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Kirillova EV, Stepanov VP. A Potential-Induced Transformation in the Double Electrical Layer on the Rhenium Electrode in Alkali Chloride Melts. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14206009. [PMID: 34683601 PMCID: PMC8540250 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Structural transformations in the adsorption layer caused by an electric potential are investigated using the experimental data on the capacitance of a double electric layer for a rhenium electrode in molten sodium, potassium and cesium chlorides at 1093 K. Likening the double electric layer to a flat capacitor, as well as the effective length of the shielding of the electrode charge and changes in the charge sign depending on the applied potential are estimated. It is found that near the minimum potential of the capacitance curve, the shielding length decreases proportionally to the square of the potential due to the deformation of the double layer. The deformation reaches critical values at the potentials of −0.65, −0.38 and −0.40 V for the Re|NaCl, Re|KCl and Re|CsCl systems respectively, and decreases sharply at more positive potentials. The analysis of the dependence of the charge density on the electrode revealed the effect of shielding of potential-induced rhenium cations by salt phase anions. The strong Raman-active Re–Cl stretching mode was observed at 292 cm−1. This can be explained by the transfer of anions across the interface resulting in the formation of ordered layers of ion associations (possibly, ReXn(n − 1)−) on a positively charged surface.
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Wu J, Zhou R, Radjenovic PM, Liu S, Wu D, Li J, Mao B, Yan J. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy studies on electrochemical interface between Au(111) electrode and ethaline deep eutectic solvent. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Makaraviciute A, Xu X, Nyholm L, Zhang Z. Systematic Approach to the Development of Microfabricated Biosensors: Relationship between Gold Surface Pretreatment and Thiolated Molecule Binding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26610-26621. [PMID: 28726367 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing popularity of microfabricated biosensors due to advances in technologic and surface functionalization strategies, their successful implementation is partially inhibited by the lack of consistency in their analytical characteristics. One of the main causes for the discrepancies is the absence of a systematic and comprehensive approach to surface functionalization. In this article microfabricated gold electrodes aimed at biosensor development have been systematically characterized in terms of surface pretreatment, thiolated molecule binding, and reproducibility by means of X-ray photoelectron scattering (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). It has been shown that after SU-8 photolithography gold surfaces were markedly contaminated, which decreased the effective surface area and surface coverage of a model molecule mercaptohexanol (MCH). Three surface pretreatment methods compatible with microfabricated devices were compared. The investigated methods were (i) cyclic voltammetry in dilute H2SO4, (ii) gentle basic piranha followed by linear sweep voltammetry in dilute KOH, and (iii) oxygen plasma treatment followed by incubation in ethanol. It was shown that all three methods significantly decreased the contamination and increased MCH surface coverage. Most importantly, it was also revealed that surface pretreatments may induce structural changes to the gold surfaces. Accordingly, these alterations influence the characteristics of MCH functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Makaraviciute
- Division of Solid-State Electronics, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xingxing Xu
- Division of Solid-State Electronics, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Nyholm
- Department of Chemistry, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Division of Solid-State Electronics, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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Lepková K, van Bronswijk W, Pandarinathan V, Gubner R. Synchrotron far-infrared spectroscopy of corroded steel surfaces using a variable angle of incidence. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:580-585. [PMID: 24763648 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514004159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Far-infrared spectroscopy, using a synchrotron source, has been used to study carbon steel corroded in CO2-saturated brine in the presence and absence of the corrosion inhibitor 2-mercaptopyrimidine (MPY), which allowed the steel surface roughness to be modified. The effect of the angle of incidence (θi, 30-80°) on the band intensity and observed bands of the spectra from these surfaces has been determined. For the MPY-treated steel (low surface roughness) the highest band intensity is observed at high θi (80°) and different bands were observed at different θi. In contrast, for the MPY-free steel (high surface roughness) the highest band intensity is observed at low θi (30°) and spectral content changes were not observed. The results are explained in terms of the roughness of the MPY-treated and MPY-free steels, and their effect on the level of diffusely reflected light of the incident infrared beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Lepková
- Corrosion Centre for Education, Research and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Wilhelm van Bronswijk
- Corrosion Centre for Education, Research and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Vedapriya Pandarinathan
- Corrosion Centre for Education, Research and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Rolf Gubner
- Corrosion Centre for Education, Research and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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Dahlin AB, Zahn R, Vörös J. Nanoplasmonic sensing of metal-halide complex formation and the electric double layer capacitor. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:2339-2351. [PMID: 22374047 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11950a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many nanotechnological devices are based on implementing electrochemistry with plasmonic nanostructures, but these systems are challenging to understand. We present a detailed study of the influence of electrochemical potentials on plasmon resonances, in the absence of surface coatings and redox active molecules, by synchronized voltammetry and spectroscopy. The experiments are performed on gold nanodisks and nanohole arrays in thin gold films, which are fabricated by improved methods. New insights are provided by high resolution spectroscopy and variable scan rates. Furthermore, we introduce new analytical models in order to understand the spectral changes quantitatively. In contrast to most previous literature, we find that the plasmonic signal is caused almost entirely by the formation of ionic complexes on the metal surface, most likely gold chloride in this study. The refractometric sensing effect from the ions in the electric double layer can be fully neglected, and the charging of the metal gives a surprisingly small effect for these systems. Our conclusions are consistent for both localized nanoparticle plasmons and propagating surface plasmons. We consider the results in this work especially important in the context of combined electrochemical and optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B Dahlin
- Dept. of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Rosendahl SM, Borondics F, May TE, Pedersen TM, Burgess IJ. Synchrotron Infrared Radiation for Electrochemical External Reflection Spectroscopy: A Case Study Using Ferrocyanide. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3632-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200250s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Rosendahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9 Canada
| | | | - Tim E. May
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X4 Canada
| | - Tor M. Pedersen
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0X4 Canada
| | - Ian J. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9 Canada
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Hahn F, Melendres CA. Synchrotron infrared reflectance microspectroscopy study of film formation and breakdown on copper. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2010; 17:81-85. [PMID: 20029115 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049509040680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the utility of synchrotron infrared reflectance microspectroscopy in the far- and mid-IR for the determination of the composition of electrogenerated surface films formed during the general and localized corrosion of copper in alkaline and bicarbonate solutions. Back-reflection geometry has been employed to identify the anodic film formed on copper in 0.1 M NaOH solution at 0.3 V (versus a Ag/AgCl reference) to be mainly CuO. In 0.01 M NaHCO(3) solution general corrosion occurs with passive film formation below 0.2 V. The surface film at 0.2 V consisted mainly of bicarbonate, copper carbonate dihydroxide or malachite [CuCO(3).Cu(OH)(2)], Cu(OH)(2) and possibly some CuO. At higher potentials the passive film breaks down and localized corrosion occurs leading to the formation of pits. The composition of the surface films inside the pits formed at 0.6 V was found to be essentially the same as that outside but the relative amount of Cu(OH)(2) appears to be higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hahn
- UMR-CNRS 6503, University of Poitiers, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
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Spectroscopy at Electrochemical Interfaces. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49829-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Osawa M. In‐situ Surface‐Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy of the Electrode/Solution Interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527616817.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pettit C, Garland J, Walters M, Roy D. Time resolved study of electrode reactions using Fourier transform impedance spectroscopy: mutually correlated adsorption kinetics of Cu2+ and ClO4− on gold. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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