rhinovirus-A39 After Experimental Challenge in Humans. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:381-392. [PMID: 29309618 PMCID: PMC5853408 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about T cells that respond to human rhinovirus in vivo, due to timing of infection, viral diversity, and complex T-cell specificities. We tracked circulating CD4+ T cells with identical epitope specificities that responded to intranasal challenge with rhinovirus (RV)-A39, and we assessed T-cell signatures in the nose. Methods Cells were monitored using a mixture of 2 capsid-specific major histocompatibility complex II tetramers over a 7-week period, before and after RV-A39 challenge, in 16 human leukocyte antigen-DR4+ subjects who participated in a trial of Bifidobacterium lactis (Bl-04) supplementation. Results Pre-existing tetramer+ T cells were linked to delayed viral shedding, enriched for activated CCR5+ Th1 effectors, and included a minor interleukin-21+ T follicular helper cell subset. After RV challenge, expansion and activation of virus-specific CCR5+ Th1 effectors was restricted to subjects who had a rise in neutralizing antibodies, and tetramer-negative CCR5+ effector memory types were comodulated. In the nose, CXCR3-CCR5+ T cells present during acute infection were activated effector memory type, whereas CXCR3+ cells were central memory type, and cognate chemokine ligands were elevated over baseline. Probiotic had no T-cell effects. Conclusions We conclude that virus-specific CCR5+ effector memory CD4+ T cells primed by previous exposure to related viruses contribute to the control of rhinovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey M Muehling
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Ronald B Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Kenneth B Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Paul W Wright
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - James T Patrie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | | | | | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Transmission of HIV-1 through the oral cavity is considered to be a rare event. To identify factors in resistance/susceptibility to oral HIV-1 infection, we analyzed expression in human gingiva of HIV-1 receptors Langerin, DC-SIGN, MR, and GalCer, HIV-1 co-receptors CCCR5, CXCR4, and anti-microbial protein α-defensin-1. Our results show that healthy gingiva is infiltrated with cells expressing all HIV-1 receptors tested; however, there are very few CCR5+ cells and a complete absence of CXCR4+ cells in the lamina propria. In chronic periodontitis (CP), DC-SIGN, MR, CXCR4, and CCR5 increase, but this was accompanied by a ten-fold increase in α-defensin-1 mRNA. The CCR5+ cells were revealed to be T-cells, macrophages, and dermal dendritic cells. Moreover, epithelial expression of GalCer and CXCR4 together was not apical and showed no trend with underlying inflammation. Thus, low expression of HIV-1 co-receptors in health and high expression of α-defensin during CP may comprise endogenous factors that provide protection from oral HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Jotwani
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, 110 Rockland Hall, Stony Brook University-SUNY, 11794-8703, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
HSU DC, MA YF, HUR S, LI D, RUPERT A, SCHERZER R, KALAPUS S, DEEKS S, SERETI I, HSUE PY. Plasma IL-6 levels are independently associated with atherosclerosis and mortality in HIV-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2016; 30:2065-74. [PMID: 27177313 PMCID: PMC5586221 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the associations of markers of immune activation with atherosclerosis and mortality, in participants with treated and suppressed HIV infection. DESIGN Observational study of 149 HIV-infected participants with virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy. METHODS Cryopreserved mononuclear cells and plasma were used to evaluate markers of T cell and monocyte activation, inflammation and coagulopathy. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) was measured by high-resolution ultrasound at the common, bifurcation and internal carotid regions. Associations of immunologic markers with CIMT and all-cause mortality were assessed using multivariable linear regression and Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS The majority of participants were men (93%) and white (67%), median age of 48.5 years and median CD4 T-cell count of 522 cells/μl. The median baseline IMT was 1.0 mm. Over a median of 8.3-year follow-up, 12 deaths occurred. In multivariate analysis, adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, higher monocyte C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) expression [5.4%, P = 0.001] was associated with greater common CIMT. Higher plasma IL-6 was associated with greater bifurcation [8.0%, P = 0.007] and overall mean IMT [5.2%, P = 0.026]. Finally, higher plasma IL-6 [hazard ratio 1.9, P = 0.030], internal carotid [hazard ratio 4.1, P = 0.022] and mean IMT [hazard ratio 5.2, P = 0.026] were individually associated with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION Higher monocyte CCR5 expression and plasma IL-6 were associated with atherosclerosis, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. IL-6 and CIMT were individually associated with all-cause mortality. The impact of therapies targeting immune activation in cardiovascular disease in treated HIV infection merits additional investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise C HSU
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yi Fei MA
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sophia HUR
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danny LI
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam RUPERT
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca SCHERZER
- University of California and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S.C. KALAPUS
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven DEEKS
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irini SERETI
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Priscilla Y HSUE
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pang B, Zhao Y, Luehmann H, Yang X, Detering L, You M, Zhang C, Zhang L, Li ZY, Ren Q, Liu Y, Xia Y. ⁶⁴Cu-Doped PdCu@Au Tripods: A Multifunctional Nanomaterial for Positron Emission Tomography and Image-Guided Photothermal Cancer Treatment. ACS Nano 2016; 10:3121-31. [PMID: 26824412 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a facile synthesis of radiolabeled PdCu@Au core-shell tripods for use in positron emission tomography (PET) and image-guided photothermal cancer treatment by directly incorporating radioactive (64)Cu atoms into the crystal lattice. The tripod had a unique morphology determined by the PdCu tripod that served as a template for the coating of Au shell, in addition to well-controlled specific activity and physical dimensions. The Au shell provided the nanostructure with strong absorption in the near-infrared region and effectively prevented the Cu and (64)Cu atoms in the core from oxidization and dissolution. When conjugated with D-Ala1-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), the core-shell tripods showed great enhancement in targeting the C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), a newly identified theranostic target up-regulated in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Specifically, the CCR5-targeted tripods with an arm length of about 45 nm showed 2- and 6-fold increase in tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle uptake ratios, respectively, relative to their nontargeted counterpart in an orthotopic mouse 4T1 TNBC model at 24 h postinjection. The targeting specificity was further validated via a competitive receptor blocking study. We also demonstrated the use of these targeted, radioactive tripods for effective photothermal treatment in the 4T1 tumor model as guided by PET imaging. The efficacy of treatment was confirmed by the significant reduction in tumor metabolic activity revealed through the use of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT imaging. Taken together, we believe that the (64)Cu-doped PdCu@Au tripods could serve as a multifunctional platform for both PET imaging and image-guided photothermal cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hannah Luehmann
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Xuan Yang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lisa Detering
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Meng You
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhi-Yuan Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qiushi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meijerink H, Indrati AR, Soedarmo S, Utami F, de Jong CAJ, Alisjahbana B, van Crevel R, Wisaksana R, Van der Ven AJAM. Heroin use in Indonesia is associated with higher expression of CCR5 on CD4+ cells and lower ex-vivo production of CCR5 ligands. AIDS 2015; 29:385-388. [PMID: 25834861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use may affect HIV infection through altered expression of HIV co-receptors. This was examined in Indonesia among antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV patients, many of whom use drugs. C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) expression on CD4+ cells was higher in heroin (P = 0.007), methadone (P = 0.024) and former opioid users (P = 0.003) compared to nonusers, whereas production of RANTES and other CCR5 ligands was similar or lower. This suggests that opioids can affect HIV susceptibility through up-regulation of CCR5 or down-regulation of its ligands.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rossol M, Kraus S, Pierer M, Baerwald C, Wagner U. The CD14(bright) CD16+ monocyte subset is expanded in rheumatoid arthritis and promotes expansion of the Th17 cell population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:671-7. [PMID: 22006178 DOI: 10.1002/art.33418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating monocytes contain a subpopulation of CD14+CD16+ cells; this subpopulation of cells has been described to be proinflammatory and to have an increased frequency in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). New evidence suggests that this subpopulation can be further subdivided into CD14(dim) CD16+ and CD14(bright) CD16+ cells. The aim of this study was to determine which of the two CD16+ monocyte subpopulations is expanded in patients with RA and to investigate their possible role in disease pathogenesis. METHODS The frequencies of monocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of healthy donors and patients with RA were determined by flow cytometry. Monocyte subpopulations were sorted and cocultured with CD4+ T cells. Cytokines were determined in the supernatant, and Th17 cell frequencies were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS In comparison with the other monocyte subpopulations, CD14(bright) CD16+ cells showed higher HLA-DR and CCR5 expression and responded with higher tumor necrosis factor production to direct cell contact with preactivated T cells. They were observed at increased frequencies in the peripheral blood of patients with RA, while CD14(dim) CD16+ monocyte frequencies were not increased. CD14(bright) CD16+ cells were extremely potent inducers of Th17 cell expansion in vitro. Their frequency in the peripheral blood of patients with RA correlated closely with Th17 cell frequencies determined ex vivo. CONCLUSION This study is the first to provide a link between the increased frequency of the CD14(bright) CD16+ monocyte subpopulation in RA and the expansion of Th17 cells, which are likely to have a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rossol
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Fu Y, Li G, Zhao RY, Lakowicz JR. Direct observation of chemokine receptors 5 on T-lymphocyte cell surfaces using fluorescent metal nanoprobes 2: Approximation of CCR5 populations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:63-7. [PMID: 21356199 PMCID: PMC3077572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticle probes were used as molecular imaging agents to detect the expression levels and spatial distributions of the CCR5 receptors on the cell surfaces. Alexa Fluor 647-labeled anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were covalently bound to 20 nm silver nanoparticles to synthesize the mAb-metal complexes. We measured the single nanoparticle emission of the mAb-metal complexes, showing that the complexes displayed enhanced intensities and reduced lifetimes in comparison with the metal-free mAbs. Six HeLa cell lines with various CCR5 expressions were incubated with the mAb-metal complexes for the target-specific binding to the cell surfaces. Fluorescence cell images were recorded on a time-resolved confocal microscope. The collected images expressed clear CCR5 expression-dependent optical properties. Two regression curves were obtained on the basis of the emission intensity and lifetime over the entire cell images against the number of the CCR5 expression on the cells. The emission from the single mAb-metal complexes could be distinctly identified from the cellular autofluorescence on the cell images. The CCR5 spatial distributions on the cells were analyzed on the cell images and showed that the low-expression cells have the CCR5 receptors as individuals or small clusters but the high expression cells have them as the dense and discrete clusters on the cell surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang J, Fu Y, Li G, Nowaczyk K, Zhao RY, Lakowicz JR. Direct observation to chemokine receptor 5 on T-lymphocyte cell surface using fluorescent metal nanoprobes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 400:111-6. [PMID: 20705055 PMCID: PMC2944233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a cell surface protein required for HIV-1 infection. It is important to detect the amount and observe the spatial distribution of the CCR5 receptors on the cell surfaces. In this report, we describes the metal nanoparticles which were specially designed as molecular fluorescent probes for imaging of CCR5 receptors on the T-lymphocytic PM1 cell surfaces. These CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) metal complexes were prepared by labeling mAbs with Alexa Fluor 680 followed by covalent binding the labeled mAbs on the 20 nm silver nanoparticles. Compared with the labeled mAbs without metal, the mAb-metal complexes were found to display enhanced emission intensity and shortened lifetime due to interactions between fluorophores and metal. The mAb-metal complexes were incubated with the PM1 cell lines. The confocal fluorescent intensity and lifetime cell images were recorded on single cells. It was observed that the mAb-metal complexes could be clearly distinguished from the cellular autofluorescence. By analyzing a pool of cell images, we observed that most CCR5 receptors appeared as clusters on the cell surfaces. The fluorophore-metal complexes developed in this report are generally useful for detection of cell surface receptors and provide a new class of probe to study the interaction between the CCR5 receptors with viral gp120 during HIV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Yi Fu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ge Li
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Kazimierz Nowaczyk
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Faaij CMJM, Willemze AJ, Révész T, Balzarolo M, Tensen CP, Hoogeboom M, Vermeer MH, van Wering E, Zwaan CM, Kaspers GJL, Story C, van Halteren AGS, Vossen JM, Egeler RM, van Tol MJD, Annels NE. Chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions in extramedullary leukaemia of the skin in childhood AML: differential roles for CCR2, CCR5, CXCR4 and CXCR7. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:344-8. [PMID: 20582977 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor/ligand interactions orchestrate the migration of cells to peripheral tissues such as the skin. We analysed chemokine receptor expression by acute myeloid leukaemic (AML) cells present in peripheral blood (n = 7), bone marrow (n = 6), or skin (n = 11) obtained from 15 paediatric AML patients with skin involvement and in 10 AML patients without skin involvement. High percentages of circulating CCR2(pos) AML cells were only detected in patients with extramedullary disease. Skin-residing AML cells displayed a different set of receptors in situ, namely: CCR5, CXCR4, CXCR7 and CX3CR1. These results suggest the involvement of different chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions in homing and retention of AML blasts in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M J M Faaij
- Division of Immunology, Haematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dobrowsky TM, Daniels BR, Siliciano RF, Sun SX, Wirtz D. Organization of cellular receptors into a nanoscale junction during HIV-1 adhesion. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000855. [PMID: 20657663 PMCID: PMC2904768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with its host cell is the target for new antiretroviral therapies. Viral particles interact with the flexible plasma membrane via viral surface protein gp120 which binds its primary cellular receptor CD4 and subsequently the coreceptor CCR5. However, whether and how these receptors become organized at the adhesive junction between cell and virion are unknown. Here, stochastic modeling predicts that, regarding binding to gp120, cellular receptors CD4 and CCR5 form an organized, ring-like, nanoscale structure beneath the virion, which locally deforms the plasma membrane. This organized adhesive junction between cell and virion, which we name the viral junction, is reminiscent of the well-characterized immunological synapse, albeit at much smaller length scales. The formation of an organized viral junction under multiple physiopathologically relevant conditions may represent a novel intermediate step in productive infection. The entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into cells is the target for new therapies preventing HIV infection. While intermediate steps of viral entry have been characterized, the progression between these steps and how they result in productive infection are not well understood. By using stochastic modeling, we examine the initial interaction of a single viral particle with a flexible plasma membrane populated with viral receptors. The model predicts the formation of an organized receptor ultrastructure beneath the viral particle, which we name viral junction and which may contribute to productive viral infection. The organization of the viral junction depends on receptor density, CD4 bond stability, membrane mechanical flexibility, as well as viral protein organization and density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terrence M. Dobrowsky
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Daniels
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean X. Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ofori H, Jagodziński PP. Increased in vitro replication of CC chemokine receptor 5-restricted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates in Th2 lymphocytes may correlate with AIDS progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 36:46-51. [PMID: 15000559 DOI: 10.1080/00365540310017087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that infection of target cells with the CC chemokine receptor 5-restricted (R5) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolate requires the presence of CD4 and CCR5 molecules on the surface of target cells. We observed that R5 HIV-1 primary isolates from long term survivors replicate less efficiently than the same variants from AIDS progressors in Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) of reverse transcribed messenger RNA, revealed approximately 2 times higher level of CCR5 transcript in Th1 than Th2 cells. Nevertheless we found that R5 HIV-1 primary isolates from long-term survivors and AIDS progressors replicated more efficiently in Th2 than Th1 lymphocytes. These findings correlated with lower-level biosynthesis of regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and -1beta (MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta), in Th2 than Th1 lymphocytes. Our data indicates that Th0/Th2 cell orientation in HIV-infected individuals and a higher replication of R5 HIV-1 primary isolates in AIDS progressors than long term-survivors can be associated with progression to AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold Ofori
- University of Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Yao F, Yao X, Yi C, Tan C, Wei L, Sun S. Role of CCL5 in invasion, proliferation and proportion of CD44+/CD24- phenotype of MCF-7 cells and correlation of CCL5 and CCR5 expression with breast cancer progression. Oncol Rep 2009; 21:1113-1121. [PMID: 19288016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to observe the effects and possible mechanism of CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) on invasion, proliferation and percentage of CD44+/CD24- subpopulation of human breast cancer line MCF-7 and to investigate the correlation of expression levels of CCL5 and its receptors with the progression of breast cancer. We used real-time RT-PCR to detect the expression levels of CCL5 and its receptors CCR5, CCR1 and CCR3 in 36 breast cancer specimens of different TNM stage and their corresponding normal breast tissue. CCL5 expression and invasive ability of four human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, SK-BR-3, T-47D and MDA-MB-231 were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and cell invasion assay, respectively. Effects of recombinant human CCL5 (rhCCL5) on cell proliferation and percentage of the CD44+/CD24- subpopulation in MCF-7 cells were analyzed respectively by MTT assay and flow cytometry. We also used cell invasion assay to detect the invasive ability of both CD44+/CD24- and CD44+/CD24+ subpopulations of MCF-7 cells treated with rhCCL5 and/or CCR5 monoclonal antibody. Our results revealed that CCL5 and CCR5 expression were higher in breast cancer tissue than those in their corresponding normal tissue and breast cancer tissue with higher TNM stage contained more CCL5 mRNA. In addition, CCR5 expression and invasive ability of CD44+/CD24- subpopulation were higher than those of CD44+/CD24+ subpopulation of MCF-7 cells. Moreover, treatment of rhCCL5 increased the proportion of CD44+/CD24- cells and the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Induction of rhCCL5 increased the cell invasive ability of both CD44+/CD24- and CD44+/CD24+ cells, which could be partially antagonized by CCR5 monoclonal antibody. Collectively, our data show that CCL5 increased the proportion of CD44+/CD24- subpopulation and induced invasion and proliferation of MCF-7 cells, and expression of CCL5 and CCR5 in breast cancer tissue was positively correlated with breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Gland Surgery of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, the First College of Clinical Medicine of Wuhan University, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Granulomas are inflammatory reactions featuring macrophages, epithelioid, T and multi-nucleated giant cells (MGC). Giant cells are present in a number of granulomatous reactions, but little is known about their formation and function, especially in man. We studied MGC in the granulomatous disorder sarcoidosis. In situ labelling of lymph nodes by means of [(3)H]-thymidine showed that proliferation and non-division of epithelioid cells leading towards giant cells was not observed in these granulomas. However, [(3)H]-uridine incorporation showed MGC with labelled as well as unlabelled nuclei in the same cell, pointing to a process of fusion of epithelioid cells to form giant cells. Apoptotic bodies were incidentally found in granulomas. A novel finding was that such bodies were statistically more often found in the close vicinity of MGC, but not within these cells. These apoptotic cells appeared to be CD4(+) lymphocytes or histiocytes. CD44 and CCR-5 involved in the process of fusion were expressed in MGC. In conclusion, MGC in sarcoidosis derive by cell fusion rather than by proliferation and non-division, and seem to play an active role in the induction of apoptosis in granulomas.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim JW, Hong SL, Kim YK, Lee CH, Min YG, Rhee CS. Histological and immunological features of non-eosinophilic nasal polyps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 137:925-30. [PMID: 18036422 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2007.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the histoimmunological features of non-eosinophilic nasal polyps (NPs). METHODS Thirty patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and NPs were included in this study. NPs were grouped into eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic types according to the amount of eosinophils in the NPs. The amount of serum total IgE and peripheral blood eosinophils were measured. Basement membrane (BM) thickness was measured, along with the expression of chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) in NP lymphocytes. RESULTS Non-eosinophilic NPs comprised 66.7% of the total NPs included in this study. The amount of eosinophils in NPs was related to eosinophilia of the peripheral blood, but not to elevated serum IgE. BM was significantly thinner in non-eosinophilic than in eosinophilic NPs. Lymphocytes expressing CCR5 or CCR3 were less frequently found in non-eosinophilic than in eosinophilic NPs. CONCLUSION Histoimmunological characteristics of non-eosinophilic NPs differ from those of eosinophilic NPs; non-eosinophilic NPs may be featured by thinner BM and fewer CCR5- and CCR3-positive lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Whun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu YC, Feng XQ, He YL, Wu XD, Zhang YM, Li CF. [Effects of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the expression of chemokine receptors of spleenocytes after phytohemagglutinin stimulation]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2007; 9:571-573. [PMID: 18082043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the expression of chemokine receptors in T lymphocytes in vitro. METHODS Mouse bone marrow MSCs were separated with Percoll, cultured and expanded in low glucose DMEM. C57BL/6 mouse spleenocytes were cultured in the 24-hole flasks by the density of 1 x10(6)/hole. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was then added to the holes and cultured for 72 hrs. This study consisted of three groups. Groups A and B were co-cultured by adding MSCs as the ratio of 0.1 and 0.01 to spleenocytes respectively. The control group was cultured without MSCs. Three days later the suspended spleenocytes were harvested for detecting the expression of three chemokine receptors CXCR3, CCR5 and CCR7 in T lymphocytes by the flow cytometry. RESULTS The expression of CD3(+)CCR5(+) and CD3(+)CCR7(+) were statistically different among the three groups. Group A had the strongest expression, followed by group B and the control group. The expression of CD3(+)CXCR3(+) in group A was statistically higher than that in group B and the control group. CONCLUSIONS MSCs could up-regulate the expression of chemokine receptors CXCR3, CCR5 and CCR7 in T lymphocytes stimulated by PHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Arastéh K, Stocker H. Tropism switch in patients infected with HIV-1 and its clinical implications for the treatment with CCR5-receptor inhibitors. Eur J Med Res 2007; 12:397-402. [PMID: 17933720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR5 receptor inhibitors are currently being introduced into clinical practice. In some instances treatment failure is related to the selection of pre-existing CXCR4-tropic minority virus strains. Up to date it is unclear whether the outgrowth of a CXCR4 using reservoir is associated with accelerated HIV-disease. In any case, treatment with CCR5 inhibitors should only be initiated in the absence of a relevant CXCR4-tropic minority. Otherwise treatment failure and the accumulation of mutations may ensue. Tropism tests, clinical data and other laboratory parameters help to determine the risk for an individual patient to harbour CXCR4 tropic virus strains, although the negative predictive value of each of these parameters and tests is quite low. If treatment fails re-assessment of viral tropism can help to differentiate between failure due to the development of CCR5 inhibitor resistance or the selection of CXCR4-tropic virus strains. This article presents and discusses available data on viral tropism and tropism testing in the context of CCR5 inhibitor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keikawus Arastéh
- Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Klinik für Innere Medizin, Infektiologie/Gastroenterologie, Rubensstr. 125, 12157 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vanpouille C, Biancotto A, Lisco A, Brichacek B. Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and vaccinia virus in human lymphoid tissue ex vivo. J Virol 2007; 81:12458-64. [PMID: 17804502 PMCID: PMC2169030 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00326-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been attracting attention recently not only as a vector for various vaccines but also as an immunization tool against smallpox because of its potential use as a bioterrorism agent. It has become evident that in spite of a long history of studies of VACV, its tissue pathogenesis remains to be fully understood. Here, we investigated the pathogenesis of VACV and its interactions with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the context of human lymphoid tissues. We found that ex vivo-cultured tonsillar tissue supports productive infection by the New York City Board of Health strain, the VACV strain of the Dryvax vaccine. VACV readily infected both T and non-T (B) lymphocytes and depleted cells of both of these subsets equally over a 12-day period postinfection. Among T lymphocytes, CD8(+) cells are preferentially depleted in accordance with their preferential infection: the probability that a CD8(+) T cell will be productively infected is almost six times higher than for a CD4(+) T cell. T cells expressing CCR5 and the activation markers CD25, CD38, and HLA-DR are other major targets for infection by VACV in lymphoid tissue. As a consequence, VACV predominantly inhibits the replication of the R5(SF162) phenotype of HIV-1 in coinfected tissues, as R5-tropic HIV-1 requires activated CCR5(+) CD4(+) cells for productive infection. Human lymphoid tissue infected ex vivo by VACV can be used to investigate interactions of VACV with other viruses, in particular HIV-1, and to evaluate various VACV vectors for the purpose of recombinant vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Vanpouille
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells) belong to a distinct helper T cell lineage and are critically involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and allergies. However, the chemokine receptor profile of Th17 cells remains to be clarified. In this study, we report that human Th17 cells are identified as CCR2+CCR5- memory CD4+ T cells. Analysis of PBMC from healthy donors showed that CCR2+ cells produce much larger amounts of IL-17 than CCR2- cells, indicating the preferential expression of CCR2 on Th17 cells. Notably, CCR2+CCR5- memory CD4+ T cells produced a large amount of IL-17 and little IFN-gamma, whereas CCR2+CCR5+ cells reciprocally produced an enormous amount of IFN-gamma but little IL-17. Moreover, a higher expression of T-bet was seen in the CCR5+ memory T cells. These results indicate that absence of CCR5 distinguishes human Th17 cells from Th1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wakiro Sato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
de Groot M, Teunissen MBM, Ortonne JP, Lambert JR, Naeyaert JM, Picavet DI, Arreaza MG, Simon JS, Kraan M, Bos JD, de Rie MA. Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in psoriasis and results of a randomized placebo controlled trial with a CCR5 inhibitor. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:305-13. [PMID: 17647003 PMCID: PMC1950346 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have indicated that the chemokine receptor CCR5 and its ligands, especially CCL5 (formerly known as RANTES), may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the expression of CCR5 and its ligands in chronic plaque psoriasis and to evaluate the clinical and immunohistochemical effect of a CCR5 receptor inhibitor. Immunohistochemical analysis showed low but significant increased total numbers of CCR5 positive cells in epidermis and dermis of lesional skin in comparison to non-lesional skin. However, relative expression of CCR5 proportional to the cells observed revealed that the difference between lesional and non-lesional skin was only statistically significant in the epidermis for CD3 positive cells and in the dermis for CD68 positive cells. Quantification of mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction only showed an increased expression of CCL5 (RANTES) in lesional skin. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial in 32 psoriasis patients revealed no significant clinical effect and no changes at the immunohistochemical level comparing patients treated with placebo or a CCR5 inhibitor SCH351125. We conclude that although CCR5 expression is increased in psoriatic lesions, this receptor does not play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan de Groot
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Anderson J, Akkina R. Complete knockdown of CCR5 by lentiviral vector-expressed siRNAs and protection of transgenic macrophages against HIV-1 infection. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1287-97. [PMID: 17597795 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The CCR5 co-receptor is necessary for cellular entry by R5 tropic viral strains involved in primary HIV infection, but is dispensable for normal human physiology. Owing to its crucial role in HIV-1 infection, the CCR5 co-receptor has been the subject of many therapeutic approaches, including gene therapy. siRNA targeting was shown to be effective in downregulating CCR5 expression and conferring significant protection against HIV-1 in susceptible cells. However, complete knockdown of CCR5 expression has not been achieved and thus remains an elusive goal. In these studies, we identified new CCR5 siRNAs capable of achieving complete knockdown of the co-receptor expression. Our transfection studies have shown that longer 28-mer short hairpin siRNAs are very effective in gene downregulation as assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and transcript quantitation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. These siRNAs conferred strong antiviral protection during viral challenge. To obtain stable expression, highly potent siRNA expression cassettes were introduced into lentiviral vectors. Similar high levels of CCR5 downregulation were observed in stably transduced cells with concomitant viral protection in cultured cell lines. To translate these results to a stem cell gene therapy setting, CD34 hematopoietic progenitor cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors to derive transgenic macrophages. The transgenic cells also exhibited high levels of CCR5 downregulation and viral resistance. With regard to Pol-III promoter-mediated siRNA expression, higher efficacies were obtained with U6-driven CCR5 siRNAs. However, in contrast to previous reports, no apparent cytotoxicities were observed in transgenic cells containing U6-driven siRNA constructs. Thus the above anti-CCR5 siRNAs are among the most effective demonstrated to date and are very promising candidates for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Haworth B, Lin H, Fidock M, Dorr P, Strange PG. Allosteric effects of antagonists on signalling by the chemokine receptor CCR5. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:891-7. [PMID: 17669370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of the chemokine receptor, CCR5, may provide important new drugs for the treatment of HIV-1. In this study we have examined the mechanism of action of two functional antagonists of the chemokine receptor CCR5 (UK-396,794, UK-438,235) in signalling and internalisation assays using CHO cells expressing CCR5. Both compounds were potent inverse agonists versus agonist-independent [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to membranes of CHO cells expressing CCR5. Both compounds also acted as allosteric inhibitors of CCL5 (RANTES) and CCL8 (MCP-2)-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to CHO-CCR5 membranes, reducing the potency and maximal effects of the two chemokines. The data are consistent with effects of the allosteric inhibitors on both the binding and signalling of the chemokines. Both compounds inhibited CCR5 internalisation triggered by chemokines. When CHO-CCR5 cells were treated with either of the two compounds for prolonged periods of time (24 h) an increase (approximately 15%) in cell surface CCR5 was detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Haworth
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mummidi S, Adams LM, VanCompernolle SE, Kalkonde M, Camargo JF, Kulkarni H, Bellinger AS, Bonello G, Tagoh H, Ahuja SS, Unutmaz D, Ahuja SK. Production of specific mRNA transcripts, usage of an alternate promoter, and octamer-binding transcription factors influence the surface expression levels of the HIV coreceptor CCR5 on primary T cells. J Immunol 2007; 178:5668-81. [PMID: 17442950 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Surface levels of CCR5 on memory CD4(+) T cells influence HIV-1/AIDS susceptibility. Alternative promoter usage results in the generation of CCR5 mRNA isoforms that differ based on whether they contain or lack the untranslated exon 1. The impact of exon 1-containing transcripts on CCR5 surface expression is unknown. In this study, we show that the increased cell surface expression of CCR5 on primary T cells is associated with selective enrichment of exon 1-containing transcripts. The promoter that drives exon 1-containing transcripts is highly active in primary human T cells but not in transformed T cell lines. The transcription factors Oct-1 and -2 inhibit and enhance, respectively, the expression of exon 1-containing transcripts and CCR5 surface levels. However, polymorphisms at homologous octamer-binding sites in the CCR5 promoter of nonhuman primates abrogate the binding of these transcription factors. These results identify exon 1-containing transcripts, and the cis-trans factors that regulate the expression levels of these mRNA isoforms as key parameters that affect CCR5 surface expression levels, and by extension, susceptibility to HIV/AIDS among humans, and possibly, the observed interspecies differences in susceptibility to lentiviral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Mummidi
- Veterans Administration Center for AIDS and HIV Infection, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fujitani S, Ueno K, Kamiya T, Tsukahara T, Ishihara K, Kitabayashi T, Itabashi K. Increased number of CCR4-positive cells in the duodenum of ovalbumin-induced food allergy model Nc/jic mice and antiallergic activity of fructooligosaccharides. Allergol Int 2007; 56:131-8. [PMID: 17384533 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.o-06-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in prebiotic foods can alter intestinal immune responses. The combination of probiotics with oligosaccharides has been reported to alter intestinal flora and suggested to be beneficial against food allergy in humans. METHODS All male Nc/jic mice used in this 8-week study were 6 weeks of age and were allotted to the following three groups: (1) the nonsensitization group; (2) the ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization +5% fructose-containing control food administration group; and (3) the OVA sensitization +5% FOS-containing food administration group. Duodenal tissues were collected and then immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies to CCR4 and CCR5. The number of mast cells and the villus edema formation rate in the duodenum were determined by image analysis. RESULTS The number of CCR4-positive cells increased significantly in Group 2 as compared with Group 1 and tended to decrease in Group 3 as compared with Group 2. Relatively few CCR5-positive cells were observed in the duodenum. FOS tended to reduce the number of CCR4-positive cells but significantly reduced the number of mast cells and the edema formation rate in the duodenum. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a correlation between the number of CCR4-positive cells and villus edema formation rate. Therefore, FOS, which we inferred to show antiallergic activity for food allergy in this study and which has already been established to be safe for use as food in humans, can be considered to be potentially useful for the prevention of food allergy in pediatric patients with allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Fujitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lü ML, Li H, Liang WB, Chen WJ, Jia Y, Li MY, Jiang ZH, Zhang L. [Therapeutic effect of a new recombinant immunotoxin mMIP-1alpha-DT390 on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2007; 27:775-8. [PMID: 17584636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic effect of a new recombinant immunotoxin mMIP-1alpha-DT390 on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS EAE was induced in the low-sensitive strain C57BL/6 mice with intraperitoneal injection of myelin basic protein (MBP) to simulate the human disease multiple sclerosis, followed by intramuscular injection of cationic liposome carrying the plasmid DNA SRalpha-mMIP-1alpha-DT390 in the leg muscle to elicit resistance to EAE development. The mice were then examined daily for clinical signs of EAE by an observer blind to the treatment protocol. For immunohistochemistry the mice were anesthetized and perfused with sterile PBS and paraformaldehyde, and the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla and spinal cord were removed for preparation of serial sections. The mononuclear cells (MNCs) from the EAE mouse spleens were prepared for three-color flow cytometry analysis of the surface markers with appropriate antibodies following the BD Pharmingen cytokine staining protocol. RESULTS EAE model was successfully established by active MBP immunization in C57BL/6 mice. Administration of the immunotoxin mMIP-1alpha-DT390 significantly delayed the disease onset and lowered the mean clinical score for EAE as compared with the control mice. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated much less CCR5(+) infiltrating cells in the central nervous system in mMIP-1alpha-DT390-treated mice than in the control. The treatment also eliminated reactive T cells in the periphery blood without affecting the number of B cells. CONCLUSION The immunotoxin mMIP-1alpha-DT390 can attenuate the disease activity of EAE in mice, suggesting its potential use in the treatment of other autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-li Lü
- West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jaworowski A, Kamwendo DD, Ellery P, Sonza S, Mwapasa V, Tadesse E, Molyneux ME, Rogerson SJ, Meshnick SR, Crowe SM. CD16+ monocyte subset preferentially harbors HIV-1 and is expanded in pregnant Malawian women with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:38-42. [PMID: 17538881 DOI: 10.1086/518443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cross-sectional study, monocyte subsets in placental, cord, and maternal peripheral blood from pregnant Malawian women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection and/or malaria were analyzed. HIV-uninfected Malawian women had higher baseline proportions of CD16(+) monocytes than those reported for healthy adults in developed countries. Malaria was associated with an increase in the proportion of CD16(+) monocytes that was significant in women coinfected with HIV-1. CD16(+) monocytes expressed higher CCR5 levels than did CD14(hi)/CD16(-) monocytes and were significantly more likely to harbor HIV-1. These data suggest a role for CD16(+) monocytes in the pathogenesis of maternal malaria and HIV-1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Jaworowski
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nigro L, Rizzo ML, Vancheri C, La Rosa R, Mastruzzo C, Tomaselli V, Ragusa A, Manuele R, Cacopardo B. CCR5 and CCR3 expression on T CD3+ lymphocytes from HIV/Leishmania co-infected subjects. Med Microbiol Immunol 2007; 196:253-5. [PMID: 17457607 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-007-0046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) are membrane-bound proteins involved in HIV-1 entry into susceptible cells. All T lymphocyte subsets display CCR5 and CCR3 on their membrane surface. T helper 1 cells are known to express CCR5 but not CCR3, and most of T cells expressing CCR3 are T helper 2. This study aimed to assess the expression of CCR5 and CCR3 on peripheral blood CD3+ T lymphocytes of HIV-Leishmania co-infected individuals. A total of 36 subjects were enrolled; nine had HIV-Leishmania co-infection; nine were HIV-infected without Leishmania, nine had visceral leishmaniasis without HIV co-infection and nine were healthy blood donors. HIV-Leishmania co-infected subjects showed a significantly higher rate of CCR5+CD3+ T lymphocytes in comparison with the other studied groups. The higher rate of CD3+ T-cells expressing CCR5 found in HIV-Leishmania co-infected subjects may be related to the role of Leishmania as an enhancer of the progression to AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Nigro
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Catania University, Catania, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fierro MT, Comessatti A, Quaglino P, Ortoncelli M, Osella Abate S, Ponti R, Novelli M, Bernengo MG. Expression pattern of chemokine receptors and chemokine release in inflammatory erythroderma and Sézary syndrome. Dermatology 2007; 213:284-92. [PMID: 17135733 DOI: 10.1159/000096191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythroderma can be caused by inflammatory dermatoses or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Even if chemokines and their receptors are involved in the skin-selective lymphocyte recruitment, their role in inflammatory erythroderma is yet unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the chemokine release (TARC, MDC, IP-10) and to define the expression pattern of Th1- (CCR5, CXCR3) and Th2-related (CCR4) chemokine receptors in inflammatory erythroderma and Sézary syndrome (SS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Flow cytometry has been carried out on both circulating and skin-infiltrating T lymphocytes; serum chemokine levels have been evaluated using ELISA techniques. RESULTS CCR4, CCR5 and CXCR3 were expressed on about 40% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and on the majority of skin-infiltrating lymphocytes in the inflammatory erythroderma patients, whereas the leukemic CD4+CD26- subpopulation in SS was characterized by a high CCR4 expression without a concurrent increase in CCR5 or CXCR3. TARC, MDC and IP-10 serum levels were significantly increased in both erythrodermic and SS patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that SS is a Th2 disorder with a selective expression of CCR4, whereas inflammatory erythroderma shares an overexpression of both Th1- and Th2-related chemokine receptors, suggesting an activation of different pathways driving reactive lymphocytes to the skin.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemokine CCL17
- Chemokines/blood
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/analysis
- Chemokines, CC/blood
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Dermatitis, Exfoliative/blood
- Dermatitis, Exfoliative/immunology
- Dermatitis, Exfoliative/pathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, CCR4
- Receptors, CCR5/analysis
- Receptors, CCR5/blood
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/analysis
- Receptors, Chemokine/blood
- Receptors, Cytokine/analysis
- Receptors, Cytokine/blood
- Sezary Syndrome/blood
- Sezary Syndrome/immunology
- Sezary Syndrome/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/blood
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Fierro
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu H, Ghosh S, Perrard XD, Feng L, Garcia GE, Perrard JL, Sweeney JF, Peterson LE, Chan L, Smith CW, Ballantyne CM. T-cell accumulation and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted upregulation in adipose tissue in obesity. Circulation 2007; 115:1029-38. [PMID: 17296858 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.638379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation, which includes increased macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue (AT) and upregulation of chemokines and cytokines. T cells also play important roles in chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis but have not been well studied in obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS Flow cytometric analysis showed higher numbers of T cells and macrophages in AT of diet-induced obese insulin-resistant male mice than in lean mice and obese females (P<0.05). RNase protection assay, ELISA, and flow cytometry indicated gender-dependent upregulation of mRNA and protein levels of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and its receptor CCR5 in AT of obese mice. Adipocytes, stromal/vascular cells from mouse AT, and human and murine adipocytes expressed RANTES. RANTES mRNA levels were negatively correlated with adiponectin in mouse AT. Adiponectin-deficient mice fed high-fat diet showed higher RANTES mRNA levels in AT than wild-type mice. Activated T cells coincubated with preadipocytes in vitro significantly suppressed preadipocyte-to-adipocyte differentiation. Obese humans with metabolic syndrome had higher mRNA levels of RANTES and CCR5 in subcutaneous AT than lean humans. RANTES and CCR5 mRNA levels were significantly higher in visceral than subcutaneous AT of morbidly obese humans. RANTES mRNA levels were positively correlated with CD3 and CD11b in human visceral AT. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with increased accumulation of T cells and macrophages in AT, which may play important roles in obesity-related disease by influencing preadipocyte/adipocyte functions. RANTES is an adipokine that is upregulated in AT by obesity in both mice and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhu Wu
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltrates characterize tissue inflammation and are thought to be integral in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This attribute underlines the importance of understanding mechanisms of leukocyte migration. Chemokines are secreted proteins which govern leukocyte trafficking into targeted organs. Chemokine receptors (CKR) are differentially expressed on leukocytes and their modulation is a potential target for MS disease modifying therapies. Chemokines and their receptors are also potential biomarkers of both disease activity and response to treatment. We describe the fluctuations in CKR expression on peripheral leukocytes in a group of MS patients followed longitudinally for up to 36 months. We observed little fluctuation in CKR expression within each patient over time, despite considerable variability in CKR expression between patients. These observations suggest that individual patients have a CKR set point, and this set point varies from one patient to another. Evaluation of chemokines or chemokine receptors as biomarkers in MS will need to account for this individual variability in CKR expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fox
- Department of Neurology, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland, OH 44122, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Garlet GP, Cardoso CRB, Campanelli AP, Ferreira BR, Avila-Campos MJ, Cunha FQ, Silva JS. The dual role of p55 tumour necrosis factor-alpha receptor in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-induced experimental periodontitis: host protection and tissue destruction. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 147:128-38. [PMID: 17177972 PMCID: PMC1810448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory immune reactions in response to periodontopathogens are thought to protect the host against infection, but may trigger periodontal destruction. Thus, we examined the mechanisms by which the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha modulates the outcome of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease in mice. Our results showed that TNF-alpha receptor p55-deficient mice [p55TNF-knock-out (KO)] developed a less severe periodontitis in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans infection, characterized by significantly less alveolar bone loss and inflammatory reaction. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated that levels of chemokines (CXCL1, 3 and 10; CCL3 and 5) and their receptors (CXCR2 and 3, CCR5) were lower in p55TNF-KO mice, as were matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, 2 and 9 and receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL) mRNA levels. However, the absence of the TNF-alpha p55 results in an impairment of protective immunity to A. actinomycetemcomitans infection, characterized by increased bacterial load and higher levels of C-reactive protein during the course of disease. Such impaired host response may be the result of the reduced chemoattraction of lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages, and reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (iNOS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) production in periodontal tissues of p55 TNF-KO mice. Our results demonstrate the mechanisms involved determining periodontal disease severity by TNF-alpha receptor p55, and its role in providing immune protection to A. actinomycetemcomitans periodontal infection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Actinobacillus Infections/immunology
- Actinobacillus Infections/pathology
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/immunology
- Alveolar Bone Loss
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- C-Reactive Protein/analysis
- Chemokine CCL5
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines, CC/analysis
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/analysis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Flow Cytometry
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-10/blood
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/analysis
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/analysis
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Periodontitis/immunology
- Periodontitis/pathology
- Periodontium/immunology
- Periodontium/pathology
- Peroxidase/analysis
- RANK Ligand/analysis
- RANK Ligand/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/analysis
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/analysis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/analysis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G P Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, Bauru, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The majority of HIV isolated from infected patients uses CCR5 as a coreceptor (R5-HIV). Although R5-HIV fails to replicate efficiently in human transformed T-cell lines, HIV using CXCR4 (X4-HIV) can replicate well in such cell lines. Therefore, most of screening systems using the T-cell lines detect only X4-HIV replication. Here we report a new assay to monitor the replication of R5- as well as X4-HIV. An MTT assay using CD4-, CXCR4-, and CCR5-transduced human glioma NP-2 cells (NCK45 cells) was established and then compared with the representative assays including multinuclear activation of a galactosidase indicator assay (MAGI assay). The antiviral activities of not only an adsorption inhibitor and reverse transcriptase inhibitors but also a Tat antagonist in the NCK45 cells, were comparable to those obtained from the MTT assay using MT-4 cells or the MAGI assay. However, the activity of protease inhibitors (PIs) was underestimated, even though expressions of major multidrug resistant genes involved in efflux of PIs were comparable in MT-2, NP-2, and NCK45 cells. After cultivation of more than 6 months, NCK45 cells remained susceptible to HIV infection since NCK45 cells consistently expressed CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5. On the other hand, MAGI cells lost the CD4 expression during culture. Thus, this assay system can stably detect the replication of both X4- and R5-HIV, indicating that it should be useful for the evaluation of HIV replication and drug susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kajiwara
- Laboratory of Virus Immunology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, Jean-Pierre P, Manuelli V, Lopez P, Shet A, Low A, Mohri H, Boden D, Racz P, Markowitz M. Lack of mucosal immune reconstitution during prolonged treatment of acute and early HIV-1 infection. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e484. [PMID: 17147468 PMCID: PMC1762085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During acute and early HIV-1 infection (AEI), up to 60% of CD4(+) T cells in the lamina propria of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract are lost as early as 2-4 wk after infection. Reconstitution in the peripheral blood during therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is well established. However, the extent of immune reconstitution in the GI tract is unknown. METHODS AND FINDINGS Fifty-four AEI patients and 18 uninfected control participants underwent colonic biopsy. Forty of the 54 AEI patients were followed after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (18 were studied longitudinally with sequential biopsies over a 3-y period after beginning HAART, and 22 were studied cross sectionally after 1-7 y of uninterrupted therapy). Lymphocyte subsets, markers of immune activation and memory in the peripheral blood and GI tract were determined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization was performed in order to identify persistent HIV-1 RNA expression. Of the patients studied, 70% maintained, on average, a 50%-60% depletion of lamina propria lymphocytes despite 1-7 y of HAART. Lymphocytes expressing CCR5 and both CCR5 and CXCR4 were persistently and preferentially depleted. Levels of immune activation in the memory cell population, CD45RO+ HLA-DR+, returned to levels seen in the uninfected control participants in the peripheral blood, but were elevated in the GI tract of patients with persistent CD4+ T cell depletion despite therapy. Rare HIV-1 RNA-expressing cells were detected by in situ hybridization. CONCLUSIONS Apparently suppressive treatment with HAART during acute and early infection does not lead to complete immune reconstitution in the GI mucosa in the majority of patients studied, despite immune reconstitution in the peripheral blood. Though the mechanism remains obscure, the data suggest that there is either viral or immune-mediated accelerated T cell destruction or, possibly, alterations in T cell homing to the GI tract. Although clinically silent over the short term, the long-term consequences of the persistence of this lesion may emerge as the HIV-1-infected population survives longer owing to the benefits of HAART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mehandru
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael A Poles
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Patrick Jean-Pierre
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Victoria Manuelli
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Lopez
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anita Shet
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea Low
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Mohri
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Boden
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Racz
- Bernhard-Nocht Institut Fur Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Markowitz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Whitcomb JM, Huang W, Fransen S, Limoli K, Toma J, Wrin T, Chappey C, Kiss LDB, Paxinos EE, Petropoulos CJ. Development and characterization of a novel single-cycle recombinant-virus assay to determine human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptor tropism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:566-75. [PMID: 17116663 PMCID: PMC1797738 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00853-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains require either the CXCR4 or CCR5 chemokine receptor to efficiently enter cells. Blocking viral binding to these coreceptors is an attractive therapeutic target. Currently, several coreceptor antagonists are being evaluated in clinical trials that require characterization of coreceptor tropism for enrollment. In this report, we describe the development of an automated and accurate procedure for determining HIV-1 coreceptor tropism (Trofile) and its validation for routine laboratory testing. HIV-1 pseudoviruses are generated using full-length env genes derived from patient virus populations. Coreceptor tropism is determined by measuring the abilities of these pseudovirus populations to efficiently infect CD4+/U87 cells expressing either the CXCR4 or CCR5 coreceptor. Viruses exclusively and efficiently infecting CXCR4+/CD4+/U87 cells are designated X4-tropic. Conversely, viruses exclusively and efficiently infecting CCR5+/CD4+/U87 cells are designated R5-tropic. Viruses capable of infecting both CXCR4+/CD4+/U87 and CCR5+/CD4+/U87 cells are designated dual/mixed-tropic. Assay accuracy and reproducibility were established by evaluating the tropisms of well-characterized viruses and the variability among replicate results from samples tested repeatedly. The viral subtype, hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus coinfection, and the plasma viral load did not affect assay performance. Minority subpopulations with alternate tropisms were reliably detected when present at 5 to 10%. The plasma viral load above which samples can be amplified efficiently in the Trofile assay is 1,000 copies per ml of plasma. Trofile has been automated for high-throughput use; it can be used to identify patients most likely to benefit from treatment regimens that include a coreceptor inhibitor and to monitor patients on treatment for the emergence of resistant virus populations that switch coreceptor tropism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette M Whitcomb
- Monogram Biosciences, Inc., 345 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zaunders JJ, Ip S, Munier ML, Kaufmann DE, Suzuki K, Brereton C, Sasson SC, Seddiki N, Koelsch K, Landay A, Grey P, Finlayson R, Kaldor J, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Fazekas de St Groth B, Cooper DA, Kelleher AD. Infection of CD127+ (interleukin-7 receptor+) CD4+ cells and overexpression of CTLA-4 are linked to loss of antigen-specific CD4 T cells during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2006; 80:10162-72. [PMID: 17005693 PMCID: PMC1617311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00249-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently found that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4+ T cells express coreceptor CCR5 and activation antigen CD38 during early primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) but then rapidly disappear from the circulation. This cell loss may be due to susceptibility to infection with HIV-1 but could also be due to inappropriate apoptosis, an expansion of T regulatory cells, trafficking out of the circulation, or dysfunction. We purified CD38+++CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, measured their level of HIV-1 DNA by PCR, and found that about 10% of this population was infected. However, a small subset of HIV-specific CD4+) T cells also expressed CD127, a marker of long-term memory cells. Purified CD127+CD4+ lymphocytes contained fivefold more copies of HIV-1 DNA per cell than did CD127-negative CD4+ cells, suggesting preferential infection of long-term memory cells. We observed no apoptosis of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro and only a small increase in CD45RO+CD25+CD127dimCD4+ T regulatory cells during PHI. However, 40% of CCR5+CD38+++ CD4+ T cells expressed gut-homing integrins, suggesting trafficking through gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Furthermore, 80% of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells expressed high levels of the negative regulator CTLA-4 in response to antigen stimulation in vitro, which was probably contributing to their inability to produce interleukin-2 and proliferate. Taken together, the loss of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells is associated with a combination of an infection of CCR5+ CD127+ memory CD4+ T cells, possibly in GALT, and a high expression of the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Zaunders
- Centre for Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zaunders JJ, Dyer WB, Munier ML, Ip S, Liu J, Amyes E, Rawlinson W, De Rose R, Kent SJ, Sullivan JS, Cooper DA, Kelleher AD. CD127+CCR5+CD38+++ CD4+ Th1 effector cells are an early component of the primary immune response to vaccinia virus and precede development of interleukin-2+ memory CD4+ T cells. J Virol 2006; 80:10151-61. [PMID: 17005692 PMCID: PMC1617315 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02670-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The stages of development of human antigen-specific CD4+ T cells responding to viral infection and their differentiation into long-term memory cells are not well understood. The inoculation of healthy adults with vaccinia virus presents an opportunity to study these events intensively. Between days 11 and 14 postinoculation, there was a peak of proliferating CCR5+CD38+++ CD4+ effector cells which contained the cytotoxic granule marker T-cell intracellular antigen 1 and included gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing vaccinia virus-specific CD4+ T cells. The majority of these initial vaccinia virus-specific CD4+ T cells were CD127+ and produced interleukin-2 (IL-2) but not CTLA-4 in response to restimulation in vitro. Between days 14 and 21, there was a switch from IFN-gamma and IL-2 coexpression to IL-2 production only, coinciding with a resting phenotype and an increased in vitro proliferation response. The early CCR5+CD38+++ vaccinia virus-specific CD4+ T cells were similar to our previous observations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4+ T cells in primary HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but the vaccinia virus-specific cells expressed much more CD127 and IL-2 than we previously found in their HIV-specific counterparts. The current study provides important information on the differentiation of IL-2+ vaccinia virus-specific memory cells, allowing further study of antiviral effector CD4+ T cells in healthy adults and their dysfunction in HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Zaunders
- Centre for Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cavassani KA, Campanelli AP, Moreira AP, Vancim JO, Vitali LH, Mamede RC, Martinez R, Silva JS. Systemic and Local Characterization of Regulatory T Cells in a Chronic Fungal Infection in Humans. J Immunol 2006; 177:5811-8. [PMID: 17056505 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.5811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The long-term persistence of pathogens in a host is a hallmark of certain infectious diseases, including schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Natural regulatory T (Treg) cells are involved in control of the immune responses, including response to pathogens. Because CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed in Treg cells and it acts as a negative regulator of T cell activation in patients with PCM, here we investigated the involvement of Treg cells in the control of systemic and local immune response in patients with PCM. We found that the leukocyte subsets were similar in patients and controls, except for CD11c+CD1a+ cells. However, a higher frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells expressing CTLA-4, glucorticoid-inducible TNFR, membrane-bound TGF-beta, and forkhead-box 3 were observed in PBMC of patients. In accordance, these cells exhibited stronger suppressive activity when compared with those from controls (94.0 vs 67.5% of inhibition of allogeneic T cell proliferation). In addition, the data showed that CD4+CD25+ T cells expressing CTLA-4+, glucocorticoid-inducible TNFR positive, CD103+, CD45RO+, membrane-bound TGF-beta, forkhead-box 3 positive, and the chemokines receptors CCR4 and CCR5 accumulate in the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-induced lesions. Indeed, the secreted CCL17 and CCL22, both associated with the migration of Treg cells to peripheral tissues, were also detected in the biopsies. Moreover, the CD4+CD25+ T cell derived from lesions, most of them TGF-beta+, also exhibited functional activity in vitro. Altogether, these data provide the first evidence that Treg cells play a role in controlling local and systemic immune response in patients with a fungal-induced granulomatous disease advancing our understanding about the immune regulation in human chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Cavassani
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Parry S, Zhang J, Koi H, Arechavaleta-Velasco F, Elovitz MA. Transcytosis of Human immunodeficiency virus 1 across the placenta is enhanced by treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2269-2278. [PMID: 16847123 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human placenta is relatively resistant to Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), but obstetric complications associated with inflammatory processes, including chorioamnionitis and spontaneous preterm delivery, are associated with increased rates of vertical transmission. It was hypothesized that the pro-inflammatory mediator tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which promotes HIV-1 transmission across endothelial membranes, increases HIV-1 transmission across the placenta. Flow cytometry and immunostaining studies were performed, which demonstrated that the HIV-1 receptors CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 were not expressed by villous trophoblast cells. Consequently, primary villous trophoblast cells were not infected with cell-free HIV-1 isolates, as measured by in situ PCR and quantitative PCR, but villous trophoblast cells were infected by HIV-1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). HIV-1 from infected PBMC was rapidly transported across confluent transformed trophoblast cell monolayers by transcytosis, and TNF-alpha significantly upregulated transcytosis of HIV-1 across the trophoblast layer without disrupting cell viability or confluency. Inhibitors of TNF-alpha (antibodies against TNF-alpha and TNF-alpha receptors) and an anti-inflammatory drug (tenidap) significantly reduced transcytosis rates. It was concluded that the villous trophoblast is resistant to infection by cell-free HIV-1 but susceptible to transcytosis of HIV-1 from infected PBMC, and inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha may play a critical role in promoting maternal-fetal transmission of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Parry
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1352 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6142, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1352 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6142, USA
| | - Hideki Koi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Fabian Arechavaleta-Velasco
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1352 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6142, USA
| | - Michal A Elovitz
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1352 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kahmann L, Uciechowski P, Warmuth S, Malavolta M, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Effect of improved zinc status on T helper cell activation and TH1/TH2 ratio in healthy elderly individuals. Biogerontology 2006; 7:429-35. [PMID: 16967204 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-006-9058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mild zinc deficiency is a common condition in healthy elderly individuals leading to impaired cell-mediated immune response. Here we report the effect of improved zinc status on TH1/TH2 balance and on the activation status of T helper cells in 19 healthy elderly subjects aged 69.8 +/- 5.1 years. Our investigations revealed a mild zinc deficiency which was adjusted by oral zinc supplementation for seven weeks. Improved serum zinc levels significantly reduced levels of activated T helper cells whereas changes in TH1/TH2 ratio (determined by CCR4 and CCR5 expression) were not observed. These findings suggest that elderly individuals may benefit from moderate zinc supplementation due to improved immune response leading to reduced incidences of autoimmune diseases and infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kahmann
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Thomas SM, Tse DB, Ketner DS, Rochford G, Meyer DA, Zade DD, Halkitis PN, Nádas A, Borkowsky W, Marmor M. CCR5 expression and duration of high risk sexual activity among HIV-seronegative men who have sex with men. AIDS 2006; 20:1879-83. [PMID: 16954729 PMCID: PMC1630600 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000244207.49123.ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that in comparison with those with shorter risk duration, individuals with longer HIV risk duration would have reduced susceptibility to HIV-1 infection as measured by CCR5 expression, and to evaluate whether variation in CCR5 expression could be explained by known genetic polymorphisms. DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional study of HIV-1 exposed but uninfected men who have sex with men. The risk duration was estimated from self-reported years since first receptive anal intercourse. CCR5 expression on peripheral blood CD4+ monocytes and T cells was determined by flow cytometry. The CCR5-Delta32 mutation and polymorphisms in the CCR5 promoter and CCR2 as well as the copy number of CCL3L1 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Plasma levels of MIP-1alpha (CCL3), MIP-1beta (CCL4) and RANTES (CCL5) were also measured. As risk duration varied with age, analyses were restricted to 67 individuals aged 30-49 years. RESULTS Multiple linear regression analyses, adjusted for age and race, showed a significant negative association between HIV risk duration and CCR5 expression on monocytes (P = 0.01), and in a separate model, a similar negative association with CCR5 expression on T cells (P = 0.03). Low CCR5 expression was attributable mainly to CCR5-Delta32 heterozygosity and the CCR5-59029G allele. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed a role for reduced CCR5 expression in HIV-1 resistance. CCR5-Delta32 heterozygosity and the CCR5-59029G allele were significant predictors of low CCR5 expression. Individuals with high CCR5 expression who resisted infection despite long HIV risk duration form an interesting group within which to search for additional mechanisms of resistance to HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Thomas
- From the Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- From the Center for AIDS Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Doris B. Tse
- From the Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- From the Center for AIDS Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - D. Scott Ketner
- From the Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- From the Center for AIDS Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Gemma Rochford
- From the Center for AIDS Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- From the Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Daniel A. Meyer
- From the Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- From the Center for AIDS Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - David D. Zade
- From the Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Education, New York University, New York, USA
- From the Center for Health, Identity, Behavior and Prevention Studies (CHIBPS), Steinhardt School of Education, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Perry N. Halkitis
- From the Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Education, New York University, New York, USA
- From the Center for Health, Identity, Behavior and Prevention Studies (CHIBPS), Steinhardt School of Education, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Arthur Nádas
- From the Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- From the Center for AIDS Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - William Borkowsky
- From the Center for AIDS Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- From the Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Michael Marmor
- From the Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- From the Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- From the Center for AIDS Research, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by granulomatosis inflammation, systemic vasculitis and glomerulonephritis. In patients, the peripheral T cells are characterized by mono/oligoclonal CD4+/CD8+ T-cell AV/BV receptor expansions, with aberrant expression of activation markers. This study was designed to characterize the phenotypic differences between the expanded and nonexpanded T-cell populations. Expression of markers for activation, costimulation and adhesion molecules was examined. As earlier studies have shown aberrant expression of CD28/CD152, we also analysed the expression of another costimulatory system, the tumour necrotic factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily proteins. DESIGN Fluorocrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry was used to analyse the expression of the different markers on the surface of the expanded and nonexpanded subsets of T cells. SETTING The Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. SUBJECTS Nine patients with WG (six men and three women) had 16 TCRAV/BV CD4+/CD8+ expanded populations that were characterized. RESULTS The expanded TCRA/BV CD4+ and CD8+ cells had lower percentages of cells expressing CD28 and higher of those expressing CD152 (CTLA-4). The expanded CD4+ population had more cells expressing HLA-DR, CD57 and CCR5 (CD195), whilst the expression of CD25 was present on fewer of the expanded cells. The expanded CD8+ population contained more cells expressing CD137 (4-1BB), CD137 (4-1BBL), CD30 (Ki-1), CD40 and CD134 (OX40). CONCLUSIONS There were marked differences in the phenotypes of expanded and nonexpanded T-cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Giscombe
- Immunological Research Laboratory, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Atanackovic D, Schnee B, Schuch G, Faltz C, Schulze J, Weber CS, Schafhausen P, Bartels K, Bokemeyer C, Brunner-Weinzierl MC, Deter HC. Acute psychological stress alerts the adaptive immune response: Stress-induced mobilization of effector T cells. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 176:141-52. [PMID: 16712956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Influences of psychological stress on the acquired immune system have not consequently been investigated. We found acute psychological stress to cause an increase in CD56+ and CCR5+ effector T cells in the peripheral blood of healthy human subjects (N=22), while skin-homing CLA+ T cells decreased. At the same time, we observed a stress-induced decrease in CD45RA+/CCR7+ naive and CD45RA-/CCR7+ central memory T cells, while CD45RA-/CCR7- effector memory and CD45RA+/CCR7- terminally differentiated T cells increased. This T cell redistribution translated into an increase in T cells expressing perforin/granzyme B and in Epstein-Barr virus-specific, cytomegalovirus-specific and influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Thus, acute stress seems to promote the retention of less mature T cells within lymphoid tissue or skin while effector-type T cells are mobilized into the blood in order to be able to rapidly migrate into peripheral tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Atanackovic
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Almeida M, Cordero M, Almeida J, Orfao A. Persistent abnormalities in peripheral blood dendritic cells and monocytes from HIV-1-positive patients after 1 year of antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41:405-15. [PMID: 16652047 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000209896.82255.d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to marked decreases in morbidity and mortality rates among HIV-1-positive patients; however, immune recovery is not complete. Although dendritic cells (DCs) were shown to be involved in HIV-1 pathogenesis, few studies have investigated the effect of ART on DCs. We have analyzed the effect of ART on numerical distribution, expression of chemokine receptors, and ex vivo production of inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood (PB) monocytes and DCs in a cohort of chronically infected HIV-1-positive patients. Patients were tested before therapy and at weeks +2, +4, +8, +12, and +52 after starting ART.Our results show an incomplete T-cell immune reconstitution in chronically infected patients who had undetectable plasma viremia while taking ART for 1 year. This was associated with persistent abnormalities at week +52 of ART, corresponding to increased numbers of CD16 DCs and monocytes, as well as altered expression of CXC chemokine receptors, in the form of increased CXCR1 expression on monocytes and decreased reactivity for CXCR2 and/or CXCR4 on myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs. In addition, an abnormally high spontaneous ex vivo secretion of inflammatory cytokines by CD16 DCs and monocytes was still detected after 1 year of ART. These abnormalities were especially pronounced in patients with less than 200 CD4 T cells/microL, which could be related to the persistence of undetected viral replication and sustained immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Almeida
- Servicio General de Citometría and Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Qureshi A, Zheng R, Parlett T, Shi X, Balaraman P, Cheloufi S, Murphy B, Guntermann C, Eagles P. Gene silencing of HIV chemokine receptors using ribozymes and single-stranded antisense RNA. Biochem J 2006; 394:511-8. [PMID: 16293105 PMCID: PMC1408682 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 are required for HIV-1 to enter cells, and the progression of HIV-1 infection to AIDS involves a switch in the co-receptor usage of the virus from CCR5 to CXCR4. These receptors therefore make attractive candidates for therapeutic intervention, and we have investigated the silencing of their genes by using ribozymes and single-stranded antisense RNAs. In the present study, we demonstrate using ribozymes that a depletion of CXCR4 and CCR5 mRNAs can be achieved simultaneously in human PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells), cells commonly used by the virus for infection and replication. Ribozyme activity leads to an inhibition of the cell-surface expression of both CCR5 and CXCR4, resulting in a significant inhibition of HIV-1 replication when PBMCs are challenged with the virus. In addition, we show that small single-stranded antisense RNAs can also be used to silence CCR5 and CXCR4 genes when delivered to PBMCs. This silencing is caused by selective degradation of receptor mRNAs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Gene Silencing
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- RNA, Antisense/biosynthesis
- RNA, Antisense/genetics
- RNA, Antisense/metabolism
- RNA, Catalytic/biosynthesis
- RNA, Catalytic/genetics
- RNA, Catalytic/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/analysis
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/analysis
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amer Qureshi
- *Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, University of London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
- †Department of Immunology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, London EC1A 7BE, U.K
| | - Richard Zheng
- †Department of Immunology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, London EC1A 7BE, U.K
| | - Terry Parlett
- *Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, University of London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Xiaoju Shi
- *Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, University of London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
- †Department of Immunology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, London EC1A 7BE, U.K
| | - Priyadhashini Balaraman
- *Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, University of London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
- †Department of Immunology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, London EC1A 7BE, U.K
| | - Sihem Cheloufi
- *Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, University of London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Brendan Murphy
- †Department of Immunology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, London EC1A 7BE, U.K
| | - Christine Guntermann
- †Department of Immunology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, London EC1A 7BE, U.K
| | - Peter Eagles
- *Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, University of London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kumar RB, Maher DM, Herzberg MC, Southern PJ. Expression of HIV receptors, alternate receptors and co-receptors on tonsillar epithelium: implications for HIV binding and primary oral infection. Virol J 2006; 3:25. [PMID: 16600047 PMCID: PMC1459853 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary HIV infection can develop from exposure to HIV in the oral cavity. In previous studies, we have documented rapid and extensive binding of HIV virions in seminal plasma to intact mucosal surfaces of the palatine tonsil and also found that virions readily penetrated beneath the tissue surfaces. As one approach to understand the molecular interactions that support HIV virion binding to human mucosal surfaces, we have examined the distribution of the primary HIV receptor CD4, the alternate HIV receptors heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HS) and galactosyl ceramide (GalCer) and the co-receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 in palatine tonsil. Results Only HS was widely expressed on the surface of stratified squamous epithelium. In contrast, HS, GalCer, CXCR4 and CCR5 were all expressed on the reticulated epithelium lining the tonsillar crypts. We have observed extensive variability, both across tissue sections from any tonsil and between tonsils, in the distribution of epithelial cells expressing either CXCR4 or CCR5 in the basal and suprabasal layers of stratified epithelium. The general expression patterns of CXCR4, CCR5 and HS were similar in palatine tonsil from children and adults (age range 3–20). We have also noted the presence of small clusters of lymphocytes, including CD4+ T cells within stratified epithelium and located precisely at the mucosal surfaces. CD4+ T cells in these locations would be immediately accessible to HIV virions. Conclusion In total, the likelihood of oral HIV transmission will be determined by macro and micro tissue architecture, cell surface expression patterns of key molecules that may bind HIV and the specific properties of the infectious inoculum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renu B Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Diane M Maher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter J Southern
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Brimnes MK, Svane IM, Johnsen HE. Impaired functionality and phenotypic profile of dendritic cells from patients with multiple myeloma. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144:76-84. [PMID: 16542368 PMCID: PMC1809645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell cancer characterized by clonal proliferation in the bone marrow and impaired immunity. Because MM is an incurable malignancy, efficient consolidation is needed urgently. Targeting clonotypic B cells by idiotype vaccination has proved the principle to be effective and indicated that future strategies, including dendritic cell-based vaccination, could be a suitable approach. However, as MM patients suffer from a general impaired immunity, which may include dendritic cells (DCs), a careful evaluation of phenotypic traits and functionality of DCs from MM patients is necessary before an efficient vaccine can be developed. This study determined the number, phenotypic profile and functionality of myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs purified directly from blood from MM patients at diagnosis. A reduced number and lower expression of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules was observed on both myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs in MM patients compared to healthy controls. Also, the expression of CCR5, CCR7 and DEC205 was lower in MM patients compared to normal donors. In addition, the capacity to stimulate allogeneic T cell proliferation and to stimulate cytokine production was decreased, suggesting that DCs from these patients are functionally impaired. Finally, the analysis of samples following chemotherapy and transplantation demonstrated an increased expression of HLA molecules, suggesting that this time-point is optimal for harvest and use in vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Brimnes
- Department of Haematology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Porcheray F, Samah B, Léone C, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Gras G. Macrophage activation and human immunodeficiency virus infection: HIV replication directs macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype while previous activation modulates macrophage susceptibility to infection and viral production. Virology 2006; 349:112-20. [PMID: 16564558 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are pivotal for the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses, but whether their role in HIV infection is protective or deleterious remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli on macrophage sensitivity to two different aspects of HIV infection: their susceptibility to infection stricto sensu, which we measured by endpoint titration method, and their ability to support virus spread, which we measured by using an RT activity assay in infection kinetics. We show a partially protective role for pro-inflammatory agents as well as for IL-4. We also illustrate that various different stimuli display differential effects on macrophage susceptibility to HIV and on virus replication that occurs thereafter. On the other hand, HIV replication strongly repressed CD206 and CD163 expression, thus clearly orientating macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype, but independently of TNF. Taken together, our results emphasize that HIV infection of macrophages sets up inflammation at the cell level but through unexpected mechanisms. This may limit target susceptibility and participate in virus clearance but may also result in tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Porcheray
- Laboratoire de Neuro-Immuno-Virologie, Service de Neurovirologie, UMR E-01 CEA, Université Paris-Sud, DSV/DRM, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, IPSC, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tang W, Zhou R, Yang Y, Li YC, Yang YF, Zuo JP. Suppression of (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) on Allograft Rejection in Full MHC-Mismatched Mouse Cardiac Transplantation. Transplantation 2006; 81:927-33. [PMID: 16570019 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000203299.39843.d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) is a new compound derived from triptolide, which is the major immunosuppressive fraction of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F (TWHF). Studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that LLDT-8 had potent immunosuppressive activities. Here we tested LLDT-8 in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched cardiac transplantation and investigated the mechanisms underlying the prevention of transplant rejection. METHODS LLDT-8 was administered orally to recipients in Balb/c to C57BL/6 murine cardiac transplantation model. Allograft survival after transplantation was recorded in recipients. The T cell immunity and cytokine production were observed. Histological analysis was performed. The chemokine and its receptor were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction on cardiac graft RNA. RESULTS LLDT-8 administered orally significantly induced the survival prolongation of allogeneic cardiac graft. Histological results showed that LLDT-8 well preserved myocardium and significantly reduced infiltration of the graft with inflammatory cells. LLDT-8 decreased IL-2 production in recipient splenocytes stimulated by concanavalin A (ConA) ex vivo. LLDT-8 significantly inhibited the immunoreactivity of recipient to specific donor alloantigens, but preserved immunity to third-party alloantigens and mitogen. However, the flow cytometry analysis of the proportion of CD4+, CD8+ T cell subgroup in recipient spleens showed LLDT-8 had a normalizing effect on the splenic lymphocytes population. LLDT-8 decreased CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and their ligands macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1alpha) and beta (MIP-1beta) mRNA expressions in allografts. CONCLUSION The results outline the great potential of LLDT-8 as a therapeutic tool in transplant rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institutes of Materia Medica and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Marchant D, Neil SJD, McKnight Á. Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 have different replication kinetics in human primary macrophage culture. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:411-418. [PMID: 16432029 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares the replication of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and type 1 (HIV-1) in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Eleven HIV-2 and five HIV-1 primary isolates that use CCR5, CXCR4 or both coreceptors to enter cells were included. Regardless of coreceptor preference, 10 of 11 HIV-2 viruses could enter, reverse transcribe and produce fully infectious virus in MDMs with efficiency equal to that in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, the kinetics of replication of HIV-2 compared with HIV-1 over time were distinct. HIV-2 had a burst of virus replication 2 days after infection that resolved into an apparent 'latent state' at day 3. HIV-1, however, continued to produce infectious virions at a lower, but steady, rate throughout the course of infection. These results may have implications for the lower pathogenesis and viral-load characteristics of HIV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Marchant
- Wohl Virion Centre, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK
| | - Stuart J D Neil
- Wohl Virion Centre, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Wohl Virion Centre, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the inflammatory chemokine CCL5 (RANTES) by tumor cells is thought to correlate with the progression of several cancers. CCL5 was shown to induce breast cancer cell migration, mediated by the receptor CCR5. A CCR5 antagonist was demonstrated to inhibit experimental breast tumor growth. Recently, CCL5 and CCR5 mRNA expression was reported in prostate cancer (PCa) tissues. Herein, we characterized CCL5 and CCR5 expression in cultures of PCa cells and explored possible functions of CCL5 in PCa progression. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to examine CCL5 expression in prostate cell lines. CCR5 expression was measured by flow cytometry. Proliferation and invasion assays were performed to determine potential functions of CCL5 and CCR5 in PCa. RESULTS Expression of CCL5 mRNA and protein was found in human PCa cell lines (PC-3; DU-145; LNCaP) and primary prostate adenocarcinoma cells. CCL5 and CCR5 were also detected in human PCa tissues. CCR5 expression was demonstrated on the cell surface of PCa cells, as well as in intracellular pools. Incubation with CCL5 (10-100 ng/ml) induced PCa cell proliferation, and the CCR5 antagonist TAK-779 inhibited CCL5-induced proliferation. CCL5 was found to stimulate PCa cell invasion, and TAK-779 blocked the effects of CCL5. CONCLUSIONS In light of evidence that inflammation influences the pathogenesis of PCa, these results suggest that inflammatory chemokines, such as CCL5, expressed by prostate cells may act directly on the growth and survival of PCa cells. Chemokine receptor antagonists may thus block autocrine mechanisms of PCa progression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Amides/pharmacology
- Autocrine Communication
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL5
- Chemokines, CC/analysis
- Chemokines, CC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/physiopathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/chemistry
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/analysis
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayle G Vaday
- Department of Research, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|