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Taxonomic consistency and nomenclatural rules within oysters: Comment on Li et al. (2021). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 170:107437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Transcriptomic analysis provides insights into candidate genes and molecular pathways involved in growth of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:341-353. [PMID: 33660117 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth is one of the most important traits of aquaculture breeding programs. Understanding the mechanisms underlying growth differences between individuals can contribute to improving growth rates through more efficient breeding schemes. Ruditapes philippinarum is an economically important marine bivalve. In order to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms to growth variability in marine shellfish, we conducted the transcriptome sequencing and examined the expression differences in growth-related gene and molecular pathways involved in growth trait of R. philippinarum. In this study, we investigated the molecular and gene expression differences in fast-growing and slow-growing Manila clam and focused on the analysis of the differential expression patterns of specific genes associated with growth by RNA-seq and qPCR analysis. A total of 61 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were captured significantly differentially expressed, and were categorized into Ras signaling pathway, hedgehog signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion, mTOR signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, and TGF-beta signaling pathway. A total of 34 growth-related genes were validated significantly and up/downregulated at fast growing and slow growing of R. philippinarum. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the insulin signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and mTOR signaling pathway play pivotal roles in molecular function and regulation of growth trait in R. philippinarum. The growth-related genes and pathways obtained here provide important insights into the molecular basis of physiological acclimation, metabolic activity, and growth variability in marine bivalves.
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Rádai Z, Kiss J, Babczyńska A, Kardos G, Báthori F, Samu F, Barta Z. Consequences of rapid development owing to cohort splitting: just how costly is it to hurry? J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb219659. [PMID: 32098878 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.219659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In cohort splitting, diverging sub-cohorts may show substantial differences in their growth and developmental rates. Although in the past, causes and adaptive value of cohort splitting were studied in detail, individual-level consequences of cohort splitting are still rather overlooked. Life history theory predicts that considerably increased growth and developmental rates should be traded off against other costly life history traits. However, it is not clear whether one should expect such associations in adaptive developmental plasticity scenarios, because natural selection might have promoted genotypes that mitigate those potential costs of rapid development. To address these contrasting propositions, we assessed life history traits in the wolf spider Pardosa agrestis, both collected from natural habitat and reared in laboratory. We found that some traits are negatively associated with developmental rates in spiders collected from the wild, but these associations were relaxed to a considerable extent in laboratory-reared specimens. In general, we observed no consistent trend for the presence of developmental costs, although some results might suggest higher relative fecundity costs in rapidly developing females. Our study provides a detailed approach to the understanding of individual-level consequences of cohort splitting, and to the associations between key life history traits in adaptive developmental plasticity scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Rádai
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Johanna Kiss
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Agnieszka Babczyńska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Gábor Kardos
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Báthori
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Samu
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1029 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Fuentes-Santos I, Labarta U, Fernández-Reiriz MJ. Characterizing individual variability in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) growth and testing its physiological drivers using Functional Data Analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205981. [PMID: 30335841 PMCID: PMC6193698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the magnitude and causes of intrinsic variability is a main issue in the analysis of bivalve growth. Inter-individual variability in bivalve growth has been attributed to differences in the physiological performance. This hypothesis has been commonly tested comparing the physiological rates of fast and slow growers after size differentiation has occurred. This experimental design may detect a link between growth and physiological performance, but we cannot interpret the posterior physiological performance as a driver for the prior growth variability. Considering these limitations, this work introduces a new methodological framework for the analysis of bivalve growth variability. We have conducted sequential measurements of size and physiological performance (feeding, digestion and metabolic rates) in even-sized mussels growing under homogeneous environmental conditions. This experimental design allows us to distinguish between changes over time within individuals, i.e. growth and trends in the physiological rates, from differences between individuals with respect to a baseline level. In addition, Functional Data Analysis provides powerful tools to summarize all the information obtained in the exhaustive sampling scheme and to test whether differences in the physiological performance enhance growth dispersion. Our results report an increasing dispersion in both size and physiological performance over time. Although mussels grew during the experiment, it is difficult to detect any increasing or decreasing temporal pattern in their feeding, digestion and metabolic rates due to the large inter-individual variability. Comparison between the growth and physiological patterns of mussels with final size above (fast growers) and below (slow growers) the median found that fast growers had larger feeding and digestion rates and lower metabolic expenditures during the experimental culture than mussels with slow growth, which agrees with the hypothesis of a physiological basis for bivalve growth variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fuentes-Santos
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, Vigo, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Uxío Labarta
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, Vigo, Spain
| | - María José Fernández-Reiriz
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, Vigo, Spain
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Prieto D, Urrutxurtu I, Navarro E, Urrutia MB, Ibarrola I. Mytilus galloprovincialis fast growing phenotypes under different restrictive feeding conditions: Fast feeders and energy savers. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 140:114-125. [PMID: 29907318 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to test if the environmental conditions prevailing during the growing period can determine the physiological profiles of specimens differentiated as fast (F) or slow (S) growers in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. We reared mussel spats in the laboratory under two different conditions. In Treatment I (continuous feeding during discontinuous immersion), two mussel groups were submitted to a daily air exposure of 8 h and fed continuously during immersion-time, with either high-quality food dosed below the pseudofaeces threshold (BP group) or low organic content food dosed above the pseudofaeces threshold (AP group). In Treatment II (discontinuous feeding during continuous immersion), mussels were continuously immersed but fed only 1 day per week (RC group). Mussels were reared for 7 and 11 months (time required for size-differentiation) in Treatments I and II, respectively, and the smallest and largest individuals from each group were selected as S and F specimens. A series of feeding experiments (with different food quality, food ration and under continuous food supply) were performed to analyse the physiological performance of selected F and S mussels. In Treatment I, no significant differences were found in the metabolic rates between F and S mussels, and the faster growth rate of F-mussels resulted from their capacity to display higher clearance-ingestion rates and pre-ingestive selections. The physiological basis of growth rate differences between F and S mussels were found to be the same in mussels reared with diets below or above a pseudofaeces threshold (FBP, FAP, SBP and SAP). In contrast, the mussels from Treatment II had no significant differences in the feeding rates between FRC and SRC mussels. However, F individuals were found to have a 33% lower standard metabolic rate, indicating that fast growth under severe feeding restriction stemmed from a higher capacity of F-mussels to save energy during long periods of starvation. Despite the differences in the physiological basis explaining fast growth between the two treatments, F-mussels were found to possess significantly higher gill-surface area in both cases. It is thus concluded that endogenous factors affecting the gill-surface area play a major role in determining inter-individual growth rate differences in the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Prieto
- GIU 17/061, GI 544, Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - I Urrutxurtu
- GIU 17/061, GI 544, Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - E Navarro
- GIU 17/061, GI 544, Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - M B Urrutia
- GIU 17/061, GI 544, Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - I Ibarrola
- GIU 17/061, GI 544, Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Pan TCF, Applebaum SL, Frieder CA, Manahan DT. Biochemical bases of growth variation during development: a study of protein turnover in pedigreed families of bivalve larvae ( Crassostrea gigas). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.171967. [PMID: 29615524 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.171967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Animal size is a highly variable trait regulated by complex interactions between biological and environmental processes. Despite the importance of understanding the mechanistic bases of growth, predicting size variation in early stages of development remains challenging. Pedigreed lines of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) were crossed to produce contrasting growth phenotypes to analyze the metabolic bases of growth variation in larval stages. Under controlled environmental conditions, substantial growth variation of up to 430% in shell length occurred among 12 larval families. Protein was the major biochemical constituent in larvae, with an average protein-to-lipid content ratio of 2.8. On average, 86% of protein synthesized was turned over (i.e. only 14% retained as protein accreted), with a regulatory shift in depositional efficiency resulting in increased protein accretion during later larval growth. Variation in protein depositional efficiency among families did not explain the range in larval growth rates. Instead, changes in protein synthesis rates predicted 72% of growth variation. High rates of protein synthesis to support faster growth, in turn, necessitated greater allocation of the total ATP pool to protein synthesis. An ATP allocation model is presented for larvae of C. gigas that includes the major components (82%) of energy demand: protein synthesis (45%), ion pump activity (20%), shell formation (14%) and protein degradation (3%). The metabolic trade-offs between faster growth and the need for higher ATP allocation to protein synthesis could be a major determinant of fitness for larvae of different genotypes responding to the stress of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-C Francis Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA
| | - Scott L Applebaum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA
| | - Christina A Frieder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA
| | - Donal T Manahan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA
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Stapp LS, Parker LM, O'Connor WA, Bock C, Ross PM, Pörtner HO, Lannig G. Sensitivity to ocean acidification differs between populations of the Sydney rock oyster: Role of filtration and ion-regulatory capacities. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 135:103-113. [PMID: 29428529 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms of intraspecific variation in resilience to environmental drivers is key to predict species' adaptive potential. Recent studies show a higher CO2 resilience of Sydney rock oysters selectively bred for increased growth and disease resistance ('selected oysters') compared to the wild population. We tested whether the higher resilience of selected oysters correlates with an increased ability to compensate for CO2-induced acid-base disturbances. After 7 weeks of exposure to elevated seawater PCO2 (1100 μatm), wild oysters had a lower extracellular pH (pHe = 7.54 ± 0.02 (control) vs. 7.40 ± 0.03 (elevated PCO2)) and increased hemolymph PCO2 whereas extracellular acid-base status of selected oysters remained unaffected. However, differing pHe values between oyster types were not linked to altered metabolic costs of major ion regulators (Na+/K+-ATPase, H+-ATPase and Na+/H+-exchanger) in gill and mantle tissues. Our findings suggest that selected oysters possess an increased systemic capacity to eliminate metabolic CO2, possibly through higher and energetically more efficient filtration rates and associated gas exchange. Thus, effective filtration and CO2 resilience might be positively correlated traits in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Stapp
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; University of Bremen, NW2, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Laura M Parker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Centre, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia
| | - Christian Bock
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Pauline M Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hans O Pörtner
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; University of Bremen, NW2, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - G Lannig
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Bennett AM, Steiner J, Carstairs S, Gielens A, Davy CM. A question of scale: Replication and the effective evaluation of conservation interventions. Facets (Ott) 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2017-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation interventions can keep critically endangered species from going extinct and stabilize threatened populations. The species-specific, case-by-case approaches and small sample sizes inherent to applied conservation measures are not well suited to scientific evaluations of outcomes. Debates about whether a method “works” become entrenched in a vote-counting framework. Furthermore, population-level replication is rare but necessary for disentangling the effects of an intervention from other drivers of population change. Turtle headstarting is a conservation tool that has attracted strong opinions but little robust data. Logistical limitations, such as those imposed by the long lives of turtles, have slowed experimental evaluation and constrained the use of replication or experimental controls. Headstarting project goals vary among projects and stakeholders, and success is not always explicitly defined. To facilitate robust evaluations, we provide direction for data collection and reporting to guide the application of conservation interventions in logistically challenging systems. We offer recommendations for standardized data collection that allow their valuable results to contribute to the development of best practices, regardless of the magnitude of the project. An evidence-based and collaborative approach will lead to improved program design and reporting, and will facilitate constructive evaluation of interventions both within and among conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Bennett
- Biology Department, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, 5420 Highway 6 North, Guelph, ON N1H 6J2, Canada
| | - Jessica Steiner
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, 5420 Highway 6 North, Guelph, ON N1H 6J2, Canada
| | - Sue Carstairs
- Ontario Turtle Conservation Centre, 4-1434 Chemong Road, Selwyn, ON K9J 6X2, Canada
| | - Andrea Gielens
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, 5420 Highway 6 North, Guelph, ON N1H 6J2, Canada
| | - Christina M. Davy
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
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Muir AP, Biek R, Mable BK. Behavioural and physiological adaptations to low-temperature environments in the common frog, Rana temporaria. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:110. [PMID: 24885261 PMCID: PMC4037278 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extreme environments can impose strong ecological and evolutionary pressures at a local level. Ectotherms are particularly sensitive to low-temperature environments, which can result in a reduced activity period, slowed physiological processes and increased exposure to sub-zero temperatures. The aim of this study was to assess the behavioural and physiological responses that facilitate survival in low-temperature environments. In particular, we asked: 1) do high-altitude common frog (Rana temporaria) adults extend the time available for larval growth by breeding at lower temperatures than low-altitude individuals?; and 2) do tadpoles sampled from high-altitude sites differ physiologically from those from low-altitude sites, in terms of routine metabolic rate (RMR) and freeze tolerance? Breeding date was assessed as the first day of spawn observation and local temperature recorded for five, paired high- and low-altitude R. temporaria breeding sites in Scotland. Spawn was collected and tadpoles raised in a common laboratory environment, where RMR was measured as oxygen consumed using a closed respiratory tube system. Freeze tolerance was measured as survival following slow cooling to the point when all container water had frozen. Results We found that breeding did not occur below 5°C at any site and there was no significant relationship between breeding temperature and altitude, leading to a delay in spawning of five days for every 100 m increase in altitude. The relationship between altitude and RMR varied by mountain but was lower for individuals sampled from high- than low-altitude sites within the three mountains with the highest high-altitude sites (≥900 m). In contrast, individuals sampled from low-altitudes survived freezing significantly better than those from high-altitudes, across all mountains. Conclusions Our results suggest that adults at high-altitude do not show behavioural adaptations in terms of breeding at lower temperatures. However, tadpoles appear to have the potential to adapt physiologically to surviving at high-altitude via reduced RMR but without an increase in freeze tolerance. Therefore, survival at high-altitude may be facilitated by physiological mechanisms that permit faster growth rates, allowing completion of larval development within a shorter time period, alleviating the need for adaptations that extend the time available for larval growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Muir
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Clark MS, Thorne MAS, Amaral A, Vieira F, Batista FM, Reis J, Power DM. Identification of molecular and physiological responses to chronic environmental challenge in an invasive species: the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3283-97. [PMID: 24223268 PMCID: PMC3797477 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the environmental responses of an invasive species is critical in predicting how ecosystem composition may be transformed in the future, especially under climate change. In this study, Crassostrea gigas, a species well adapted to the highly variable intertidal environment, was exposed to the chronic environmental challenges of temperature (19 and 24°C) and pH (ambient seawater and a reduction of 0.4 pH units) in an extended 3-month laboratory-based study. Physiological parameters were measured (condition index, shell growth, respiration, excretion rates, O:N ratios, and ability to repair shell damage) alongside molecular analyses. Temperature was by far the most important stressor, as demonstrated by reduced condition indexes and shell growth at 24°C, with relatively little effect detected for pH. Transcriptional profiling using candidate genes and SOLiD sequencing of mantle tissue revealed that classical “stress” genes, previously reported to be upregulated under acute temperature challenges, were not significantly expressed in any of the treatments, emphasizing the different response between acute and longer term chronic stress. The transcriptional profiling also elaborated on the cellular responses underpinning the physiological results, including the identification of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway as a potentially novel marker for chronic environmental challenge. This study represents a first attempt to understand the energetic consequences of cumulative thermal stress on the intertidal C. gigas which could significantly impact on coastal ecosystem biodiversity and function in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K
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11
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Tamayo D, Ibarrola I, Navarro E. Thermal dependence of clearance and metabolic rates in slow- and fast-growing spats of manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. J Comp Physiol B 2013; 183:893-904. [PMID: 23695364 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermal dependence of clearance rate (CR: l h(-1)), standard (SMR: J h(-1)) and routine metabolic rates (RMR: J h(-1)), were analyzed in fast (F)- and slow (S)-growing juveniles of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Physiological rates were measured at the maintenance temperature (17 °C), and compared with measurements performed at 10 and 24 °C after 16 h and 14 days to analyze acute and acclimated responses, respectively. Metabolic rates (both RMR and SMR) differed significantly between F and S seeds, irrespective of temperature. Mass-specific CRs were not different for F and S seeds but were significantly higher in F clams for rates standardized according to allometric size-scaling rules. Acute thermal dependency of CR was equal for F and S clams: mean Q 10 were ≈3 and 2 in temperature ranges of 10-17 and 17-24 °C, respectively. CR did not change after 2 weeks of acclimation to temperatures. Acute thermal effects on SMR were similar in both groups (Q 10 ≈ 1 and 1.6 in temperature ranges of 10-17 and 17-24 °C, respectively). Large differences between groups were found in the acute thermal dependence of RMR: Q 10 in F clams (≈1.2 and 1.9 at temperature ranges of 10-17 and 17-24 °C, respectively) were similar to those found for SMR (Q 10 = 1.0 and 1.7). In contrast, RMR of S clams exhibited maximum thermal dependence (Q 10 = 3.1) at 10-17 °C and become depressed at higher temperatures (Q 10 = 0.9 at 17-24 °C). A recovery of RMR in S clams was recorded upon acclimation to 24 °C. Contrasting metabolic patterns between fast and slow growers are interpreted as a consequence of differential thermal sensitivity of the fraction of metabolism associated to food processing and assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tamayo
- Departamento GAFFA (Animal Physiology), Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Apartado 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain,
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12
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Li XM, Yu LJ, Wang C, Zeng LQ, Cao ZD, Fu SJ, Zhang YG. The effect of aerobic exercise training on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and postprandial metabolic response in juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:8-16. [PMID: 23623987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Continual swimming exercise usually promotes growth in fish at a moderate water velocity. We hypothesized that the improvement in growth in exercise-trained fish may be accompanied by increases in digestive enzyme activity, respiratory capacity and, hence, postprandial metabolism. Juvenile qingbo fish (Spinibarbus sinensis) were subjected to aerobic training for 8weeks at a water velocity of control (3cms(-1)), 1, 2 and 4 body length (bl)s(-1) at a constant temperature of 25°C. The feed intake (FI), food conversion rate (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), whole-body composition, trypsin and lipase activities, maximal oxygen consumption (M˙O2max) and postprandial M˙O2 response were measured at the end of the training period. Aerobic exercise training induced a significant increase in FI compared with the control group, while the FCR of the 4bls(-1) group was significantly lower than for the other three groups (P<0.05). The 1 and 2bls(-1) groups showed a significantly higher SGR over the control group (P<0.05). The whole-body fat and protein contents were significantly altered after aerobic exercise training (P<0.05). Furthermore, aerobic exercise training elevated the activity of both trypsin and lipase in the hepatopancreas and intestinal tract of juvenile S. sinensis. The M˙O2max of the 4bls(-1) training group was significantly higher than for the control group. The resting M˙O2 (M˙O2rest) and peak postprandial M˙O2 (M˙O2peak) in the three training groups were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.05). Time to M˙O2peak was significantly shorter in the 1, 2 and 4bls(-1) training groups compared with the control group, while exercise training showed no effect on SDA (specific dynamic action) duration, factorial metabolic scope, energy expended on SDA and the SDA coefficient when compared to the control group. These data suggest that (1) the optimum water velocity for the growth of juvenile S. sinensis occurred at approximately 2.4bls(-1); (2) the improvement of growth may have been primarily due to an increase in the FI after long-term training; (3) and aerobic exercise training boosted the activity of digestive enzymes and maximum digestive metabolism, which could favor fast digestion and growth in juvenile S. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Education Ministry), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Careau V, Garland T. Performance, personality, and energetics: correlation, causation, and mechanism. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 85:543-71. [PMID: 23099454 DOI: 10.1086/666970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The study of phenotypic evolution should be an integrative endeavor that combines different approaches and crosses disciplinary and phylogenetic boundaries to consider complex traits and organisms that historically have been studied in isolation from each other. Analyses of individual variation within populations can act to bridge studies focused at the levels of morphology, physiology, biochemistry, organismal performance, behavior, and life history. For example, the study of individual variation recently facilitated the integration of behavior into the concept of a pace-of-life syndrome and effectively linked the field of energetics with research on animal personality. Here, we illustrate how studies on the pace-of-life syndrome and the energetics of personality can be integrated within a physiology-performance-behavior-fitness paradigm that includes consideration of ecological context. We first introduce key concepts and definitions and then review the rapidly expanding literature on the links between energy metabolism and personality traits commonly studied in nonhuman animals (activity, exploration, boldness, aggressiveness, sociability). We highlight some empirical literature involving mammals and squamates that demonstrates how emerging fields can develop in rather disparate ways because of historical accidents and/or particularities of different kinds of organisms. We then briefly discuss potentially interesting avenues for future conceptual and empirical research in relation to motivation, intraindividual variation, and mechanisms underlying trait correlations. The integration of performance traits within the pace-of-life-syndrome concept has the potential to fill a logical gap between the context dependency of selection and how energetics and personality are expected to interrelate. Studies of how performance abilities and/or aspects of Darwinian fitness relate to both metabolic rate and personality traits are particularly lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Careau
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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14
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Careau V, Bergeron P, Garant D, Réale D, Speakman JR, Humphries MM. The energetic and survival costs of growth in free-ranging chipmunks. Oecologia 2012; 171:11-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dickinson GH, Ivanina AV, Matoo OB, Pörtner HO, Lannig G, Bock C, Beniash E, Sokolova IM. Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:29-43. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Rising levels of atmospheric CO2 lead to acidification of the ocean and alter seawater carbonate chemistry, which can negatively impact calcifying organisms, including mollusks. In estuaries, exposure to elevated CO2 levels often co-occurs with other stressors, such as reduced salinity, which enhances the acidification trend, affects ion and acid–base regulation of estuarine calcifiers and modifies their response to ocean acidification. We studied the interactive effects of salinity and partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) on biomineralization and energy homeostasis in juveniles of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, a common estuarine bivalve. Juveniles were exposed for 11 weeks to one of two environmentally relevant salinities (30 or 15 PSU) either at current atmospheric PCO2 (∼400 μatm, normocapnia) or PCO2 projected by moderate IPCC scenarios for the year 2100 (∼700–800 μatm, hypercapnia). Exposure of the juvenile oysters to elevated PCO2 and/or low salinity led to a significant increase in mortality, reduction of tissue energy stores (glycogen and lipid) and negative soft tissue growth, indicating energy deficiency. Interestingly, tissue ATP levels were not affected by exposure to changing salinity and PCO2, suggesting that juvenile oysters maintain their cellular energy status at the expense of lipid and glycogen stores. At the same time, no compensatory upregulation of carbonic anhydrase activity was found under the conditions of low salinity and high PCO2. Metabolic profiling using magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed altered metabolite status following low salinity exposure; specifically, acetate levels were lower in hypercapnic than in normocapnic individuals at low salinity. Combined exposure to hypercapnia and low salinity negatively affected mechanical properties of shells of the juveniles, resulting in reduced hardness and fracture resistance. Thus, our data suggest that the combined effects of elevated PCO2 and fluctuating salinity may jeopardize the survival of eastern oysters because of weakening of their shells and increased energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H. Dickinson
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 589 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anna V. Ivanina
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Omera B. Matoo
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Hans O. Pörtner
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Hermann von Helmholtz Association of National Research Centers e.V. (HGF), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gisela Lannig
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Hermann von Helmholtz Association of National Research Centers e.V. (HGF), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Christian Bock
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Hermann von Helmholtz Association of National Research Centers e.V. (HGF), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 589 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Inna M. Sokolova
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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Goff SA. A unifying theory for general multigenic heterosis: energy efficiency, protein metabolism, and implications for molecular breeding. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:923-937. [PMID: 21166808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids between genetically diverse varieties display enhanced growth, and increased total biomass, stress resistance and grain yield. Gene expression and metabolic studies in maize, rice and other species suggest that protein metabolism plays a role in the growth differences between hybrids and inbreds. Single trait heterosis can be explained by the existing theories of dominance, overdominance and epistasis. General multigenic heterosis is observed in a wide variety of different species and is likely to share a common underlying biological mechanism. This review presents a model to explain differences in growth and yield caused by general multigenic heterosis. The model describes multigenic heterosis in terms of energy-use efficiency and faster cell cycle progression where hybrids have more efficient growth than inbreds because of differences in protein metabolism. The proposed model is consistent with the observed variation of gene expression in different pairs of inbred lines and hybrid offspring as well as growth differences in polyploids and aneuploids. It also suggests an approach to enhance yield gains in both hybrid and inbred crops via the creation of an appropriate computational analysis pipeline coupled to an efficient molecular breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Goff
- iPlant Collaborative, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Dmitriew
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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18
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Millidine KJ, Metcalfe NB, Armstrong JD. Presence of a conspecific causes divergent changes in resting metabolism, depending on its relative size. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:3989-93. [PMID: 19710067 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the average metabolism of many species of fish varies with group size. However, it is not clear whether all individuals respond in the same way. Here, we use a newly calibrated method of measuring the metabolic rate of fish from opercular (ventilatory) movements that allows for the first-time estimation of changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) of each individual within different social groups and when alone. The presence of a conspecific had divergent effects on the RMR of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, depending on its relative body size: the presence of a smaller fish caused a 40 per cent reduction, whereas the presence of a slightly larger fish approximately doubled RMR. These effects occurred in the absence of activity and were sustained at lower magnitude in the case of the relatively smaller conspecific even if a transparent barrier prevented any physical interactions between fish. Changes in RMR were mirrored by changes in eye colour that indicate they were linked to stress levels. These contrasting and strong responses show that even the nearby presence of a conspecific can have profound and variable effects on an individual's energy budget; they also highlight the complex trade-offs involved in social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Millidine
- Marine Scotland Freshwater Laboratory, Faskally, Pitlochry PH16 5LB, UK.
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LINDGREN BEATRICE, LAURILA ANSSI. Physiological variation along a geographical gradient: is growth rate correlated with routine metabolic rate in Rana temporaria tadpoles? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Criscuolo F, Monaghan P, Nasir L, Metcalfe NB. Early nutrition and phenotypic development: 'catch-up' growth leads to elevated metabolic rate in adulthood. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:1565-70. [PMID: 18397870 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is responsible for up to 50% of total energy expenditure, and so should be under strong selection pressure, yet it shows extensive intraspecific variation and a low heritability. Environmental conditions during growth are thought to have long-term effects through 'metabolic programming'. Here we investigate whether nutritional conditions early in life can alter RMR in adulthood, and whether this is due to growth acceleration or the change in diet quality that prompts it. We manipulated dietary protein levels during the main growth period of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) such that an episode of poor nutrition occurred with and without growth acceleration. This produced different growth trajectories but a similar adult body mass. Only the diet that induced growth acceleration resulted in a significant (19%) elevation of RMR at adulthood, despite all the birds having been on the same diet after the first month. This is the first study to show that dietary-induced differences in growth trajectories can have a long-term effect on adult metabolic rate. It suggests that modification of metabolic efficiency may be one of the mechanisms mediating the observed long-term costs of accelerated growth, and indicates links between early nutrition and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Criscuolo
- Ornithology Group, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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21
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Gainey LF. Seasonal control of particle clearance by isolated gills from the clam Mercenaria mercenaria. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:2518-25. [PMID: 17601956 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.005637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Pieces of gill isolated from the clam Mercenaria mercenaria clear colloidal graphite from seawater, and the clearance rates are measurable. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) had a biphasic effect on clearance rates:concentrations from 10–6 to 10–5 mol l–1 5-HT increased clearance, but higher concentrations reduced it. During the summer, the gills were less responsive to 5-HT: the threshold increased from 1×10–6 to 5×10–6 mol l–1, and although the rate was still maximal at 10–5 mol l–1, it was significantly lower than the maximal rate in the winter. At 10–5 mol l–1 5-HT, which maximized clearance, the lateral cilia were active, the interfilament space decreased and the diameter of the water tubes increased. Higher concentrations of 5-HT contracted the gill musculature, which inhibited the lateral cilia, decreased the interfilament space even more and decreased the diameter of the water tubes. The nitric oxide (NO) generator DEANO stimulated clearance in the winter but had no effect during the summer. l-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthesis, diminished the effect of 5-HT during the winter but was ineffective during the summer. The diminished response to 5-HT of winter gills treated with l-NAME was statistically equal to the response of the gills to 5-HT during the summer. Dopamine (DA) inhibited clearance, and the gills were more sensitive to DA in winter than in summer. Microscopic examination of untreated gills revealed little or no lateral ciliary activity,and clearance was minimal. Thus, clearance rates of isolated gills behave in a manner consistent with the seasonality and pharmacology of the lateral cilia and branchial musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis F Gainey
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME 04104, USA.
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22
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Dmitriew C, Cooray M, Rowe L. Effects of early resource-limiting conditions on patterns of growth, growth efficiency, and immune function at emergence in a damselfly (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). CAN J ZOOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/z07-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Periods of restricted growth during early development are expected to have detrimental effects on subsequent metrics of fitness, most prominently increases in age and decreases in size at maturity. However, in some cases, animals may compensate by altering foraging effort, growth efficiency, or patterns of resource allocation between critical traits prior to maturation. Yet, even when compensation for age and size is complete, brief periods of restricted growth may carry costs persisting in the long term, and compensatory tactics may themselves be costly. We investigated the long-term costs of early growth restriction and mechanisms of compensatory growth in the damselfly Ischnura verticalis (Say, 1839). Larvae were temporarily exposed to one of three feeding regimes in the early stages of development, after which food levels were restored. In the period of unrestricted growth prior to emergence, partial compensation for structural size in the lowest food treatment was observed, while both resource-limited groups accelerated mass gain relative to controls. Changes in food consumption and food conversion efficiency were ruled out as mechanisms for accelerating growth following diet restriction. We tested for changes in resource allocation patterns that could explain the observed compensatory growth and found that adult body shape may depend on early growth conditions in females. There was no evidence of detrimental effects on immune function at emergence, although males tended to have higher phenoloxidase activity (a measure of immunocompetence) than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Dmitriew
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - M. Cooray
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - L. Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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23
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Sears MW. Resting metabolic expenditure as a potential source of variation in growth rates of the sagebrush lizard. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 140:171-7. [PMID: 15748856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Along an elevational gradient on SW Utah, sagebrush lizards (Sceloporus graciosus) exhibit an unexpected pattern of growth. Lizards from a high elevation population grow faster than lizards from two populations at lower elevations despite shorter daily and seasonal activity. Results from a common environment study of growth suggest that the differences in growth are not due to adaptation to local environmental conditions. In this study, I test the hypothesis that higher growth rates in lizards from high elevation may be attributable to reduced resting metabolic expenditure compared to that of lizards from populations at two lower elevations. Resting metabolic rates were measured for individuals from each of the study populations across different times of day and over a broad range of temperatures. Under the same laboratory conditions, field-caught lizards from the high elevation population exhibited lower metabolic rates when compared to lizards from lower elevations. Daily resting metabolic expenditures were calculated using the observed metabolic rates coupled with estimates of daily activity. Daily resting metabolic expenditure was 50% greater for individuals from the two lower elevation populations, which could result in 12.5% more energy that could be potentially allocated to growth for lizards from high elevation. Such energetic savings may be able to explain differences in the patterns of growth observed in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Sears
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA.
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Abstract
Studies investigating the effects of temperature, food availability, or other physical factors on the physiology of marine animals have led to the development of biochemical indicators of growth rate, metabolic condition, and physiological stress. Measurements of metabolic enzyme activity and RNA/DNA have been especially valuable as indicators of condition in studies of marine invertebrates and fishes, groups for which accurate determination of field metabolic rates is difficult. Properly calibrated and applied, biochemical indicators have been successfully used in studies of rocky intertidal ecology, where two decades of experimentation have generated rigorous, testable models for determining the relative influences of biotic and abiotic factors on species distribution, abundance, and interaction. Biochemical indicators of condition and metabolic activity (metabolic enzymes, RNA/DNA) have been used to test nutrient-productivity models by demonstrating tight linkages between nearshore oceanographic processes (such as upwelling) and benthic rocky intertidal ecosystems. Indices of condition and heat stress (heat shock proteins, or Hsps) have begun to be used to test environmental stress models by comparing condition, activity, and Hsp expression of key rocky intertidal predator and prey species. Using biochemical indicators of condition and stress in natural systems holds great promise for understanding mechanisms by which organisms respond to rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Dahlhoff
- Department of Biology and Environmental Studies Institute, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA.
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25
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Angilletta MJ, Wilson RS, Navas CA, James RS. Tradeoffs and the evolution of thermal reaction norms. Trends Ecol Evol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5347(03)00087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Riisgård HU. Comment: Physiological regulationversusautonomous filtration in filter-feeding bivalves: Starting points for progress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/00785236.2001.10409465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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