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Mejía C, Bautista EJ, García L, Barrios Murcia JC, Barrera G. Assessment of Fungal Lytic Enzymatic Extracts Produced Under Submerged Fermentation as Enhancers of Entomopathogens' Biological Activity. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:217. [PMID: 38852107 PMCID: PMC11162973 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The application of enzymes in agricultural fields has been little explored. One potential application of fungal lytic enzymes (chitinases, lipases, and proteases) is as an additive to current biopesticides to increase their efficacy and reduce the time of mortality. For this, a screening of lytic overproducer fungi under submerged fermentation with a chemical-defined medium was performed. Then, the enzymatic crude extract (ECE) was concentrated and partially characterized. This characterization consisted of measuring the enzymatic activity (lipase, protease and, chitinase) and determining the enzyme stability after storage at temperatures of - 80, - 20 and, 4 °C. And lastly, the application of these concentrated enzymatic crude extracts (C-ECE) as an enhancer of spores-based fungal biopesticide was proven. Beauveria were not as good producers of lytic enzymes as the strains from Trichoderma and Metarhizium. The isolate M. robertsii Mt015 was selected for the co-production of chitinases and proteases; and the isolate T. harzianum Th180 for co-production of chitinases, lipases, and proteases. The C-ECE of Mt015 had a protease activity of 18.6 ± 1.1 U ml-1, chitinase activity of 0.28 ± 0.01 U ml-1, and no lipase activity. Meanwhile, the C-ECE of Th180 reached a chitinase activity of 0.75 U ml-1, lipase activity of 0.32 U ml-1, and protease activity of 0.24 U ml-1. Finally, an enhancing effect of the enzymatic extracts of M. robertsii (66.7%) and T. harzianum (43.5%) on the efficacy of B. bassiana Bv064 against Diatraea saccharalis larvae was observed. This work demonstrates the non-species-specific enhancing effect of enzymatic extracts on the insecticidal activity of conidial-based biopesticides, which constitutes a contribution to the improvement of biological control agents' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Mejía
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Km 14 vía Mosquera - Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
| | - Eddy J Bautista
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Sede Central, Km 14 Vía Mosquera - Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Lorena García
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Km 14 vía Mosquera - Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Barrios Murcia
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Sede Central, Km 14 Vía Mosquera - Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Gloria Barrera
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Km 14 vía Mosquera - Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
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Prince M, McKinnon AC, Leemon D, Sawbridge T, Cunningham JP. Metarhizium spp. isolates effective against Queensland fruit fly juvenile life stages in soil. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297341. [PMID: 38236905 PMCID: PMC10796031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, Froggatt (Diptera: Tephritidae) is Australia's primary fruit fly pest species. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been adopted to sustainably manage this polyphagous species with a reduced reliance on chemical pesticides. At present, control measures are aimed at the adult stages of the fly, with no IPM tools available to target larvae once they exit the fruit and pupate in the soil. The use of entomopathogenic fungi may provide a biologically-based control method for these soil-dwelling life stages. The effectiveness of fungal isolates of Metarhizium and Beauveria species were screened under laboratory conditions against Queensland fruit fly. In bioassays, 16 isolates were screened for pathogenicity following exposure of third-instar larvae to inoculum-treated vermiculite used as a pupation substrate. The best performing Metarhizium sp. isolate achieved an average percentage mortality of 93%, whereas the best performing Beauveria isolate was less efficient, with an average mortality of 36%. Susceptibility to infection during different development stages was investigated using selected fungal isolates, with the aim of assessing all soil-dwelling life stages from third-instar larvae to final pupal stages and emerging adults. Overall, the third larval instar was the most susceptible stage, with average mortalities between 51-98% depending on the isolate tested. Moreover, adult mortality was significantly higher when exposed to inoculum during pupal eclosion, with mortalities between 56-76% observed within the first nine days post-emergence. The effect of temperature and inoculum concentration on insect mortality were assessed independently with candidate isolates to determine the optimum temperature range for fungal biological control activity and the rate required for application in field conditions. Metarhizium spp. are highly efficacious at killing Queensland fruit fly and have potential for use as biopesticides to target soil-dwelling and other life stages of B. tryoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Prince
- Agriculture Victoria, Tatura SmartFarm, Tatura, VIC, Australia
| | - Aimee C. McKinnon
- Agriculture Victoria, Agribio Centre for AgriBiosciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Tim Sawbridge
- Agriculture Victoria, Agribio Centre for AgriBiosciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Paul Cunningham
- Agriculture Victoria, Agribio Centre for AgriBiosciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Rangel DEN, Acheampong MA, Bignayan HG, Golez HG, Roberts DW. Conidial mass production of entomopathogenic fungi and tolerance of their mass-produced conidia to UV-B radiation and heat. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1524-1533. [PMID: 38097326 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated conidial mass production of eight isolates of six entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), Aphanocladium album (ARSEF 1329), Beauveria bassiana (ARSEF 252 and 3462), Lecanicillium aphanocladii (ARSEF 6433), Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (ARSEF 2341), Metarhizium pingshaense (ARSEF 1545), and Simplicillium lanosoniveum (ARSEF 6430 and 6651) on white or brown rice at four moisture conditions (75-100%). The tolerance of mass-produced conidia of the eight fungal isolates to UV-B radiation and heat (45 °C) were also evaluated. For each moisture content compared, a 20-g sample of rice in a polypropylene bag was inoculated with each fungal isolate in three replicates and incubated at 28 ± 1 °C for 14 days. Conidia were then harvested by washing the substrate, and conidial concentrations determined by haemocytometer counts. Conidial suspensions were inoculated on PDAY with 0.002% benomyl in Petri plates and exposed to 978 mW m-2 of Quaite-weighted UV-B for 2 h. Additionally, conidial suspensions were exposed to 45 °C for 3 h, and aliquots inoculated on PDAY with benomyl. The plates were incubated at 28 ± 1 °C, and germination was assessed at 400 × magnification after 48 h. Conidial production was generally higher on white rice than on brown rice for all fungal species, except for L. aphanocladii ARSEF 6433, regardless of moisture combinations. The 100% moisture condition provided higher conidial production for B. bassiana (ARSEF 252 and ARSEF 3462) and M. anisopliae (ARSEF 2341) isolates, while the addition of 10% peanut oil enhanced conidial yield for S. lanosoniveum isolate ARSEF 6430. B. bassiana ARSEF 3462 on white rice with 100% water yielded the highest conidial production (approximately 1.3 × 1010 conidia g-1 of substrate). Conidia produced on white rice with the different moisture conditions did not differ in tolerance to UV-B radiation or heat. However, high tolerance to UV-B radiation and heat was observed for B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and A. album isolates. Heat-treated conidia of S. lanosoniveum and L. aphanocladii did not germinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drauzio E N Rangel
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, 85660-000, Brazil; Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA.
| | - Mavis A Acheampong
- Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 44, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helen G Bignayan
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA; Bureau of Plant Industry, National Mango Research, and Development Center, Jordan, Guimaras, 5045, Philippines
| | - Hernani G Golez
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA; Bureau of Plant Industry, National Mango Research, and Development Center, Jordan, Guimaras, 5045, Philippines
| | - Donald W Roberts
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA
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Wakil W, Kavallieratos NG, Eleftheriadou N, Riasat T, Ghazanfar MU, Rasool KG, Husain M, Aldawood AS. The Potential of Two Entomopathogenic Fungi and Enhanced Diatomaceous Earth Mixed with Abamectin: A Comprehensive Study on Mortality, Progeny Production, Application Method, and Surface Application against Tribolium castaneum. Pathogens 2023; 12:773. [PMID: 37375463 PMCID: PMC10304705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Bals. -Criv.) Vuill., Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, and diatomaceous earth mixed with abamectin (DEA) alone and in their combinations for the integrated management of larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) from three field populations of Pakistan (Multan, Rawalpindi, and Rahim Yar Khan) and one laboratory population (Faisalabad). Treatments were applied on three surfaces, namely, viz. steel, concrete, and jute bags, implementing two application methods, dusting and spraying. The combined treatments were more effective in comparison with single treatments for both larvae and adults. Overall, the highest mortality rates were recorded in the Faisalabad population, followed by the Rehaim Yar Khan, Rawalpindi, and Multan populations. Progeny production was suspended 21 days after exposure to the combined treatment of DEA and both fungi in all populations except Rawalpindi. Larvae were found to be more susceptible than adults in all treatments and intervals. Dusting was more efficient than spraying for both larvae and adults and for all the populations studied. The present study provides a wholistic understanding of the impact of different factors on the success of the combined treatments using DEA and entomopathogenic fungi, supporting their use as surface treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Tahira Riasat
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Department of Zoology, GC University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Sargodha University, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan;
| | - Khawaja G. Rasool
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (M.H.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mureed Husain
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (M.H.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman S. Aldawood
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.G.R.); (M.H.); (A.S.A.)
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Barzanti GP, Enkerli J, Benvenuti C, Strangi A, Mazza G, Torrini G, Simoncini S, Paoli F, Marianelli L. Genetic variability of Metarhizium isolates from the Ticino Valley Natural Park (Northern Italy) as a possible microbiological resource for the management of Popillia japonica. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 197:107891. [PMID: 36716929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) was investigated along the Ticino River (Ticino River Natural Park, Novara Province, Piedmont, Italy), at the center of the area of the first settlement of the invasive alien pest Popillia japonica. Using Zimmermann's "Galleria bait method", EPF were successfully isolated from 83 out of 155 soil samples from different habitats (perennial, cultivated, or uncultivated meadows, woodlands, and riverbanks). Sequencing of the 5' end of the Translation Elongation Factor 1 alfa (5'-TEF) region allowed the assignment of 94% of the isolates to Metarhizium spp., while 8% and 7% were assigned to Beauveria spp. and Paecilomyces spp., respectively. Four Metarhizium species were identified: Metarhizium robertsii was the most common one (61.5% of the isolates), followed by M. brunneum (24.4%), M. lepidiotae (9%), and M. guizhouense (5.1%). Microsatellite marker analysis of the Metarhizium isolates revealed the presence of 27 different genotypes, i.e., 10 genotypes among M. robertsii, 8 among M. brunneum, 5 among M. lepidiotae, and 4 among M. guizhouense. Metarhizium brunneum appeared to be associated with woodlands and more acid soils, while the other species showed no clear association with a particular habitat. Laboratory virulence tests against P. japonica 3rd instar larvae allowed the identification of one M. robertsii isolate that showed efficacy as high as 80.3%. The importance of this kind of study in the frame of eco-friendly microbiological control is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Barzanti
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 50125 Florence, Italy.
| | - Jürg Enkerli
- AGROSCOPE Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Molecular Ecology, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Benvenuti
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Agostino Strangi
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Torrini
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Simoncini
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Paoli
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Marianelli
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 50125 Florence, Italy
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Maniania NK, Portilla MM, Amnulla FM, Mfuti DK, Darie A, Dhiman G, Rao IM. Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Fungal Isolates Against Tarnished Plant Bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:4. [PMID: 35780385 PMCID: PMC9250697 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Twelve isolates of entomopathogenic fungi belonging to Metarhizium robertsii, M. pinghaense, M. brunneum, Beauveria bassiana, and Isaria fumosorosea were screened against tarnished plant bug. All isolates were pathogenic, causing mortality from 28.8 ± 3.4 to 96.3 ± 2.7%. The LT50 values ranged from 2.7 to 6.0 d while the LT90 values varied between 6.6 and 15.0 d. Metarhizium robertsii isolate CPD6 (will be under the trade name NoVil) was among the isolates that caused high mortality within shorter times and was selected for study on developmental stages and greenhouse trial. The third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, and adults were inoculated with 106, 107, and 108 conidia per ml of NoVil. All the stages were susceptible to fungal infection. However, third and fourth instars were the most susceptible with no significant differences in mortality across the three concentrations. On the other hand, mortality was dose-dependent with fifth-instar nymph and adult stages. The LT50 and LT90 values were also dose-dependent, with higher concentrations having shorter lethal-time values as compared to the lower concentrations. In the greenhouse, pepper plants were sprayed with NoVil and chemical insecticide Flonicamid (as industrial standard), before releasing adult tarnished plant bug. Mortality of 37.3, 75.5, and 76.3% was recorded in the control, NoVil, and Flonicamid, respectively. This study has identified NoVil as a potential mycoinsecticide candidate for the control of tarnished plant bug under greenhouse conditions. Further field testing on juvenile and adults is needed to evaluate the potential for in-field control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguya K Maniania
- Crop Defenders Ltd, 3940 Highway 3, Maidstone, ON N0R 1K0, Canada
| | | | - Fayaz M Amnulla
- Crop Defenders Ltd, 3940 Highway 3, Maidstone, ON N0R 1K0, Canada
| | - David K Mfuti
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrei Darie
- Crop Defenders Ltd, 3940 Highway 3, Maidstone, ON N0R 1K0, Canada
| | - Geetika Dhiman
- Crop Defenders Ltd, 3940 Highway 3, Maidstone, ON N0R 1K0, Canada
| | - Ishtiaq M Rao
- Crop Defenders Ltd, 3940 Highway 3, Maidstone, ON N0R 1K0, Canada
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Isolation and identification of two Beauveria bassiana strains from silkworm, Bombyx mori. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:891-898. [PMID: 35750981 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Silkworm diseases caused by fungi infection occur frequently in sericulture and brought huge economic loss to sericulture. However, on the other hand, some fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, as an important entomological fungus, play an important role in biological control of insect pests. Here, two fungal pathogens causing yellow muscardine were isolated from the silkworm and named as SZY1 and SZY2. These two strains showed almost the same conidial morphology which were smooth, near-spherical, spherical, or ovoid and 2.7 ± 0.6 µm × 2.5 ± 0.9 µm in size, and the hyphal growth rate was also similar. However, the conidia production of SZY2 was almost twice as many as that of SZY1. The complete ribosomal RNA gene was sequenced and analyzed. As a result, the gene sequences of internal transcript space 1 (ITS1)-5.8S rRNA-internal transcript space 2 (ITS2) of SZY1 and SZY2 were identical in sequence and size, and for 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and intergenic spacer (IGS), the gene identity of SZY1 to SZY2 was 99%, 99%, and 98%, respectively. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on either ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 or 18S rRNA showed that both SZY1 and SZY2 were closely related to Beauveria bassiana. These results revealed that the pathogens of yellow muscardine SZY1 and SZY2 were identified as two different strains of Beauveria bassiana, which could provide diagnostic evidence for silkworm muscardine and was helpful for the research and development of novel Bombyx batryticatus and fungal biological insecticide.
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Mseddi J, Ben Farhat-Touzri D, Azzouz H. Selection and characterization of thermotolerant Beauveria bassiana isolates and with insecticidal activity against the cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2183-2195. [PMID: 35191162 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover) causes severe damage mainly to cucurbits. Twenty-two Beauveria sp. isolates were simultaneously assessed for their pathogenicity and heat tolerance. The selected isolates were identified molecularly and characterized in terms of conidial germination rate, mycelial growth, conidial yield and endophytic activity. RESULTS Screening bioassays showed that the B. bassiana isolates B3, B7, B9 and B12 were the most toxic, inducing mortality equal to or slightly higher than the commercialized strain B. bassiana BNat (70.7%). Median lethal concentration (LC50 ) bioassays revealed that only isolate B12 had a significantly lower LC50 value (5.4 × 105 conidia ml-1 ) than strain BNat (5 × 106 conidia ml-1 ). The heat tolerance screening test (1 h of exposure to 45°C) allowed us to select isolates B3, B7, B9 and B12 with germination rates of 57.5% to 80.1% after 24 h incubation at 25°C, all significantly higher than strain BNat (22.1%). The germination rates of all isolates decreased significantly after 2 h of exposure to 45°C, with the exception of isolate B12 which displayed the highest thermotolerance (72% germination). The four selected isolates were able to endophytically colonize cucumber leaves when applied to the foliage. Inoculation of cucumber plants with isolate B12 did not affect cucumber plant growth. However, several plant growth parameters were improved 5 weeks after root inoculation. CONCLUSION On the basis of its potent toxicity and thermotolerance, isolate B12 is a good candidate for further development as a biopesticide for use in integrated pest management strategies for aphid control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Mseddi
- Biopesticides Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Hichem Azzouz
- Biopesticides Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
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Hammad AMA, Bashir HAAA, Abdelbagi AO, Ishag AESA, Ali MMY, Bashir MO, Hur JH, Laing MD. Efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi for the control of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Sudan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TROPICAL INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 42:1449-1459. [DOI: 10.1007/s42690-021-00663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Omuse ER, Niassy S, Wagacha JM, Ong’amo GO, Lattorff HMG, Kiatoko N, Mohamed SA, Subramanian S, Akutse KS, Dubois T. Susceptibility of the Western Honey Bee Apis mellifera and the African Stingless Bee Meliponula ferruginea (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to the Entomopathogenic Fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:46-55. [PMID: 35139218 PMCID: PMC8827312 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the nontarget effect of entomopathogenic fungi on the Western honey bee Apis mellifera L. and the African stingless bee Meliponula ferruginea Cockrell (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Pathogenicity of five Metarhizium anisopliae (ICIPE 7, ICIPE 20, ICIPE 62, ICIPE 69, and ICIPE 78) (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and one of Beauveria bassiana (ICIPE 284) (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordicipitaceae) isolates were evaluated on bees at 108 conidia/ml. Conidial acquisition was evaluated immediately after exposure. Apis mellifera acquired more conidia (2.8 × 104-1.3 × 105 conidia per bee) compared to M. ferruginea (1.1 × 104-2.3 × 104 conidia per bee). In the bioassay with A. mellifera, ICIPE 7, ICIPE 20, and ICIPE 69 moderately reduced the survival by 16.9, 17.4, 15.3%, with lethal times LT10 = 7.4, 7.6, 8.1 d and LT25 = 8.7, 10.0, 9.9 d, respectively. The three isolates caused A. mellifera mycosis of 11.6-18.5%. None of the isolates had a significant effect on M. ferruginea. The tested isolates are nontoxic to bees according to the International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC) classification. However, the effect of ICIPE 7, ICIPE 20, and ICIPE 69 merits further studies on bee colonies, especially those of A. mellifera, under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanson R Omuse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John M Wagacha
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George O Ong’amo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Nkoba Kiatoko
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Dubois
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Velavan V, Dhanapal R, Ramkumar G, Karthi S, Senthil-Nathan S, Ndomba OA, Kweka EJ. Characterization and Evaluation of Metarhizium spp. (Metsch.) Sorokin Isolates for Their Temperature Tolerance. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:68. [PMID: 35050008 PMCID: PMC8780002 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A field survey was done in teak (Tectona grandis F.) forests in South India to explore the entomopathogenic effect of Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes) against teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae). About 300 soils and infected insect samples were collected during the survey and thirty-six fungal isolates were isolated from soil and insect samples and characterized. The fungi were cultured on PDAY with dodine and antibiotics. Generally, the EPF culture was incubated at 27 °C in darkness for 15 days. Virulence of the Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPF) ability to germinate under cold and heat temperatures was assessed in a culture impregnated with conidia. In the experiment, it was found that for the first time Metarhizium quizhouense, Metarhizium robertsii, and Metarhizium majus species caused significantly higher mortality to hosts. These isolates of M. anisopliae, M. robertsii, M. majus, and M. quizhouense were all considered to be effective virulent and environmentally adaptive. The Metarhizium isolates were recommended as effective bio-control agents through the field investigation of teak defoliator Hyblaea puera from South India forest. This study paves the way to utilize the indigenous isolates of EPF for the control of teak defoliator and to combat the pests thatare resistant to insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswakethu Velavan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru 560024, India
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Rajendran Dhanapal
- Adhiparasakthi Horticultural College, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Ranipet 632506, India
- Department of Entomology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Govindaraju Ramkumar
- Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Division of Bio pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, India; (G.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Division of Bio pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, India; (G.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Division of Bio pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, India; (G.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Osmund A. Ndomba
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha 23xxx, Tanzania; (O.A.N.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Eliningaya J. Kweka
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha 23xxx, Tanzania; (O.A.N.); (E.J.K.)
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza 33xxx, Tanzania
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Sessa L, Pedrini N, Altier N, Abreo E. Alkane-priming of Beauveria bassiana strains to improve biocontrol of the redbanded stink bug Piezodorus guildinii and the bronze bug Thaumastocoris peregrinus. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 187:107700. [PMID: 34838792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Insect epicuticle hydrocarbons (CHC) are known to be important determinants in the susceptibility degree of insects to fungal entomopathogens. Five Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales; Clavicipitaceae) strains were phenotypically analyzed regarding their response to CHC nutrition and their pathogenicity and virulence towards high fungal-susceptible Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Carpintero and Dellapé) (Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae) and low fungal-susceptible Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), which are important hemipteran pests in eucalyptus and soybean plantations, respectively. Two of these strains, which were the most (ILB308) and the least (ILB299) virulent to P. guildinii, were also evaluated at gene expression level after growth on n-pentadecane, a P. guildinii epicuticular hydrocarbon. Beauveria bassiana hypervirulent strain ILB308 showed the lowest growth on most evaluated CHC media. However, this strain distinctively induced most of the analyzed genes involved in CHC assimilation, cuticle degradation and stress tolerance. Virulence towards low susceptibility P. guildinii was enhanced in both hypervirulent ILB308 and hypovirulent ILB299 strains after growth on n-pentadecane as the sole carbon source, whereas virulence enhancement towards high susceptibility T. peregrinus was only observed in the hypervirulent strain. Virulence enhancement towards P. guildinii could be mostly explained by a priming effect produced by CHC on the induction of some genes related to hydrocarbon assimilation in ILB299 and ILB308, such as cytochrome P450 genes (BbCyp52g11 and BbCyp52x1), together with adhesion and stress tolerance genes, such as hydrophobin (Bbhyd2) and catalase (Bbcatc) and glutathione peroxidase (Bbgpx), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sessa
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Plataforma de Bioinsumos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, estación experimental Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, Ruta 48, km 10, Canelones, Uruguay.
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nora Altier
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Plataforma de Bioinsumos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, estación experimental Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, Ruta 48, km 10, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Abreo
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Plataforma de Bioinsumos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, estación experimental Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, Ruta 48, km 10, Canelones, Uruguay.
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13
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Modeling the impact of temperature on the population abundance of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus affinis (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) under laboratory-reared conditions. J Therm Biol 2021; 101:103001. [PMID: 34879907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Modeling the impact of temperature on each life stage of a beetle population represents a continuing challenge. This study evaluates the effects of five temperature treatments (20, 23, 26, 29 and 32 °C) on population abundance and timing of a colony of ambrosia beetles Xyleborus affinis reared under laboratory conditions and use this data to develop demographic and phenological models. Abundances at each life stage (eggs, larvae, pupae and adult) were examined through periodic destructive sampling; given that it was not possible to track individuals. To assess the effects of temperature on oviposition, development and survival rates we developed a novel estimation strategy based on cohorts, which does not require individual developmental data. Since oviposition was entirely unwitnessed, we assessed competing empirical ovipositional models. Rates of development were computed using a modal rate curve for each life stage, and rates were projected to cohorts in life stages assuming log-normal developmental variance. Temperature-driven survival rates were assumed to be logistic with a quadratic exponent to capture modal temperature dependence. Parameters were estimated simultaneously using minimum negative log posterior likelihood, assuming Poisson distribution of observations and using priors to inform unobserved developmental rates and enforce mechanistic constraints on oviposition models. A parabolic function best described oviposition rate. Optimal developmental temperatures were 30.5 °C, 29 °C and 27.5 °C, with maximum developmental rates of 0.26/day, 0.12/day and 0.23/day for eggs, larvae and pupae, respectively. The survival rates in the range 20-29 °C were equal to 1 in the eggs-to-larvae transition, from 0.72 to 0.35 in larvae-to-pupae transition, and from 0.2 to 0.89 in pupae-to-adults transition. This procedure effectively characterized the direct thermal effects on development and survival of each life stage in the X. affinis under laboratory conditions and would be suitable for estimating temperature dependence for other species in which individual observations are not possible.
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Rosana ARR, Pokorny S, Klutsch JG, Ibarra-Romero C, Sanichar R, Engelhardt D, van Belkum MJ, Erbilgin N, Bohlmann J, Carroll AL, Vederas JC. Selection of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the biocontrol of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Western Canada. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021. [PMID: 33590267 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11172-7/published] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, has infested over ~16 Mha of pine forests in British Columbia killing >50% of mature lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, trees in affected stands. At present, it is functionally an invasive species in Alberta, killing and reproducing in evolutionarily naïve populations of lodgepole pine (P. contorta), novel jack pine (P. banksiana), and their hybrids. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has shown some potential as a biocontrol agent of several bark beetle species. In this study, nine isolates of B. bassiana were examined for insect virulence characteristics, including conidiation rate, pigmentation, and infection rate in laboratory-reared D. ponderosae, to assess for their potential as biocontrol agents. The strains were categorized into three phenotypic groups based on pigmentation, conidial density, and myceliation rate. Virulence screening utilizing insect-based agar medium (D. ponderosae and European honeybee Apis mellifera carcasses) revealed no difference in selection of fungal growth. However, infection studies on D. ponderosae and A. mellifera showed contrasting results. In vivo A. mellifera infection model revealed ~5% mortality, representing the natural death rate of the hive population, whereas laboratory-reared D. ponderosae showed 100% mortality and mycosis. The LT50 (median lethal time 50) ranges from 2 to 5 ± 0.33 days, and LT100 ranges from 4 to 6 ± 0.5 days. We discuss the selective advantages of the three phenotypic groups in terms of virulence, pigmentation, conidial abundance, and tolerance to abiotic factors like UV and host tree monoterpenes. These results can further provide insights into the development of several phenotypically diverse B. bassiana strains in controlling the spread of the invasive D. ponderosae in Western Canada. KEY POINTS: • Three B. bassiana morphotype groups have been demonstrated to kill D. ponderosae. • A range of effective lethal times (LT50 and LT100) was established against D. ponderosae. • Variable tolerance to UV light and pine monoterpenes were observed in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley Pokorny
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | | | - Randy Sanichar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Daniel Engelhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marco J van Belkum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Allan L Carroll
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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15
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Baleba SBS, Agbessenou A, Getahun MN, Akutse KS, Subramanian S, Masiga D. Infection of the Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, L. 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) by the Entomopathogenic Fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Negatively Affects Its Survival, Feeding Propensity, Fecundity, Fertility, and Fitness Parameters. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:637817. [PMID: 37744116 PMCID: PMC10512350 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.637817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi can cause substantial mortality in harmful insects. Before killing the insect, these pathogens start by negatively affecting the biological parameters of the host. Prior to our study, the information about how fungal exposure affects the biological parameters of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans was still elusive. Therefore, we aimed to assess the infection of S. calcitrans with some Metarhizium anisopliae strains, and their impact on feeding, fecundity, fertility and other life-history traits of this fly. Among the 11 M. anisopliae strains screened, we identified ICIPE 30 as the most virulent strain against S. calcitrans. We observed that the infectivity of this strain was sex and age-dependent. Infected male S. calcitrans died earlier than their counterpart females. Older infected S. calcitrans died faster than infected young ones. Also, male and female S. calcitrans successfully transmitted ICIPE 30 conidia to their mates. We demonstrated that infection by ICIPE 30 extended the feeding time of S. calcitrans and consequently reduced the feeding probability of the fly and the amount of blood taken. Using a dual test oviposition bioassay, we determined that uninfected gravid female S. calcitrans avoided laying eggs on substrates amended with ICIPE 30 conidia. We showed that these conidia could lower the hatchability of the eggs deposited by gravid females. Using, a no-choice test, we showed that gravid female S. calcitrans infected with ICIPE 30 laid fewer eggs than uninfected females and those eggs hatched less. Using 11 strains of M. anisopliae and four high concentrations of ICIPE 30 conidia, we verified that S. calcitrans larvae were not susceptible to fungal infection. Further, we showed that though these larvae were tolerant to fungal infection, there was a significant effect on their fitness, with contaminated larvae having a small bodyweight coupled with longer developmental time as compared to uncontaminated larvae. Our study provides detailed information on how fungal infection affects the biology of S. calcitrans and the potential of using M. anisopliae ICIPE 30 as a biopesticide to reduce the fly population. Such knowledge can assist in developing fungal-based control strategies against this harmful fly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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16
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Selection of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the biocontrol of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Western Canada. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2541-2557. [PMID: 33590267 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, has infested over ~16 Mha of pine forests in British Columbia killing >50% of mature lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, trees in affected stands. At present, it is functionally an invasive species in Alberta, killing and reproducing in evolutionarily naïve populations of lodgepole pine (P. contorta), novel jack pine (P. banksiana), and their hybrids. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has shown some potential as a biocontrol agent of several bark beetle species. In this study, nine isolates of B. bassiana were examined for insect virulence characteristics, including conidiation rate, pigmentation, and infection rate in laboratory-reared D. ponderosae, to assess for their potential as biocontrol agents. The strains were categorized into three phenotypic groups based on pigmentation, conidial density, and myceliation rate. Virulence screening utilizing insect-based agar medium (D. ponderosae and European honeybee Apis mellifera carcasses) revealed no difference in selection of fungal growth. However, infection studies on D. ponderosae and A. mellifera showed contrasting results. In vivo A. mellifera infection model revealed ~5% mortality, representing the natural death rate of the hive population, whereas laboratory-reared D. ponderosae showed 100% mortality and mycosis. The LT50 (median lethal time 50) ranges from 2 to 5 ± 0.33 days, and LT100 ranges from 4 to 6 ± 0.5 days. We discuss the selective advantages of the three phenotypic groups in terms of virulence, pigmentation, conidial abundance, and tolerance to abiotic factors like UV and host tree monoterpenes. These results can further provide insights into the development of several phenotypically diverse B. bassiana strains in controlling the spread of the invasive D. ponderosae in Western Canada. KEY POINTS: • Three B. bassiana morphotype groups have been demonstrated to kill D. ponderosae. • A range of effective lethal times (LT50 and LT100) was established against D. ponderosae. • Variable tolerance to UV light and pine monoterpenes were observed in B. bassiana.
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17
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Shahriari M, Zibaee A, Khodaparast SA, Fazeli-Dinan M. Screening and Virulence of the Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Chilo suppressalis Walker. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010034. [PMID: 33430374 PMCID: PMC7828016 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the entomopathogenic fungi associated with the larvae of Chilo suppressalis Walker, a serious pest of rice, in northern Iran. The collected specimens were cultured and identified through morphological and molecular methods. The 38 specimens were identified by microscopic examination and genetic sequencing of the ITS region as follows: twenty-one isolates of Beauveria bassiana, five isolates of Akanthomyces lecanii, four isolates of Akanthomyces muscarious, three isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae, two isolates of Hirsutella subulata, two isolates of Trichoderma sp. and one isolate of Aspergillus sp. All the identified isolates were treated on the larvae through bioassay, evaluating the amount of hydrophobin and the activities of proteases, chitinases and lipase to find their virulence. Moreover, the percentage of thermotolerant and cold activity of the isolates were tested to determine their environmental persistence. The overall results revealed the isolates of B. bassiana, including BBRR1, BBAL1 and BBLN1 as the most virulent and environmental adaptive isolates among the fungi associated with C. suppressalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Shahriari
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 4199613779, Iran; (M.S.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Arash Zibaee
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 4199613779, Iran; (M.S.); (S.A.K.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Seyyed Akbar Khodaparast
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 4199613779, Iran; (M.S.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran;
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18
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Virulence traits within a community of the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria: Associations with abundance and distribution. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Islam T, Gupta DR, Surovy MZ, Mahmud NU, Mazlan N, Islam T. Identification and application of a fungal biocontrol agent Cladosporium cladosporioides against Bemisia tabaci. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1695541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Touhidul Islam
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of SARD, School of Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD), Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Dipali Rani Gupta
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Musrat Zahan Surovy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Nur Uddin Mahmud
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Norida Mazlan
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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20
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Davari A, Skinner M, Parker B. Cell electrofusion to improve efficacy and thermotolerance of the entomopathogenic fungus,
Beauveria bassiana. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1482-1493. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Davari
- Entomology Research Laboratory University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405‐0105 USA
| | - M. Skinner
- Entomology Research Laboratory University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405‐0105 USA
| | - B.L. Parker
- Entomology Research Laboratory University of Vermont Burlington VT 05405‐0105 USA
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21
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Romón P, Hatting H, Goldarazena A, Iturrondobeitia JC. Variation in virulence of Beauveria bassiana and B. pseudobassiana to the pine weevil Pissodes nemorensis in relation to mycelium characteristics and virulence genes. Fungal Biol 2016; 121:189-197. [PMID: 28089049 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria spp. have potential applications in the biocontrol of insect pests but little is known regarding their infectivity to the pine weevil Pissodes nemorensis. In this study, five isolates of Beauveria pseudobassiana and five isolates of Beauveria bassiana were tested for characteristics correlating with virulence on P. nemorensis. Isolate UAMH301 had the lowest mean lethal concentration value whereas the highest value was obtained with isolate LRC137. Growth rate was negatively correlated with virulence in B. bassiana, because isolate LRC137, the least virulent isolate, grew much more rapidly than the other B. bassiana isolates on SDYA. In contrast, its growth on a hyperosmotic medium was the slowest. Sporulation rate and conidial area were not correlated with virulence. Mycelial cell density was positively correlated with virulence in both species, and the four tested genes appear to be one-copy genes. Bbchit1 and Bbhog1, genes respectively encoding a chitinase and a protein kinase, induced relative expression levels were positively correlated with virulence in B. pseudobassiana. We discuss in terms of previous morphological, physiological and genetic parameters related to virulence in Beauveria and the importance of testing the expression of putative virulence genes in comparison with their basal transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Romón
- UPV-EHU, University of Basque Country, Science and Technology Faculty, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Sarriena s/n E-48940, Leioa, Spain; FABI, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, TPCP, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Hardus Hatting
- FABI, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, TPCP, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Arturo Goldarazena
- Université Catholique de Louvain, ELI, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 2, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium; UPV-EHU, University of Basque Country, Science and Technology Faculty, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Sarriena s/n E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Iturrondobeitia
- UPV-EHU, University of Basque Country, Science and Technology Faculty, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Sarriena s/n E-48940, Leioa, Spain
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22
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Chandra Teja KNP, Rahman SJ. Characterisation and evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin strains for their temperature tolerance. Mycology 2016; 7:171-179. [PMID: 30123629 PMCID: PMC6059133 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2016.1247116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungal species from the genera Beauveria, Metarhizium and Lecanicillium are important components in biological control of insect pests. However, temperature, humidity and UV radiation are among the important abiotic factors, which limit their effective usage. In this study, four local isolates of Metarhizium were isolated from different crop rhiospheres of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states of India, identified and tested for their temperature tolerance in terms of radial growth, conidial yield per 10 mm disc and rate of conidial germination at different incubation temperatures. The results revealed that strains LaMa1 and MaAICRP performed well in terms of radial growth, conidial yield and rate of conidial germination, even at 35°C temperature. The role of such temperature tolerant strains in agriculture is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N P Chandra Teja
- Department of Microbiology, Agri Biotech Foundation, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
| | - S J Rahman
- AICRP on Biological Control of Crop Pests and Weeds, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, India
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23
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Ferreira MC, Vieira MDLA, Zani CL, Alves TMDA, Junior PAS, Murta SM, Romanha AJ, Gil LHVG, Carvalho AGDO, Zilli JE, Vital MJS, Rosa CA, Rosa LH. Molecular phylogeny, diversity, symbiosis and discover of bioactive compounds of endophytic fungi associated with the medicinal Amazonian plant Carapa guianensis Aublet ( Meliaceae ). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Natural variation in virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against malaria mosquitoes. Malar J 2014; 13:479. [PMID: 25480526 PMCID: PMC4364330 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance is greatly hampering current efforts to control malaria and therefore alternative methods are needed. Entomopathogenic fungi have been proposed as an alternative with a special focus on the cosmopolitan species Beauveria bassiana. However, few studies have analysed the effects of natural variation within fungal isolates on mosquito survival, and the implications and possible exploitation for malaria control. Methods Laboratory bioassays were performed on adult female mosquitoes (Anopheles coluzzii) with spores from 29 isolates of B. bassiana, originating from different parts of the world. In addition, phenotypic characteristics of the fungal isolates such as sporulation, spore size and growth rate were studied to explore their relationship with virulence. Results All tested isolates of B. bassiana killed An. coluzzii mosquitoes, and the rate at which this happened differed significantly among the isolates. The risk of mosquitoes dying was around ten times higher when they were exposed to the most virulent as compared to the least virulent isolate. There was significant variation among isolates in spore size, growth rate and sporulation, but none of these morphological characteristics were correlated, and thus predictive, for the ability of the fungal isolate to kill malaria mosquitoes. Conclusions This study shows that there is a wide natural variation in virulence of isolates of B. bassiana, and that selecting an appropriate fungal isolate is highly relevant in killing and thus controlling malaria mosquitoes, particularly if used as part of an integrated vector management strategy. Also, the wide variation observed in virulence offers the opportunity to better understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms that drive this variation and thus to address the potential development of resistance against entomopathogenic fungi.
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Li M, Li S, Xu A, Lin H, Chen D, Wang H. Selection of Beauveria isolates pathogenic to adults of Nilaparvata lugens. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:32. [PMID: 25373179 PMCID: PMC4206227 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a destructive invasive pest and has become one of the most economically-important rice pests in China. Effective control measures are desperately needed. Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and B. brongniartii (Saccardo), have shown great potential for the management of some sucking pest species. In this study, to explore alternative strategies for sustainable control of the sucking pest population, nine isolates of Beauveria from different pests were bioassayed under the concentrated standard spray of 1000 conidia/mm(2) in laboratory. The cumulative mortalities of adults ranged from 17.2 to 79.1% 10 days after inoculation. The virulence among all tested isolates exhibited significant differences (at p = 0.05). The highest virulent isolate was Bb09, which killed 79.1% of the treated insects and had a median lethal time of 5.5 days. Its median lethal concentration values were estimated as 134 conidia/mm(2) on day 10. The chitinase activities of nine isolates were also assayed. The results showed that the chitinase activity (18.7 U/mg) of isolate Bbr09 was the highest among all tested isolates. The biological characteristics of these strains, including growth rate, sporulation, and germination rate, were further investigated. The results showed that strain Bbr09 exhibited the best biological characteristics with relatively higher hyphal growth rate, the highest spore production, and the fastest spore germination. The isolate of Bbr09 had strong pathogenicity and exhibited great potential for sustainable control of N. lugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoye Li
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui Province, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shiguang Li
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui Province, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Amei Xu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huafeng Lin
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dexin Chen
- Qingzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Qingdao 266001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui Province, China
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Portilla M, Snodgrass G, Luttrell R, Jaronski S. A novel bioassay to evaluate the potential of Beauveria bassiana strain NI8 and the insect growth regulator novaluron against Lygus lineolaris on a non-autoclaved solid artificial diet. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:115. [PMID: 25368059 PMCID: PMC4222315 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A non-autoclaved solid diet was used to evaluate the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) strain NI8 and the insect growth regulator novaluron (Diamond® 0.83EC insecticide) for control of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae). The diet was composed of toasted wheat germ, ground lima bean meal, soy flour, yolk of chicken eggs, inhibitor, and agar. It was prepared in one step by blending the ingredients in boiling water. The diet was used to bioassay L. lineolaris from the second instar to the adult stage. Fourth and fifth instars and adults of L. lineolaris were more susceptible than second and third instars to infection by B. bassiana, whereas second, third, and fourth instars had higher mortality than fifth instars 10 days after exposure to novaluron. No effects on longevity were observed in adults treated with novaluron when compared with the control, but longevity was significantly different from that of adults exposed to B. bassiana. Adults of L. lineolaris were maintained for over a month without changing the diet. The non-autoclaved diet is semi-liquid before it cools, which facilitates the mechanics of diet packaging similar to food packaging or lepidopteran diet preparation. This solid artificial diet for Lygus bugs provides improved research capacity for studying the ecology and susceptibility of Lygus spp. to a number of different control agents, including beneficial organisms, insect pathogens, and insecticidal toxins being developed for transgenic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Portilla
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38732
| | - Gordon Snodgrass
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38732
| | - Randall Luttrell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38732
| | - Stefan Jaronski
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38732
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Lopes RB, Martins I, Souza DA, Faria M. Influence of some parameters on the germination assessment of mycopesticides. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 112:236-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Characterization and virulence of Beauveria spp. recovered from emerald ash borer in southwestern Ontario, Canada. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 111:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Andersen SB, Ferrari M, Evans HC, Elliot SL, Boomsma JJ, Hughes DP. Disease dynamics in a specialized parasite of ant societies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36352. [PMID: 22567151 PMCID: PMC3342268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution between ant colonies and their rare specialized parasites are intriguing, because lethal infections of workers may correspond to tolerable chronic diseases of colonies, but the parasite adaptations that allow stable coexistence with ants are virtually unknown. We explore the trade-offs experienced by Ophiocordyceps parasites manipulating ants into dying in nearby graveyards. We used field data from Brazil and Thailand to parameterize and fit a model for the growth rate of graveyards. We show that parasite pressure is much lower than the abundance of ant cadavers suggests and that hyperparasites often castrate Ophiocordyceps. However, once fruiting bodies become sexually mature they appear robust. Such parasite life-history traits are consistent with iteroparity– a reproductive strategy rarely considered in fungi. We discuss how tropical habitats with high biodiversity of hyperparasites and high spore mortality has likely been crucial for the evolution and maintenance of iteroparity in parasites with low dispersal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra B. Andersen
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (SBA); (DPH)
| | - Matthew Ferrari
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Harry C. Evans
- CAB International, E-UK, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Simon L. Elliot
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Jacobus J. Boomsma
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P. Hughes
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBA); (DPH)
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Wang J, Zheng C. Characterization of a newly discovered Beauveria bassiana isolate to Franklimiella occidentalis Perganda, a non-native invasive species in China. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:116-20. [PMID: 21632224 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junping Wang
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural university, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, China
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Fernandes EKK, Angelo IC, Rangel DEN, Bahiense TC, Moraes AML, Roberts DW, Bittencourt VREP. An intensive search for promising fungal biological control agents of ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:307-18. [PMID: 21705145 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi have been investigated worldwide as promising biological control agents of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. The current study evaluates the virulence of several fungal isolates to R. microplus larva in the laboratory as part of an effort to identify isolates with promise for effective biocontrol of R. microplus in the field. Sixty fungal isolates, encompassing 5 Beauveria spp. and 1 Engyodontium albus (=Beauveria alba), were included in this study. In addition to bioassays, the isolates were characterized morphologically and investigated as to their potential for conidial mass production. These findings were correlated with previous reports on the same fungal isolates of their natural UV-B tolerance (Fernandes et al., 2007), thermotolerance and cold activity (Fernandes et al., 2008), and genotypes (Fernandes et al., 2009). R. microplus larvae obtained from artificially infested calves were less susceptible to Beauveria bassiana infection than ticks acquired from naturally infested cattle from a different location. Isolates CG 464, CG 500 and CG 206 were among the most virulent Beauveria isolates tested in this study. All fungal isolates presented morphological features consistent with their species descriptions. Of the 53 B. bassiana isolates, five (CG 481, CG 484, CG 206, CG 235 and CG 487) had characteristics that qualified them as promising candidates for biological control agents of R. microplus, viz., mean LC(50) between 10(7) and 10(8)conidiaml(-1); produced 5000 conidia or more on 60mm(2) surface area of PDAY medium; and, in comparison to untreated (control) conidia, had the best conidial tolerances to UV-B (7.04 kJ m(-2)) and heat (45°C, 2h) of 50% or higher, and conidial cold (5°C, 15d) activity (mycelial growth) higher than 60%. The current study of 60 Beauveria spp. isolates, therefore, singles out a few (five) with high potential for controlling ticks under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton K K Fernandes
- Curso de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
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Howard AFV, N'Guessan R, Koenraadt CJM, Asidi A, Farenhorst M, Akogbéto M, Knols BGJ, Takken W. First report of the infection of insecticide-resistant malaria vector mosquitoes with an entomopathogenic fungus under field conditions. Malar J 2011; 10:24. [PMID: 21288359 PMCID: PMC3045381 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide-resistant mosquitoes are compromising the ability of current mosquito control tools to control malaria vectors. A proposed new approach for mosquito control is to use entomopathogenic fungi. These fungi have been shown to be lethal to both insecticide-susceptible and insecticide-resistant mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. The goal of this study was to see whether entomopathogenic fungi could be used to infect insecticide-resistant malaria vectors under field conditions, and to see whether the virulence and viability of the fungal conidia decreased after exposure to ambient African field conditions. Methods This study used the fungus Beauveria bassiana to infect the insecticide-resistant malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s (Diptera: Culicidae) VKPER laboratory colony strain. Fungal conidia were applied to polyester netting and kept under West African field conditions for varying periods of time. The virulence of the fungal-treated netting was tested 1, 3 and 5 days after net application by exposing An. gambiae s.s. VKPER mosquitoes in WHO cone bioassays carried out under field conditions. In addition, the viability of B. bassiana conidia was measured after up to 20 days exposure to field conditions. Results The results show that B. bassiana infection caused significantly increased mortality with the daily risk of dying being increased by 2.5× for the fungus-exposed mosquitoes compared to the control mosquitoes. However, the virulence of the B. bassiana conidia decreased with increasing time spent exposed to the field conditions, the older the treatment on the net, the lower the fungus-induced mortality rate. This is likely to be due to the climate because laboratory trials found no such decline within the same trial time period. Conidial viability also decreased with increasing exposure to the net and natural abiotic environmental conditions. After 20 days field exposure the conidial viability was 30%, but the viability of control conidia not exposed to the net or field conditions was 79%. Conclusions This work shows promise for the use of B. bassiana fungal conidia against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes in the field, but further work is required to examine the role of environmental conditions on fungal virulence and viability with a view to eventually making the fungal conidia delivery system more able to withstand the ambient African climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel F V Howard
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Oliveira I, Pereira JA, Bento A, Baptista P. Viability of Beauveria bassiana isolates after storage under several preservation methods. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lord JC. Dietary stress increases the susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum to Beauveria bassiana. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:1542-1546. [PMID: 21061951 DOI: 10.1603/ec09311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sanitation being an important component of chemical-free management of stored-products pests, the nutritional stress on insects that results from a clean environment may prove advantageous to the use of microbial controls. Dietary stress by food deprivation or suboptimal diet increased susceptibility of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), larvae to Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Fungus-related mortality increased linearly with the number of days of food deprivation. Rearing of larvae on a rice meal diet resulted in slower development and greater susceptibility to B. bassiana than rearing on whole wheat flour with brewer's yeast. Larvae that were fed for 24 h on flour with B. bassiana conidia consumed significantly less and weighed significantly less than those that were fed fungus-free flour. Thus, the presence of B. bassiana conidia is itself a cause of dietary stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Lord
- USDA-ARS, Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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Amóra SSA, Bevilaqua CML, Feijó FMC, Pereira RHDMA, Alves ND, Freire FADM, Kamimura MT, Oliveira DMD, Luna-Alves Lima EÁ, Rocha MFG. The effects of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum on different stages of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). Acta Trop 2010; 113:214-20. [PMID: 19883621 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The control of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) vector is often based on the application of chemical residual insecticide. However, this strategy has not been effective. The continuing search for an appropriate vector control may include the use of biological control. This study evaluates the effects of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum on Lutzomyia longipalpis. Five concentrations of the fungus were utilized, 1 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(8) conidia/ml, accompanied by controls. The unhatched eggs, larvae and dead adults previously exposed to fungi were sown to reisolate the fungi and analysis of parameters of growth. The fungus was subsequently identified by PCR and DNA sequencing. M. anisopliae var. acridum reduced egg hatching by 40%. The mortality of infected larvae was significant. The longevity of infected adults was lower than that of negative controls. The effects of fungal infection on the hatching of eggs laid by infected females were also significant. With respect to fungal growth parameters post-infection, only vegetative growth was not significantly higher than that of the fungi before infection. The revalidation of the identification of the reisolated fungus was confirmed post-passage only from adult insects. In terms of larvae mortality and the fecundity of infected females, the results were significant, proving that the main vector species of VL is susceptible to infection by this entomopathogenic fungus in the adult stage.
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Mommaerts V, Sterk G, Hoffmann L, Smagghe G. A laboratory evaluation to determine the compatibility of microbiological control agents with the pollinator Bombus terrestris. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:949-55. [PMID: 19437453 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to identify any potential adverse side effects of the use of seven microbiological control agents (MCAs) on the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L., in the context of combined use in integrated pest management (IPM). AQ10 (Ampelomyces quisqualis), Binab-T-vector (Hypocrea parapilulifera + T. atroviride; 1/1), Prestop-Mix (Gliocladium catenulatum J1446), Serenade (Bacillus subtilis QST713), Trianum-P (Trichoderma harzianum T22), Botanigard (Beauveria bassiana GHA) and Granupom (Cydia pomonella granulovirus), comprising five biofungicides and two bioinsecticides, were investigated. Bumblebee workers were exposed under laboratory conditions to each MCA at its maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) via three different routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via either treated sugar water or pollen. RESULTS The tested MCAs were found to be safe for workers of B. terrestris, with the exception of Botanigard and Serenade. Exposure to Botanigard via contact at its MFRC caused 92% mortality after 11 weeks, while the 1/10 MFRC killed 46% of exposed workers. For Serenade, topical contact and oral delivery via sugar water resulted in 88 and 100% worker mortality respectively. With lower concentrations (1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 MFRC) the toxicity decreased, but the effect depended on the route of exposure. In addition to lethal effects, nests were also evaluated for sublethal effects after treatment with the seven MCAs at their respective MFRCs over 11 weeks. In these bioassays, only Botanigard and Serenade gave rise to a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in drone production. Sublethal effects on foraging behaviour were also evaluated, and only Botanigard at its MFRC delivered via treated sugar water induced negative effects. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that most of the MCAs tested can be considered safe for use in combination with B. terrestris, based on the International Organisation for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) classification. However, some can be harmful, such as the biofungicide Serenade and the bioinsecticide Botanigard. Therefore, it is recommended that all should be tested before use in combination with pollinators. In this context, it is also advisable that these MCAs should be evaluated in more realistic field situations for the assessment of potentially deleterious effects on foraging behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Mommaerts
- Laboratory of Cellular Genetics, Department of Biology, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
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Robledo-Monterrubio M, Alatorre-Rosas R, Viniegra-González G, Loera O. Selection of improved Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. strains based on 2-deoxy-d-glucose resistance and physiological analysis. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 101:222-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rodríguez-Gómez D, Loera O, Saucedo-Castañeda G, Viniegra-González G. Substrate influence on physiology and virulence of Beauveria bassiana acting on larvae and adults of Tenebrio molitor. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fernandes EKK, Rangel DEN, Moraes AML, Bittencourt VREP, Roberts DW. Cold activity of Beauveria and Metarhizium, and thermotolerance of Beauveria. J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 98:69-78. [PMID: 18096184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat and cold are environmental abiotic factors that restrict the use of entomopathogenic fungi as agents for biological control of insects. The thermotolerance and cold activity of 60 entomopathogenic fungal isolates, including five species of Beauveria and one isolate of Engyodontium albus (=Beauveria alba) were examined as to tolerance of temperatures that might be encountered during field use. In addition, cold activity of eight Metarhizium spp. isolates was evaluated. The isolates were from various geographic regions, arthropod hosts or substrates. High variability in conidial thermotolerance was found among the Beauveria spp. isolates after exposure to 45 degrees C for 2 h, as evidenced by low (0-20%), medium (20-60%), or high germination (60-80%). The thermal death point (0% germination) for three rather thermotolerant B. bassiana isolates (CG 138, GHA and ARSEF 252) was 46 degrees C for 6 h. At low temperatures (5 degrees C), with few exceptions (e.g. CG 66, UFPE 479, CG 227, CG 02), most of the B. bassiana isolates germinated well (ca. 100%). On the other hand, only one isolate of Metarhizium sp. was cold-active (i.e. ARSEF 4343 from Macquarie Island, 54.4 degrees S, Australia). This probably is a M. frigidum isolate. The E. albus isolate (UFPE 3138) was the most susceptible isolate to both heat and cold stress. Isolates ARSEF 252 and GHA of B. bassiana, on the other hand, presented exceptionally high thermotolerance and cold activity. Some isolates with high cold activity, however, were thermosensitive (e.g. ARSEF 1682) and others with high thermotolerance had low cold activity (e.g. CG 227). An attempt to correlate the latitude of origin with thermotolerance or cold activity indicated that B. bassiana isolates from higher latitudes were more cold-active than isolates from nearer the equator, but there was not a similar correlation for heat.
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Feijó F, Lima P, Alves N, Lima EDLA. COMPORTAMENTO E ASPECTOS CITOLÓGICOS DE BEAUVERIA BASSSIANA APÓS PASSAGEM EM OVO, LARVA E ADULTO DE CHRYSOMYA ALBICEPS. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v74p3492007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o comportamento do fungo Beauveria bassiana Balsamo Vuillemin reisolado de diferentes fases de desenvolvimento de Chrysomya albiceps. O fungo B. bassiana foi originalmente isolado de Castnia licus Drury (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), e está depositado na Coleção de Cultura (Micoteca-URM) do Departamento de Micologia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, sob o número de acesso 3.447. O experimento foi realizado em condições artificiais sob umidade e temperatura 60 ± 10% e 27 ± 1o C, respectivamente. O percentual de germinação foi elevado, com o maior índice observado no reisolado de larva; o crescimento radial no intervalo de tempo estipulado foi satisfatório, o número de conídios no 12o dia do reisolado de adulto foi maior do que o reisolado de ovo. O número de colônias de todos os reisolados foi superior ao controle. Não foram observadas diferenças nos aspectos citológicos do ciclo de vida de B. bassiana pós-passagem em ovos, larvas e adultos.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.M.C. Feijó
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brasil
| | - P.M. Lima
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brasil
| | - N.D. Alves
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brasil
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Estrada ME, Camacho MV, Benito C. The molecular diversity of different isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. as assessed using intermicrosatellites (ISSRs). Cell Mol Biol Lett 2006; 12:240-52. [PMID: 17192823 PMCID: PMC6275939 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-006-0069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-microsatellite PCR (ISSR-PCR) markers were used to identify and to examine the genetic diversity of eleven Beauveria bassiana isolates with different geographic origins. The variability and the phylogenetic relationships between the eleven strains were analyzed using 172 ISSR-PCR markers. A high level of polymorphism (near 80%) was found using these molecular markers. Seven different isolates showed exclusive bands, and ISSR primer 873 was able to distinguish between all the strains. The dendrogram obtained with these markers is robust and in agreement with the geographical origins of the strains. All the isolates from the Caribbean region were grouped together in a cluster, while the other isolates grouped in the other cluster. The similarity exhibited between the two clusters was less than 50%. This value of homology shows the high genetic variability detected between the isolates from the Caribbean region and the other isolates. ISSR-PCR markers provide a quick, reliable and highly informative system for DNA fingerprinting, and allowed the identification of the different B. bassiana isolates studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elena Estrada
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Programa de Fitomejoramiento, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones de la Caña de Azúcar (INICA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Manuel V. Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Benito
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Rangel DEN, Braga GUL, Anderson AJ, Roberts DW. Variability in conidial thermotolerance of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates from different geographic origins. J Invertebr Pathol 2005; 88:116-25. [PMID: 15766928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Notable variability in thermotolerance was found among conidia of 16 isolates of the insect-pathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae and one M. anisopliae var. acridum isolated from latitudes 61 degrees N to 54 degrees S. Conidial suspensions were exposed to 40 or 45 degrees C for 2, 4, 8, and 12 h. Most of the isolates tolerated 40 degrees C very well, with relative germination (germination relative to unheated controls) above 90% after 12 h of exposure. Exceptions were three isolates originating from high latitude, viz., ARSEF 2038 (38 degrees N, South Korea), 4295 (54.4 degrees S, Australia), and 5626 (61.2 degrees N, Finland) that had approximately 80% germination. High variability, however, was observed among isolates at 45 degrees C; viz., after 2 h exposure, relative germination was above 80% for six isolates, between 50 and 70% for three isolates, and between 0 and 30% for eight isolates. After 8 and 12 h at 45 degrees C, only two M. anisopliae isolates pathogenic to grasshoppers, viz., ARSEF 324 (latitude 19 degrees S, Australia) and 3609 (15 degrees N, Thailand), had high relative germination (91.6 and 79.4%, respectively, for 8 h exposures; and 90 and 47.1%, respectively, for 12 h). These isolates also were the most tolerant to UV-B radiation [J. Invertebr. Pathol. 78 (2001) 98-108]. The median lethal dose (LD50) for isolate ARSEF 324 was 49.4 and 47.9 degrees C, for 2 and 4 h of exposures, respectively. Exposure of conidia to wet-heat greatly delayed germination of some isolates. In general, isolates from higher latitudes demonstrated greater heat susceptibility than isolates from nearer the equator. Dry conidia tolerated 50 degrees C better than 45 degrees C in aqueous suspension.
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Westwood GS, Huang SW, Keyhani NO. Allergens of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Clin Mol Allergy 2005; 3:1. [PMID: 15644142 PMCID: PMC546202 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus currently under development as a bio-control agent for a variety of insect pests. Although reported to be non-toxic to vertebrates, the potential allergenicity of Beauveria species has not been widely studied. Methods IgE-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mould hypersensitivity by immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition. Skin reactivity to B. bassiana extracts was measured using intradermal skin testing. Results Immunoblots of fungal extracts with pooled as well as individual sera showed a distribution of IgE reactive proteins present in B. bassiana crude extracts. Proteinase K digestion of extracts resulted in loss of IgE reactive epitopes, whereas EndoH and PNGaseF (glycosidase) treatments resulted in minor changes in IgE reactive banding patterns as determined by Western blots. Immunoblot inhibitions experiments showed complete loss of IgE-binding using self protein, and partial inhibition using extracts from common allergenic fungi including; Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum, Candida albicans, Epicoccum purpurascens, and Penicillium notatum. Several proteins including a strongly reactive band with an approximate molecular mass of 35 kDa was uninhibited by any of the tested extracts, and may represent B. bassiana specific allergens. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the in vitro results, demonstrating allergenic reactions in a number of individuals, including those who have had occupational exposure to B. bassiana. Conclusions Beauveria bassiana possesses numerous IgE reactive proteins, some of which are cross-reactive among allergens from other fungi. A strongly reactive potential B. bassiana specific allergen (35 kDa) was identified. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the allergenic potential of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S Westwood
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Shih-Wen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 32610, USA
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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