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Kalisz J, Węgrzyn K, Michalska A, Maksymiuk K. Resolution increase of ion-selective electrodes response by using a reversed amperometric setup. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Kałuża D, Michalska A, Maksymiuk K. Solid‐Contact Ion‐Selective Electrodes Paving the Way for Improved Non‐Zero Current Sensors: A Minireview. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Kałuża
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
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3
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Lisak G. Reliable environmental trace heavy metal analysis with potentiometric ion sensors - reality or a distant dream. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117882. [PMID: 34364114 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over two decades have passed since polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes were found to exhibit sufficiently lower detection limits. This in turn brought a great promise to measure trace level concentrations of heavy metals using potentiometric ion sensors at environmental conditions. Despite great efforts, trace analysis of heavy metals using ion-selective electrodes at environmental conditions is still not commercially available. This work will predominantly concentrate on summarizing and evaluating prospects of using potentiometric ion sensors in view of environmental determination of heavy metals in on-site and on-line analysis modes. Challenges associated with development of reliable potentiometric sensors to be operational in environmental conditions will be discussed and reasoning behind unsuccessful efforts to develop potentiometric on-site and on-line environmental ion sensors will be explored. In short, it is now clear that solely lowering the detection limit of the ion-selective electrodes does not guarantee development of successful sensors that would meet the requirement of environmental matrices over long term usage. More pressing challenges of the properties and the performance of the potentiometric sensors must be addressed first before considering extending their sensitivity to low analyte concentrations. These are, in order of importance, selectivity of the ion-selective membrane to main ion followed by the membrane resistance to parallel processes, such as water ingress to the ISM, light sensitivity, change in temperature, presence of gasses in solution and pH and finally resistance of the ion-selective membrane to fouling. In the future, targeted on-site and on-line environmental sensors should be developed, addressing specific environmental conditions. Thus, ion-selective electrodes should be developed with the intention to be suitable to the operational environmental conditions, rather than looking at universal sensor design validated in the idealized and simple sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Lisak
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
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Park S, Maier CS, Koley D. Anodic Stripping Voltammetry on a Carbon-based Ion-Selective Electrode. Electrochim Acta 2021; 390:138855. [PMID: 34483347 PMCID: PMC8415442 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated the unique capability of carbon-based ion-selective electrode (ISE) to perform highly sensitive square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, while maintaining all the properties of an ISE, in terms of sensitivity, detection limit, response time and selectivity. Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry involves deposition and dissolution steps of metal ions, which means adsorption and desorption of metal ions on the conductive ion-selective membrane without losing its ion-sensing property. To demonstrate this capability, we chose a Ca2+ ion-selective microelectrode (μISE) as a potentiometric method and Cu2+-stripping voltammetry as an amperometric method. The carbon-based ISE surface is capable of quantifying nanomolar to micromolar Cu2+ in both a standard acetate buffer and a complex water sample. The Ca2+-μISE also showed a Nernstian slope of 29 mV / log [Ca2+] and a detection limit of 1 μM within the linear range of 1 μM to 10 mM. It thus opens an opportunity to use the low detection limit of anodic stripping voltammetry and the high selectivity of ISE-based potentiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Park
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA
| | - Dipankar Koley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA
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5
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Kondratyeva YO, Solovyeva EV, Khripoun GA, Mikhelson KN. Paradox of the Variation of the Bulk Resistance of Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode Membranes within Nernstian Potentiometric Response Range. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193519110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Mikhelson KN, Peshkova MA. Advances and trends in ionophore-based chemical sensors. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Solvent polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes under galvanostatic control: Powerful tool for analysis of extremely diluted samples. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Almeida S, Montenegro M, Sales M. New and low cost plastic membrane electrode with low detection limits for sulfadimethoxine determination in aquaculture waters. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Zou XU, Bühlmann P. Current Pulse Based Reference Electrodes Without Liquid Junctions. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3817-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu U. Zou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
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11
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Ghahraman Afshar M, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Direct Ion Speciation Analysis with Ion-Selective Membranes Operated in a Sequential Potentiometric/Time Resolved Chronopotentiometric Sensing Mode. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8813-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302092m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghahraman Afshar
- Department of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211
Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- Department of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211
Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211
Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Skórska L, Michalska A, Wojciechowski M, Bulska E, Maksymiuk K. Estimation of primary silver ions contents in poly(vinyl chloride) ion-selective membranes using chronopotentiometry and mass spectrometry. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Lisak G, Sokalski T, Bobacka J, Harju L, Mikhelson K, Lewenstam A. Tuned galvanostatic polarization of solid-state lead-selective electrodes for lowering of the detection limit. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 707:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Pawłowski P, Kisiel A, Michalska A, Maksymiuk K. Potentiometric responses of ion-selective electrodes after galvanostatically controlled incorporation of primary ions. Talanta 2011; 84:814-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Peshkova MA, Mikhel’son KN. Ion-selective electrodes under galvanostatic polarization conditions. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193510110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Mikhelson KN. Ion-selective electrodes with sensitivity in strongly diluted solutions. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Memory Effects of Ion-Selective Electrodes: Theory and Computer Simulation of the Time-Dependent Potential Response to Multiple Sample Changes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009; 633:137-145. [PMID: 20376292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward theoretical description of the time-dependent response of ion-selective membrane electrodes to multiple sample changes is presented. The derivation makes use of an approximation for the ion fluxes in the membrane, and of the superposition of partial fluxes induced by the step-changes. The general theory allows for any number of samples and ions. It is applied for the analysis of memory effects that reflect the influence of preceding samples on subsequent measurements. Various phenomena are discussed, including super-, near-, or sub-nernstian responses, shifts of apparent reference potentials, and potential dips with domains of reversed slopes. The theoretical results agree well with virtual experiments based on computer simulation.
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Höfler L, Bedlechowicz I, Vigassy T, Gyurcsányi RE, Bakker E, Pretsch E. Limitations of current polarization for lowering the detection limit of potentiometric polymeric membrane sensors. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3592-9. [PMID: 19338286 DOI: 10.1021/ac802588j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ion fluxes across polymeric ion-selective membranes are a decisive parameter dictating the lower detection limit of potentiometric ion sensors. An applied current was earlier proposed to counteract such fluxes and reduce the detection limit to ultratrace levels. So far, however, the method has not been used in practical situations since the correct current amplitude requires prior knowledge of the sample composition. This paper explores the use of the stir effect to evaluate the optimal current by theory and experiments. It is shown that the traditionally used steady-state model assuming a uniform distribution of ion exchanger in the membrane, fixed with time, violates the electroneutrality condition. A modified steady-state model is introduced that allows for a concentration tilt of the ion exchanger and predicts that a stir effect can indeed be utilized to find the optimal current. Ideally, by choosing the optimal current and very long measurement times, the thermodynamic detection limit might be obtained. However, in practice the stir effect declines at low concentrations and the conditions are far from steady state. Therefore, the improvement of the lower detection limit achievable by galvanostatic control is only about 1 order of magnitude. A numerical finite-difference approximation is shown to trace the experimental potential responses of silver-selective electrodes well and to reproduce the stir effect adequately, even for different conditioning protocols. The stir effect is successfully used to improve the detection limit of electrodes with ill-optimized inner solutions; however, significant improvements beyond what is commonly feasible by chemical optimization does not seem to be easily achievable. The results indicate that with conventional membranes the possibility of improving the detection limit by current polarization is much more limited than assumed so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Höfler
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Sokalski T, Kucza W, Danielewski M, Lewenstam A. Time-Dependent Phenomena in the Potential Response of Ion-Selective Electrodes Treated by the Nernst−Planck−Poisson Model. Part 2: Transmembrane Processes and Detection Limit. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5016-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900490c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sokalski
- Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland, and AGH-University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, Al Mickiewicza 30, 30059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Witold Kucza
- Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland, and AGH-University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, Al Mickiewicza 30, 30059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marek Danielewski
- Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland, and AGH-University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, Al Mickiewicza 30, 30059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewenstam
- Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland, and AGH-University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, Al Mickiewicza 30, 30059 Cracow, Poland
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20
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Peshkova MA, Sokalski T, Mikhelson KN, Lewenstam A. Obtaining Nernstian Response of a Ca2+-Selective Electrode in a Broad Concentration Range by Tuned Galvanostatic Polarization. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9181-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8013143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Peshkova
- Chemical Faculty, c/o St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia, and Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology “ProSens” and Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Tomasz Sokalski
- Chemical Faculty, c/o St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia, and Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology “ProSens” and Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Konstantin N. Mikhelson
- Chemical Faculty, c/o St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia, and Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology “ProSens” and Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Andrzej Lewenstam
- Chemical Faculty, c/o St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia, and Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology “ProSens” and Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
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Xu Y, Ngeontae W, Pretsch E, Bakker E. Backside calibration chronopotentiometry: using current to perform ion measurements by zeroing the transmembrane ion flux. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7516-23. [PMID: 18778039 PMCID: PMC2597783 DOI: 10.1021/ac800774e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A recent new direction in ion-selective electrode (ISE) research utilizes a stir effect to indicate the disappearance of an ion concentration gradient across a thin ion-selective membrane. This zeroing experiment allows one to evaluate the equilibrium relationship between front and backside solutions contacting the membrane by varying the backside solution composition. This method is attractive since the absolute potential during the measurement is not required, thus avoiding standard recalibrations from the sample solution and a careful control of the reference electrode potential. We report here on a new concept to alleviate the need to continuously vary the composition of the backside solution. Instead, transmembrane ion fluxes are counterbalanced at an imposed critical current. A theoretical model illustrates the relationship between the magnitude of this critical current and the concentration of analyte and countertransporting ions and is found to correspond well with experimental results. The approach is demonstrated with lead(II)-selective membranes and protons as dominating interference ions, and the concentration of Pb(2+) was successfully measured in tap water samples. The principle was further evaluated with calcium-selective membranes and magnesium as counterdiffusing species, with good results. Advantages and limitations arising from the kinetic nature of the perturbation technique are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yida Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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22
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Element profiles in galvanostatically polarized K+-selective all-solid-state sensors with poly(vinyl chloride)-based membranes. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Morf WE, Pretsch E, De Rooij NF. Theory and Computer Simulation of the Time-Dependent Selectivity Behavior of Polymeric Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008; 614:15-23. [PMID: 20411043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical treatment of the time-dependent potential response of ion-selective electrodes to sample solutions containing primary and interfering ions is presented. The theory accounts for the influence of ion fluxes in the electrode membrane and the contacting aqueous sample layer and describes the variations in the apparent selectivity behavior as a function of the measuring time. The applicability of the theory is demonstrated by comparing predicted response curves with results of virtual experiments based on computer simulation. A close and convincing agreement was achieved for a large series of different examples, which confirms that the new theory can be successfully applied for general cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Morf
- Institute of Microtechnology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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24
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Bhakthavatsalam V, Bakker E. Operational Limits of Controlled Current Coulometry with Ion-Selective Polymeric Membranes. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Zook JM, Buck RP, Langmaier J, Lindner E. Mathematical model of current-polarized ionophore-based ion-selective membranes. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:2008-15. [PMID: 18217742 DOI: 10.1021/jp074612i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model is presented to describe the effects of constant current on ion-selective membranes using theta functions. The model provides exact analytic solutions for calculating the concentration polarization of the ionophore, the ion-ionophore complex, and the charged mobile sites in space and time within the membrane. It also predicts the time course of the membrane potential and the electric field inside the membrane following the application of constant current. This analytic solution is faster to compute than numerical simulations and provides the solution for any given time or position directly. The simulated concentration profiles compare favorably with concentration profiles recorded experimentally using spectro-electrochemical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Zook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bobacka
- Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland; Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland; and Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Center for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland
| | - Ari Ivaska
- Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland; Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland; and Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Center for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland
| | - Andrzej Lewenstam
- Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland; Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Cracow, Poland; and Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Center for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku-Åbo, Finland
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27
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Influence of galvanostatic polarisation on evolution of ion concentration profiles in ion-selective membranes, studied by means of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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29
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Morf WE, Pretsch E, De Rooij NF. Computer Simulation of Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes and Related Systems by Finite-Element Procedures. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007; 602:43-54. [PMID: 20376294 PMCID: PMC2849319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple but powerful numerical simulation for analyzing the electrochemical behavior of ion-selective membranes and liquid junctions is presented. The computer modeling makes use of a finite-element procedure in the space and time domains, which can be easily processed (e. g., with MS Excel software) without the need for complex mathematical evaluations. It leads to convincing results on the dynamic evolution of concentration profiles, potentials, and fluxes in the studied systems. The treatment accounts for influences of convection, flow, or stirring in the sample solution that act on the boundary diffusion layer and it is even capable of including the effects of an electrolyte flow through the whole system. To minimize the number of arbitrary parameters, interfacial reactions are assumed to be near local equilibrium, and space-charge influences are considered via phase-boundary potential differences. The applicability of the computer simulation is demonstrated for different ion-selective membranes as well as for liquid junctions. The numerical results are in excellent agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Morf
- Institute of Microtechnology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Abstract
For most chemists, potentiometry with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) primarily means pH measurements with a glass electrode. Those interested in clinical analysis might know that ISEs, routinely used for the determination of blood electrolytes, have a market size comparable to that of glass electrodes. It is even less well known that potentiometry went through a silent revolution during the past decade. The lower detection limit and the discrimination of interfering ions (the selectivity coefficients) have been improved in many cases by factors up to 10(6) and 10(10), respectively, thus allowing their application in fields such as environmental trace analysis and potentiometric biosensing. The determination of complex formation constants for lipophilic hosts and ionic guests is also covered in this Minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Prof. Eric Bakker, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA, E-mail:
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Prof. Ernö Pretsch, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, E-mail:
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Konopka A, Sokalski T, Lewenstam A, Maj-Żurawska M. The Influence of the Conditioning Procedure on Potentiometric Characteristics of Solid Contact Calcium-Selective Electrodes in Nanomolar Concentration Solutions. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Pawłowski P, Michalska A, Maksymiuk K. Galvanostatic Polarization of All-Solid-State K+-Selective Electrodes with Polypyrrole Ion-to-Electron Transducer. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Szigeti Z, Vigassy T, Bakker E, Pretsch E. Approaches to Improving the Lower Detection Limit of Polymeric Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2006; 18:1254-1265. [PMID: 20336172 PMCID: PMC2844646 DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
More than ten different approaches for improving the lower detection limit of polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes have been suggested during the recent years. In this contribution, their principles are briefly summarized with a focus to their general practical applicability. The methods that are the most rugged and the easiest to implement in a routine laboratory will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Szigeti
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI E313, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamás Vigassy
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI E313, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI E313, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Sutter J, Pretsch E. Response Behavior of Poly(vinyl chloride)- and Polyurethane-Based Ca2+-Selective Membrane Electrodes with Polypyrrole- and Poly(3-octylthiophene)-Mediated Internal Solid Contact. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Michalska A. Optimizing the analytical performance and construction of ion-selective electrodes with conducting polymer-based ion-to-electron transducers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:391-406. [PMID: 16365779 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All-solid-state ion-selective electrodes that use a conducting polymer as the ion-to-electron transducer have emerged as one of the most promising classes of all-solid-state potentiometric sensors in recent years. This is largely because it has many analytical advantages, including high response stability, which is unique in the field of internal-solution-free ion-selective electrodes. This paper reviews the considerable progress that has been made in this area of sensing in recent years, in terms of detection limits, selectivity coefficients and novel construction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Michalska
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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36
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Influence of cationic and anionic additives on the electrical properties of ionophore-based ion-selective membranes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Michalska A, Maksymiuk K. The influence of spontaneous charging/discharging of conducting polymer ion-to-electron transducer on potentiometric responses of all-solid-state calcium-selective electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Michalska A. Improvement of Analytical Characteristic of Calcium Selective Electrode with Conducting Polymer Contact. The Role of Conducting Polymer Spontaneous Charge Transfer Processes and Their Galvanostatic Compensation. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Michalska A, Maksymiuk K. All-plastic, disposable, low detection limit ion-selective electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sutter J, Radu A, Peper S, Bakker E, Pretsch E. Solid-contact polymeric membrane electrodes with detection limits in the subnanomolar range. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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Sutter J, Morf WE, de Rooij NF, Pretsch E. Current response of ion-selective solvent polymeric membranes at controlled potential. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Püntener M, Vigassy T, Baier E, Ceresa A, Pretsch E. Improving the lower detection limit of potentiometric sensors by covalently binding the ionophore to a polymer backbone. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Vigassy T, Gyurcsányi R, Pretsch E. Influence of Incorporated Lipophilic Particles on Ion Fluxes Through Polymeric Ion-Selective Membranes. ELECTROANAL 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200390043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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