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See K, Kadonosono T, Ota Y, Miyamoto K, Yimchuen W, Kizaka-Kondoh S. Reconstitution of an Anti-HER2 Antibody Paratope by Grafting Dual CDR-Derived Peptides onto a Small Protein Scaffold. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000078. [PMID: 32975036 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Target-binding small proteins are promising alternatives to conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), offering advantages in terms of tissue penetration and manufacturing costs. Recently, a design strategy to create small proteins called fluctuation-regulated affinity proteins (FLAPs) consisting of a structurally immobilized peptide from the complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops of mAbs (CDR-derived peptide) and a protein scaffold was developed. Because mAb paratopes are usually composed of multiple CDRs, FLAPs with multiple binding peptides may have an enhanced target-binding capability. Here, a strategy to create FLAPs bearing dual CDR-derived peptides (D-FLAPs) using the anti-human epithelial growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) mAb trastuzumab as a basis is developed. Computationally selected CDR-derived peptides are first grafted onto two adjacent loops of the fibronectin type III domain (FN3) scaffold, yielding 80 D-FLAP candidates. After computational screening based on their similarity to the parental mAb with regard to the conformation of paratope residues, two candidates are selected. After further evaluation with ELISA, one D-FLAP with HYTTPP and GDGFYA peptides from CDR-L3 and CDR-H3 of the parental mAb, respectively, is found to bind HER2 with a dissociation constant of 58 nm. This method applies to various mAb drugs and allows the rational design of small protein alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra See
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kadonosono
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yumi Ota
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kotaro Miyamoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Wanaporn Yimchuen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shinae Kizaka-Kondoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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Pazderova P, Waltl EE, Niederberger-Leppin V, Flicker S, Valenta R, Niespodziana K. ELISA-Based Assay for Studying Major and Minor Group Rhinovirus-Receptor Interactions. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E315. [PMID: 32570763 PMCID: PMC7350259 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) infections are a major cause of recurrent common colds and trigger severe exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. Major challenges for the development of vaccines for RV include the virus occurring in the form of approximately 160 different serotypes, using different receptors, and the need for preclinical models for the screening of vaccine candidates and antiviral compounds. We report the establishment and characterization of an ELISA-based assay for studying major and minor group RV-receptor interactions. This assay is based on the interaction of purified virus with plate-bound human receptor proteins, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Using RV strain-specific antibodies, we demonstrate the specific binding of a panel of major and minor RV group types including RV-A and RV-B strains to ICAM-1 and LDLR, respectively. We show that the RV-receptor interaction can be blocked with receptor-specific antibodies as well as with soluble receptors and neutralizing RV-specific antibodies. The assay is more sensitive than a cell culture-based virus neutralization test. The ELISA assay will therefore be useful for the preclinical evaluation for preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting the RV-receptor interaction, such as vaccines, antibodies, and anti-viral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pazderova
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (S.F.); (R.V.)
| | - Eva E. Waltl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (E.E.W.); (V.N.-L.)
| | - Verena Niederberger-Leppin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (E.E.W.); (V.N.-L.)
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (S.F.); (R.V.)
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (S.F.); (R.V.)
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Niespodziana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.P.); (S.F.); (R.V.)
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Onuoha SC, Ferrari M, Sblattero D, Pitzalis C. Rational design of antirheumatic prodrugs specific for sites of inflammation. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 67:2661-72. [PMID: 26097196 PMCID: PMC4832285 DOI: 10.1002/art.39232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Biologic drugs, such as the anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) antibody adalimumab, have represented a breakthrough in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Yet, concerns remain over their lack of efficacy in a sizable proportion of patients and their potential for systemic side effects such as infection. Improved biologic prodrugs specifically targeted to the site of inflammation have the potential to alleviate current concerns surrounding biologic anticytokine therapies. The purpose of this study was to design, construct, and evaluate in vitro and ex vivo the targeting and antiinflammatory capacity of activatable bispecific antibodies. Methods Activatable dual variable domain (aDVD) antibodies were designed and constructed to target intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1), which is up‐regulated at sites of inflammation, and anti‐TNF antibodies (adalimumab and infliximab). These bispecific molecules included an external arm that targets ICAM‐1 and an internal arm that comprises the therapeutic domain of an anti‐TNF antibody. Both arms were linked to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–cleavable linkers. The constructs were tested for their ability to bind and neutralize both in vitro and ex vivo targets. Results Intact aDVD constructs demonstrated significantly reduced binding and anti‐TNF activity in the prodrug formulation as compared to the parent antibodies. Human synovial fluid and physiologic concentrations of MMP enzyme were capable of cleaving the external domain of the antibody, revealing a fully active molecule. Activated antibodies retained the same binding and anti‐TNF inhibitory capacities as the parent molecules. Conclusion The design of a biologic prodrug with enhanced specificity for sites of inflammation (synovium) and reduced specificity for off‐target TNF is described. This construct has the potential to form a platform technology that is capable of enhancing the therapeutic index of drugs for the treatment of RA and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimobi C Onuoha
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mathieu Ferrari
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Costantino Pitzalis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Khantasup K, Chantima W, Sangma C, Poomputsa K, Dharakul T. Design and Generation of Humanized Single-chain Fv Derived from Mouse Hybridoma for Potential Targeting Application. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 34:404-17. [PMID: 26683180 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2015.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-chain variable antibody fragments (scFvs) are attractive candidates for targeted immunotherapy in several human diseases. In this study, a concise humanization strategy combined with an optimized production method for humanizing scFvs was successfully employed. Two antibody clones, one directed against the hemagglutinin of H5N1 influenza virus, the other against EpCAM, a cancer biomarker, were used to demonstrate the validity of the method. Heavy chain (VH) and light chain (VL) variable regions of immunoglobulin genes from mouse hybridoma cells were sequenced and subjected to the construction of mouse scFv 3-D structure. Based on in silico modeling, the humanized version of the scFv was designed via complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting with the retention of mouse framework region (FR) residues identified by primary sequence analysis. Root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) value between mouse and humanized scFv structures was calculated to evaluate the preservation of CDR conformation. Mouse and humanized scFv genes were then constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. Using this method, we successfully generated humanized scFvs that retained the targeting activity of their respective mouse scFv counterparts. In addition, the humanized scFvs were engineered with a C-terminal cysteine residue (hscFv-C) for site-directed conjugation for use in future targeting applications. The hscFv-C expression was extensively optimized to improve protein production yield. The protocol yielded a 20-fold increase in production of hscFv-Cs in E. coli periplasm. The strategy described in this study may be applicable in the humanization of other antibodies derived from mouse hybridoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannika Khantasup
- 1 Research Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Chantima
- 2 Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand .,4 National Nanotechnology Center , National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Chak Sangma
- 5 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Poomputsa
- 6 Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tararaj Dharakul
- 3 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand .,4 National Nanotechnology Center , National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Akiba H, Tsumoto K. Thermodynamics of antibody–antigen interaction revealed by mutation analysis of antibody variable regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 158:1-13. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Howard M, Zern BJ, Anselmo AC, Shuvaev VV, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov V. Vascular targeting of nanocarriers: perplexing aspects of the seemingly straightforward paradigm. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4100-32. [PMID: 24787360 PMCID: PMC4046791 DOI: 10.1021/nn500136z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nanomedicine holds promise to find clinical use in many medical areas. Endothelial cells that line the luminal surface of blood vessels represent a key target for treatment of inflammation, ischemia, thrombosis, stroke, and other neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oncological conditions. In other cases, the endothelium is a barrier for tissue penetration or a victim of adverse effects. Several endothelial surface markers including peptidases (e.g., ACE, APP, and APN) and adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM-1 and PECAM) have been identified as key targets. Binding of nanocarriers to these molecules enables drug targeting and subsequent penetration into or across the endothelium, offering therapeutic effects that are unattainable by their nontargeted counterparts. We analyze diverse aspects of endothelial nanomedicine including (i) circulation and targeting of carriers with diverse geometries, (ii) multivalent interactions of carrier with endothelium, (iii) anchoring to multiple determinants, (iv) accessibility of binding sites and cellular response to their engagement, (v) role of cell phenotype and microenvironment in targeting, (vi) optimization of targeting by lowering carrier avidity, (vii) endocytosis of multivalent carriers via molecules not implicated in internalization of their ligands, and (viii) modulation of cellular uptake and trafficking by selection of specific epitopes on the target determinant, carrier geometry, and hydrodynamic factors. Refinement of these aspects and improving our understanding of vascular biology and pathology is likely to enable the clinical translation of vascular endothelial targeting of nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Howard
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Blaine J. Zern
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aaron C. Anselmo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Abstract
Endothelial cells represent important targets for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in many cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. Targeted delivery of drugs (especially potent and labile biotherapeutics that require specific subcellular addressing) and imaging probes to endothelium holds promise to improve management of these maladies. In order to achieve this goal, drug cargoes or their carriers including liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles are chemically conjugated or fused using recombinant techniques with affinity ligands of endothelial surface molecules. Cell adhesion molecules, constitutively expressed on the endothelial surface and exposed on the surface of pathologically altered endothelium—selectins, VCAM-1, PECAM-1, and ICAM-1—represent good determinants for such a delivery. In particular, PECAM-1 and ICAM-1 meet criteria of accessibility, safety, and relevance to the (patho)physiological context of treatment of inflammation, ischemia, and thrombosis and offer a unique combination of targeting options including surface anchoring as well as intra- and transcellular targeting, modulated by parameters of the design of drug delivery system and local biological factors including flow and endothelial phenotype. This review includes analysis of these factors and examples of targeting selected classes of therapeutics showing promising results in animal studies, supporting translational potential of these interventions.
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8
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Muzykantov VR, Radhakrishnan R, Eckmann DM. Dynamic factors controlling targeting nanocarriers to vascular endothelium. Curr Drug Metab 2012; 13:70-81. [PMID: 22292809 DOI: 10.2174/138920012798356916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium lining the luminal surface of blood vessels is the key target and barrier for vascular drug delivery. Nanocarriers coated with antibodies or affinity peptides that bind specifically to endothelial surface determinants provide targeted delivery of therapeutic cargoes to these cells. Endothelial targeting consists of several phases including circulation in the bloodstream, anchoring on the endothelial surface and, in some cases, intracellular uptake and trafficking of the internalized materials. Dynamic parameters of the vasculature including the blood hydrodynamics as well as surface density, accessibility, membrane mobility and clustering of target determinants modulate these phases of the targeting, especially anchoring to endothelium. Further, such controlled parameters of design of drug nanocarriers such as affinity, surface density and epitope specificity of targeting antibodies, carrier size and shape also modulate endothelial targeting and resultant sub-cellular addressing. This article reviews experimental and computational approaches for analysis of factors modulating targeting nanocarriers to the endothelial cells.
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9
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Škrlj N, Vranac T, Popović M, Čurin Šerbec V, Dolinar M. Specific binding of the pathogenic prion isoform: development and characterization of a humanized single-chain variable antibody fragment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15783. [PMID: 21283753 PMCID: PMC3024399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine monoclonal antibody V5B2 which specifically recognizes the pathogenic form of the prion protein represents a potentially valuable tool in diagnostics or therapy of prion diseases. As murine antibodies elicit immune response in human, only modified forms can be used for therapeutic applications. We humanized a single-chain V5B2 antibody using variable domain resurfacing approach guided by computer modelling. Design based on sequence alignments and computer modelling resulted in a humanized version bearing 13 mutations compared to initial murine scFv. The humanized scFv was expressed in a dedicated bacterial system and purified by metal-affinity chromatography. Unaltered binding affinity to the original antigen was demonstrated by ELISA and maintained binding specificity was proved by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Since monoclonal antibodies against prion protein can antagonize prion propagation, humanized scFv specific for the pathogenic form of the prion protein might become a potential therapeutic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Škrlj
- Biochemistry Chair, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Vranac
- Department for Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mara Popović
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Biochemistry Chair, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department for Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Dolinar
- Biochemistry Chair, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Calderon AJ, Bhowmick T, Leferovich J, Burman B, Pichette B, Muzykantov V, Eckmann DM, Muro S. Optimizing endothelial targeting by modulating the antibody density and particle concentration of anti-ICAM coated carriers. J Control Release 2010; 150:37-44. [PMID: 21047540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of drug carriers to cell adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells (ECs) may improve treatment of diseases involving the vascular endothelium. This is the case for carriers targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), an endothelial surface protein overexpressed in many pathologies. In order to optimize our design of anti-ICAM carriers, we have explored in this study the influence of two carrier design parameters on specific and efficient endothelial targeting in vitro and in vivo: carrier dose and density of targeting molecules (antibodies-Ab) on the carrier surface. Using radioisotope tracing we assessed the role of these parameters on the biodistribution of model polymer carriers targeted to ICAM-1 ((125)I-anti-ICAM carriers) in mice. Increasing the carrier dose enhanced specific accumulation in the lung vasculature (a preferential endothelial target) and decreased non-specific hepatic and splenic uptake. Increasing the Ab density enhanced lung accumulation with minimally reduced liver and spleen uptake. These studies account for the influence of blood hydrodynamic forces on carrier binding to endothelium, relevant to arterioles, venules and larger vessels. Yet, carriers may rather bind to the extensive capillary bed where shear stress is minimal. We used fluorescence microscopy to determine binding kinetics of FITC-labeled anti-ICAM carriers in static conditions, at the threshold found in vivo and conditions mimicking low vs high ICAM-1 expression on quiescent vs activated ECs. Binding to activated ECs reached similar saturation with all tested Ab densities and carrier concentrations. In quiescent cells, carriers reached ~3-fold lower binding saturation, even at high carrier concentration and Ab density, and carriers with low Ab density did not reach saturation, reflecting avidity below threshold. Binding kinetics was positively regulated by anti-ICAM carrier concentration and Ab density. Counterintuitively, binding was faster in quiescent ECs (except for carriers with high Ab density and concentration), likely due to fast saturation of fewer binding sites on these cells. These results will guide optimization of ICAM-1-targeted carriers, e.g., in the context of targeting healthy vs diseased endothelium for prophylactic vs therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres J Calderon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Borras L, Gunde T, Tietz J, Bauer U, Hulmann-Cottier V, Grimshaw JPA, Urech DM. Generic approach for the generation of stable humanized single-chain Fv fragments from rabbit monoclonal antibodies. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9054-66. [PMID: 20056614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.072876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their favorable pharmacokinetic properties, single-chain Fv antibody fragments (scFvs) are not commonly used as therapeutics, mainly due to generally low stabilities and poor production yields. In this work, we describe the identification and optimization of a human scFv scaffold, termed FW1.4, which is suitable for humanization and stabilization of a broad variety of rabbit antibody variable domains. A motif consisting of five structurally relevant framework residues that are highly conserved in rabbit variable domains was introduced into FW1.4 to generate a generically applicable scFv scaffold, termed FW1.4gen. Grafting of complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from 15 different rabbit monoclonal antibodies onto FW1.4 and their derivatives resulted in humanized scFvs with binding affinities in the range from 4.7 x 10(-9) to 1.5 x 10(-11) m. Interestingly, minimalistic grafting of CDRs onto FW1.4gen, without any substitutions in the framework regions, resulted in affinities ranging from 5.7 x 10(-10) to <1.8 x 10(-12) m. When compared with progenitor rabbit scFvs, affinities of most humanized scFvs were similar. Moreover, in contrast to progenitor scFvs, which were difficult to produce, biophysical properties of the humanized scFvs were significantly improved, as exemplified by generally good production yields in a generic refolding process and by apparent melting temperatures between 53 and 86 degrees C. Thus, minimalistic grafting of rabbit CDRs on the FW1.4gen scaffold presents a simple and reproducible approach to humanize and stabilize rabbit variable domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Borras
- ESBATech, ALCON Biomedical Research Unit, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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12
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Teoh D, Johnson LA, Hanke T, McMichael AJ, Jackson DG. Blocking Development of a CD8+ T Cell Response by Targeting Lymphatic Recruitment of APC. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2425-31. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Muro S, Dziubla T, Qiu W, Leferovich J, Cui X, Berk E, Muzykantov VR. Endothelial targeting of high-affinity multivalent polymer nanocarriers directed to intercellular adhesion molecule 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:1161-9. [PMID: 16505161 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.098970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to endothelial cells (ECs) provides an avenue to improve treatment of many maladies. For example, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), a constitutive endothelial cell adhesion molecule up-regulated in many diseases, is a good determinant for endothelial targeting of therapeutic enzymes and polymer nanocarriers (PNCs) conjugated with anti-ICAM (anti-ICAM/PNCs). However, intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control targeting of anti-ICAM/PNCs to ECs (e.g., anti-ICAM affinity and PNC valency and flow) have not been defined. In this study we tested in vitro and in vivo parameters of targeting to ECs of anti-ICAM/PNCs consisting of either prototype polystyrene or biodegradable poly(lactic-coglycolic) acid polymers (approximately 200 nm diameter spheres carrying approximately 200 anti-ICAM molecules). Anti-ICAM/PNCs, but not control IgG/PNCs 1) rapidly (t1/2 approximately 5 min) and specifically bound to tumor necrosis factor-activated ECs in a dose-dependent manner (Bmax approximately 350 PNC/cell) at both static and physiological shear stress conditions and 2) bound to ECs and accumulated in the pulmonary vasculature after i.v. injection in mice. Anti-ICAM/PNCs displayed markedly higher EC affinity versus naked anti-ICAM (Kd approximately 80 pM versus approximately 8 nM) in cell culture and, probably because of this factor, higher value (185.3 +/- 24.2 versus 50.5 +/- 1.5% injected dose/g) and selectivity (lung/blood ratio 81.0 +/- 10.9 versus 2.1 +/- 0.02, in part due to faster blood clearance) of pulmonary targeting. These results 1) show that reformatting monomolecular anti-ICAM into high-affinity multivalent PNCs boosts their vascular immuno-targeting, which withstands physiological hydrodynamics and 2) support potential anti-ICAM/PNCs utility for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muro
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, 1 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068, USA
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Le Calvez H, Yu M, Fang F. Biochemical prevention and treatment of viral infections - a new paradigm in medicine for infectious diseases. Virol J 2004; 1:12. [PMID: 15560846 PMCID: PMC535550 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-1-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For two centuries, vaccination has been the dominating approach to develop prophylaxis against viral infections through immunological prevention. However, vaccines are not always possible to make, are ineffective for many viral infections, and also carry certain risk for a small, yet significant portion of the population. In the recent years, FDA's approval and subsequent market acceptance of Synagis, a monoclonal antibody indicated for prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has heralded a new era for viral infection prevention and treatment. This emerging paradigm, herein designated "Biochemical Prevention and Treatment", currently involves two aspects: (1) preventing viral entry via passive transfer of specific protein-based anti-viral molecules or host cell receptor blockers; (2) inhibiting viral amplification by targeting the viral mRNA with anti-sense DNA, ribozyme, or RNA interference (RNAi). This article summarizes the current status of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Le Calvez
- Abgent, Inc. 6310 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 106, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Mang Yu
- NexBio, Inc. 6330 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 105, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Fang Fang
- NexBio, Inc. 6330 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 105, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
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Charles CH, Luo GX, Kohlstaedt LA, Morantte IG, Gorfain E, Cao L, Williams JH, Fang F. Prevention of human rhinovirus infection by multivalent fab molecules directed against ICAM-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1503-8. [PMID: 12709314 PMCID: PMC153330 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.5.1503-1508.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a technology for improving avidity by making bivalent, trivalent, or tetravalent recombinant polypeptides. We designed tripartite proteins consisting of the Fab fragment of an antibody fused with a hinge derived from human immunoglobulin D that was further linked to polymerization domains derived from human coiled-coil proteins. We report here on the application of this method with a Fab domain directed against the major human rhinovirus receptor, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Multivalent anti-ICAM-1 molecules were produced in bacteria and purified as soluble preassembled homogeneous proteins at high yield. These proteins successfully blocked rhinovirus infection in vitro, with the efficiency increasing from monomer to dimer, trimer, and tetramer. The diminished dissociation rate of these multivalent antibodies and their improved efficacy in preventing rhinovirus infection provide a foundation for producing prophylactic and therapeutic molecules against human rhinovirus, the causative agent of the majority of common colds.
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