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Furihata S, Tanaka K, Ryuda M, Ochiai M, Matsumoto H, Csikos G, Hayakawa Y. Immunoevasive protein (IEP)-containing surface layer covering polydnavirus particles is essential for viral infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 115:26-32. [PMID: 24184953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are unique symbiotic viruses associated with parasitoid wasps: PDV particles are injected into lepidopteran hosts along with the wasp eggs and express genes that interfere with aspects of host physiology such as immune defenses and development. Recent comparative genomic studies of PDVs have significantly improved our understanding of their origin as well as the genome organization. However, the structural features of functional PDV particles remain ambiguous. To clear up the structure of Cotesia kariyai PDV (CkPDV) particles, we focused on immunoevasive protein (IEP), which is a mediator of immunoevasion by the wasp from the encapsulation reaction of the host insect's hemocytes, because it has been demonstrated to be present on the surface of the virus particle. We discovered that IEP tends to polymerize and constitutes a previously unidentified thin surface layer covering CkPDV particles. This outermost surface layer looked fragile and was easily removed from CkPVD particles by mechanical stressors such as shaking, which prevented CkPDV from expressing the encoded genes in the host target tissues such as fat body or hemocytes. Furthermore, we detected IEP homologue gene expression in the wasp's venom reservoirs, implying IEP has another unknown biological function in the wasp or parasitized hosts. Taken together, the present results demonstrated that female C. kariyai wasps produce the fragile thin layer partly composed of IEP to cover the outer surfaces of CkPDV particles; otherwise, they cannot function as infectious agents in the wasp's host. The fact that IEP family proteins are expressed in both venom reservoirs and oviducts suggests an intimate relationship between both tissues in the development of the parasitism strategy of the wasp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Furihata
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temeperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Masasuke Ryuda
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masanori Ochiai
- Institute of Low Temeperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Gyorge Csikos
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Molecular Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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Serbielle C, Dupas S, Perdereau E, Héricourt F, Dupuy C, Huguet E, Drezen JM. Evolutionary mechanisms driving the evolution of a large polydnavirus gene family coding for protein tyrosine phosphatases. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:253. [PMID: 23270369 PMCID: PMC3573978 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene duplications have been proposed to be the main mechanism involved in genome evolution and in acquisition of new functions. Polydnaviruses (PDVs), symbiotic viruses associated with parasitoid wasps, are ideal model systems to study mechanisms of gene duplications given that PDV genomes consist of virulence genes organized into multigene families. In these systems the viral genome is integrated in a wasp chromosome as a provirus and virus particles containing circular double-stranded DNA are injected into the parasitoids’ hosts and are essential for parasitism success. The viral virulence factors, organized in gene families, are required collectively to induce host immune suppression and developmental arrest. The gene family which encodes protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) has undergone spectacular expansion in several PDV genomes with up to 42 genes. Results Here, we present strong indications that PTP gene family expansion occurred via classical mechanisms: by duplication of large segments of the chromosomally integrated form of the virus sequences (segmental duplication), by tandem duplications within this form and by dispersed duplications. We also propose a novel duplication mechanism specific to PDVs that involves viral circle reintegration into the wasp genome. The PTP copies produced were shown to undergo conservative evolution along with episodes of adaptive evolution. In particular recently produced copies have undergone positive selection in sites most likely involved in defining substrate selectivity. Conclusion The results provide evidence about the dynamic nature of polydnavirus proviral genomes. Classical and PDV-specific duplication mechanisms have been involved in the production of new gene copies. Selection pressures associated with antagonistic interactions with parasitized hosts have shaped these genes used to manipulate lepidopteran physiology with evidence for positive selection involved in adaptation to host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Serbielle
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université F. Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
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Sequence and gene organization of 24 circles from the Cotesia plutellae bracovirus genome. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1313-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gill TA, Fath-Goodin A, Maiti II, Webb BA. Potential Uses of Cys‐Motif and Other Polydnavirus Genes in Biotechnology. Adv Virus Res 2006; 68:393-426. [PMID: 16997018 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(06)68011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting the ability of insect pathogens, parasites, and predators to control natural and damaging insect populations is a cornerstone of biological control. Here we focus on an unusual group of viruses, the polydnaviruses (PDV), which are obligate symbionts of some hymenopteran insect parasitoids. PDVs have a variety of important pathogenic effects on their parasitized hosts. The genes controlling some of these pathogenic effects, such as inhibition of host development, induction of precocious metamorphosis, slowed or reduced feeding, and immune suppression, may have use for biotechnological applications. In this chapter, we consider the physiological functions of both wasp and viral genes with emphasis on the Cys-motif gene family and their potential use for insect pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torrence A Gill
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Agricultural Science Building North University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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Webb BA, Strand MR, Dickey SE, Beck MH, Hilgarth RS, Barney WE, Kadash K, Kroemer JA, Lindstrom KG, Rattanadechakul W, Shelby KS, Thoetkiattikul H, Turnbull MW, Witherell RA. Polydnavirus genomes reflect their dual roles as mutualists and pathogens. Virology 2005; 347:160-74. [PMID: 16380146 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Symbionts often exhibit significant reductions in genome complexity while pathogens often exhibit increased complexity through acquisition and diversification of virulence determinants. A few organisms have evolved complex life cycles in which they interact as symbionts with one host and pathogens with another. How the predicted and opposing influences of symbiosis and pathogenesis affect genome evolution in such instances, however, is unclear. The Polydnaviridae is a family of double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses associated with parasitoid wasps that parasitize other insects. Polydnaviruses (PDVs) only replicate in wasps but infect and cause severe disease in parasitized hosts. This disease is essential for survival of the parasitoid's offspring. Thus, a true mutualism exists between PDVs and wasps as viral transmission depends on parasitoid survival and parasitoid survival depends on viral infection of the wasp's host. To investigate how life cycle and ancestry affect PDVs, we compared the genomes of Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus (CsIV) and Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV). CsIV and MdBV have no direct common ancestor, yet their encapsidated genomes share several features including segmentation, diversification of virulence genes into families, and the absence of genes required for replication. In contrast, CsIV and MdBV share few genes expressed in parasitized hosts. We conclude that the similar organizational features of PDV genomes reflect their shared life cycle but that PDVs associated with ichneumonid and braconid wasps have likely evolved different strategies to cause disease in the wasp's host and promote parasitoid survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Webb
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Hegazi EM, Abol Ella SM, Bazzaz A, Khamis O, Abo Abd-Allah LMZ. The calyx fluid of Microplitis rufiventris parasitoid and growth of its host Spodoptera littoralis larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 51:777-87. [PMID: 16002083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of the female reproductive system of pupal and adult stages of Microplitis rufiventris and the ultrastructure of the ovaries are described and illustrated. Two morphologically distinct types of particles of nuclear origin, i.e., polydnavirus (PDV) and a virus-like filamentous particle (VLFP) were detected in the ovarian calyx fluid of the female wasp. It is likely that these particles are injected into the host during oviposition. PDV initiated replication in the calyx of mid-aged pupae and in pharate adults and were present throughout adult life. VLFP were only seen in the calyx fluid of newly emerged adults, and therefore observed after the PDV. Feulgen and methyl-green pyronin staining revealed the presence of DNA in both types of particles. The effects of injection of Spodoptera littoralis larvae with a combination of parasitoid viruses and venom of M. rufiventris females (CxFV) were investigated and the results were compared with two control groups, i.e., larvae injected with Pringle's saline (PS) and naturally parasitized larvae. CxFV-larvae showed significant declines (P<0.05) in food consumption, weight of ejected faeces and weight gain when compared with PS-larvae. However, naturally parasitized larvae (parasitoid egg+CxFV+ovarian protein) displayed a high significance score (P<0.01) in comparison with those of PS-larvae. The approximate digestibility (AD) values of S. littoralis larvae were positively affected as early as day 2 post-treatment by either injection of CxFV or parasitization. However, a reduction in AD was observed in both PS- and CxFV-larvae on day 3-7 in comparison with naturally parasitized larvae. Other indices of food utilization were unchanged in CxFV-larvae when compared to saline treated or parasitized controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Hegazi
- Department of Economic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Choi JY, Roh JY, Kang JN, Shim HJ, Woo SD, Jin BR, Li MS, Je YH. Genomic segments cloning and analysis of Cotesia plutellae polydnavirus using plasmid capture system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:487-93. [PMID: 15896714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cotesia plutellae polydnaviruses (CpBV) has a segmented genome consisting of multiple circular double stranded DNAs. Recently, we have developed an easy, simple, and convenient system based on Tn7 transposition in order to clone genomic segments of CpBV in Escherichia coli cell and designated plasmid capture system (PCS). The PCS donor-S transferred a pUC19 origin of replication and an ampicillin resistance marker into CpBV genomic DNA by in vitro transposition. Through PCS system, we were able to clone 53 genomic clones ranging from 0.1 to 25.5 kb and further they were classified into 29 segments by their sizes and restriction endonuclease patterns. Among them, a complete nucleotide sequence of CpBV-S28 segment was determined and 10 putative genes were predicted from this segment. Interestingly, 9 of 10 putative ORFs had high level of similarities with catalytic domain of protein tyrosine phosphatase. Also, ORF2807 showed similarity with EP1-like proteins of C. congregata polydnavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Choi
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Provost B, Varricchio P, Arana E, Espagne E, Falabella P, Huguet E, La Scaleia R, Cattolico L, Poirié M, Malva C, Olszewski JA, Pennacchio F, Drezen JM. Bracoviruses contain a large multigene family coding for protein tyrosine phosphatases. J Virol 2004; 78:13090-103. [PMID: 15542661 PMCID: PMC524979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.23.13090-13103.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between parasitic wasps and bracoviruses constitutes one of the few known mutualisms between viruses and eukaryotes. The virions produced in the wasp ovaries are injected into host lepidopteran larvae, where virus genes are expressed, allowing successful development of the parasite by inducing host immune suppression and developmental arrest. Bracovirus-bearing wasps have a common phylogenetic origin, and contemporary bracoviruses are hypothesized to have been inherited by chromosomal transmission from a virus that originally integrated into the genome of the common ancestor wasp living 73.7 +/- 10 million years ago. However, so far no conserved genes have been described among different braconid wasp subfamilies. Here we show that a gene family is present in bracoviruses of different braconid wasp subfamilies (Cotesia congregata, Microgastrinae, and Toxoneuron nigriceps, Cardiochilinae) which likely corresponds to an ancient component of the bracovirus genome that might have been present in the ancestral virus. The genes encode proteins belonging to the protein tyrosine phosphatase family, known to play a key role in the control of signal transduction pathways. Bracovirus protein tyrosine phosphatase genes were shown to be expressed in different tissues of parasitized hosts, and two protein tyrosine phosphatases were produced with recombinant baculoviruses and tested for their biochemical activity. One protein tyrosine phosphatase is a functional phosphatase. These results strengthen the hypothesis that protein tyrosine phosphatases are involved in virally induced alterations of host physiology during parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertille Provost
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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Kroemer JA, Webb BA. Polydnavirus genes and genomes: emerging gene families and new insights into polydnavirus replication. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 49:431-456. [PMID: 14651471 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.072103.120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polydnavirus genome sequencing is providing new insights into viral genome organization and viral gene function. Sequence analyses demonstrate that the genomes of these viral mutualists are largely noncoding but maintain genes and gene families that are unrelated to other viral genes. Interestingly, these organizational patterns in polydnavirus genomes are evident in both the bracovirus and ichnovirus genera, even though these two genera are evolutionarily unrelated. The identity and function of some polydnavirus gene families are considered with some functions experimentally supported and others implied by homology relationships with known insect genes. The evidence relative to polydnavirus origins and evolution is considered but remains an area of speculation. However, sequencing of these viral genomes has been informative and provides opportunities for productive investigation of these unusual mutualistic insect viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Kroemer
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Sciences Center North, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA.
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