1
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Gonzalez E, Lee MD, Tierney BT, Lipieta N, Flores P, Mishra M, Beckett L, Finkelstein A, Mo A, Walton P, Karouia F, Barker R, Jansen RJ, Green SJ, Weging S, Kelliher J, Singh NK, Bezdan D, Galazska J, Brereton NJB. Spaceflight alters host-gut microbiota interactions. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:71. [PMID: 39209868 PMCID: PMC11362537 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The ISS rodent habitat has provided crucial insights into the impact of spaceflight on mammals, inducing symptoms characteristic of liver disease, insulin resistance, osteopenia, and myopathy. Although these physiological responses can involve the microbiome on Earth, host-microbiota interactions during spaceflight are still being elucidated. We explore murine gut microbiota and host gene expression in the colon and liver after 29 and 56 days of spaceflight using multiomics. Metagenomics revealed significant changes in 44 microbiome species, including relative reductions in bile acid and butyrate metabolising bacteria like Extibacter muris and Dysosmobacter welbionis. Functional prediction indicate over-representation of fatty acid and bile acid metabolism, extracellular matrix interactions, and antibiotic resistance genes. Host gene expression described corresponding changes to bile acid and energy metabolism, and immune suppression. These changes imply that interactions at the host-gut microbiome interface contribute to spaceflight pathology and that these interactions might critically influence human health and long-duration spaceflight feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gonzalez
- Microbiome Unit, Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre for Microbiome Research, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - M D Lee
- Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Centre, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B T Tierney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Lipieta
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - P Flores
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Mishra
- Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - L Beckett
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - A Finkelstein
- NASA GeneLab for High Schools (GL4HS) program, NASA Ames Research Centre, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - A Mo
- NASA GeneLab for High Schools (GL4HS) program, NASA Ames Research Centre, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - P Walton
- NASA GeneLab for High Schools (GL4HS) program, NASA Ames Research Centre, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - F Karouia
- Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Centre, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Centre for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Barker
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Yuri GmbH, Wiesentalstr. 40, 88074, Meckenbeuren, Germany
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - R J Jansen
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
- Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - S J Green
- Genomics and Microbiome Core Facility, Rush University Medical Centre, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - S Weging
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - J Kelliher
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - N K Singh
- Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Occupational Safety and Health, Oakland, USA
| | - D Bezdan
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NGS Competence Centre Tübingen (NCCT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Galazska
- Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Centre, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - N J B Brereton
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Daniel SL, Ridlon JM. Clostridium scindens : an endocrine keystone species in the mammalian gut. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.23.609444. [PMID: 39229245 PMCID: PMC11370556 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.23.609444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium scindens is a keystone human gut microbial taxonomic group that, while low in abundance, has a disproportionate effect on bile acid and steroid metabolism in the mammalian gut. Numerous studies indicate that the two most studied strains of C. scindens (i.e., ATCC 35704 and VPI 12708) are important for a myriad of physiological processes in the host. We focus on both historical and current microbiological and molecular biology work on the Hylemon-Björkhem pathway and the steroid-17,20-desmolase pathway that were first discovered in C. scindens. Our most recent analysis now calls into question whether strains currently defined as C. scindens represent two separate taxonomic groups. Future directions include developing genetic tools to further explore the physiological role bile acid and steroid metabolism by strains of C. scindens , and the causal role of these pathways in host physiology and disease.
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3
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Zhang D, Lv W, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Zeng S, Zhang W, Gong L, Shao L, Zhang M, He T, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Hu X. Microbial bile acid metabolite ameliorates mycophenolate mofetil-induced gastrointestinal toxicity through vitamin D3 receptor. Am J Transplant 2024; 24:1132-1145. [PMID: 38452932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is one of the most used immunosuppressive drugs in organ transplantation, but frequent gastrointestinal (GI) side effects through unknown mechanisms limit its clinical use. Gut microbiota and its metabolites were recently reported to play a vital role in MMF-induced GI toxicity, but the specific mechanism of how they interact with the human body is still unclear. Here, we found that secondary bile acids (BAs), as bacterial metabolites, were significantly reduced by MMF administration in the gut of mice. Microbiome data and fecal microbiota transfer model supported a microbiota-dependent effect on the reduction of secondary BAs. Supplementation of the secondary BA lithocholic acid alleviated MMF-induced weight loss, colonic inflammation, and oxidative phosphorylation damage. Genetic deletion of the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR), which serves as a primary colonic BA receptor, in colonic epithelial cells (VDRΔIEC) abolished the therapeutic effect of lithocholic acid on MMF-induced GI toxicity. Impressively, we discovered that paricalcitol, a Food and Drug Administration-approved VDR agonist that has been used in clinics for years, could effectively alleviate MMF-induced GI toxicity. Our study reveals a previously unrecognized mechanism of gut microbiota, BAs, and VDR signaling in MMF-induced GI side effects, offering potential therapeutic strategies for clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Zeng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weixun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Gong
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Limei Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Research Ward, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian He
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Lai TT, Liou CW, Tsai YH, Lin YY, Wu WL. Butterflies in the gut: the interplay between intestinal microbiota and stress. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:92. [PMID: 38012609 PMCID: PMC10683179 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress is a global issue that affects at least one-third of the population worldwide and increases the risk of numerous psychiatric disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut and its inhabiting microbes may regulate stress and stress-associated behavioral abnormalities. Hence, the objective of this review is to explore the causal relationships between the gut microbiota, stress, and behavior. Dysbiosis of the microbiome after stress exposure indicated microbial adaption to stressors. Strikingly, the hyperactivated stress signaling found in microbiota-deficient rodents can be normalized by microbiota-based treatments, suggesting that gut microbiota can actively modify the stress response. Microbiota can regulate stress response via intestinal glucocorticoids or autonomic nervous system. Several studies suggest that gut bacteria are involved in the direct modulation of steroid synthesis and metabolism. This review provides recent discoveries on the pathways by which gut microbes affect stress signaling and brain circuits and ultimately impact the host's complex behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ting Lai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yuan Lin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd., Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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5
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Ridlon JM, Daniel SL, Gaskins HR. The Hylemon-Björkhem pathway of bile acid 7-dehydroxylation: history, biochemistry, and microbiology. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100392. [PMID: 37211250 PMCID: PMC10382948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are detergents derived from cholesterol that function to solubilize dietary lipids, remove cholesterol from the body, and act as nutrient signaling molecules in numerous tissues with functions in the liver and gut being the best understood. Studies in the early 20th century established the structures of bile acids, and by mid-century, the application of gnotobiology to bile acids allowed differentiation of host-derived "primary" bile acids from "secondary" bile acids generated by host-associated microbiota. In 1960, radiolabeling studies in rodent models led to determination of the stereochemistry of the bile acid 7-dehydration reaction. A two-step mechanism was proposed, which we have termed the Samuelsson-Bergström model, to explain the formation of deoxycholic acid. Subsequent studies with humans, rodents, and cell extracts of Clostridium scindens VPI 12708 led to the realization that bile acid 7-dehydroxylation is a result of a multi-step, bifurcating pathway that we have named the Hylemon-Björkhem pathway. Due to the importance of hydrophobic secondary bile acids and the increasing measurement of microbial bai genes encoding the enzymes that produce them in stool metagenome studies, it is important to understand their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Steven L Daniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, USA
| | - H Rex Gaskins
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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6
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Bui NN, Li CY, Wang LY, Chen YA, Kao WH, Chou LF, Hsieh JT, Lin H, Lai CH. Clostridium scindens metabolites trigger prostate cancer progression through androgen receptor signaling. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:246-256. [PMID: 36639348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies in men; recently, PCa-related mortality has increased worldwide. Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard treatment for PCa, patients often develop aggressive castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), indicating the presence of an alternative source of androgen. Clostridium scindens is a member of the gut microbiota and can convert cortisol to 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11β-OHA), which is a potent androgen precursor. However, the effect of C. scindens on PCa progression has not been determined. In this study, androgen-dependent PCa cells (LNCaP) were employed to investigate whether C. scindens-derived metabolites activate androgen receptor (AR), which is a pivotal step in the development of PCa. Results showed that cortisol metabolites derived from C. scindens-conditioned medium promoted proliferation and enhanced migration of PCa cells. Furthermore, cells treated with these metabolites presented activated AR and stimulated AR-regulated genes. These findings reveal that C. scindens has the potential to promote PCa progression via the activation of AR signaling. Further studies on the gut-prostate axis may help unravel an alternative source of androgen that triggers CRPC exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Niem Bui
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Chen-Yi Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Hsiang Kao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Li-Fang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.
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7
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Gjorgoska M, Rizner TL. Integration of androgen hormones in endometrial cancer biology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:639-651. [PMID: 35879182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is a gynecological pathology that affects the uterine inner lining. In recent years, genomic studies revealed continually evolving mutational landscapes of endometrial tumors that hold great potential for tailoring therapeutic strategies. This review aims to broaden our knowledge of EC biology by focusing on the role of androgen hormones. First, we discuss epidemiological evidence implicating androgens with EC pathogenesis and cover their biosynthesis and metabolism to bioactive 11-oxyandrogens. Next, we explore the endometrial tumor tissue and the altered microbiota as alternative sources of androgens and their 11-oxymetabolites in EC patients. Finally, we discuss the biological significance of androgens' genomic and nongenomic signaling as part of a medley of pathways ultimately deciding the fate of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Gjorgoska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lanisnik Rizner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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8
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A Novel NADP(H)-Dependent 7alpha-HSDH: Discovery and Construction of Substrate Selectivity Mutant by C-Terminal Truncation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) using complex substrate chicken bile powder as raw material. However, chicken bile powder contains 4.74% taurocholic acid (TCA), and a new by-product tauroursocholic acid (TUCA) will be produced, having the risk of causing colorectal cancer. Here, we obtained a novel NADP(H)-dependent 7α-HSDH with good thermostability from Ursus thibetanus gut microbiota (named St-2-2). St-2-2 could catalyze taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) and TCA with the catalytic activity of 128.13 and 269.39 U/mg, respectively. Interestingly, by a structure-based C-terminal truncation strategy, St-2-2△C10 only remained catalytic activity on TCDCA (14.19 U/mg) and had no activity on TCA. As a result, it can selectively catalyze TCDCA in waste chicken bile powder. MD simulation and structural analysis indicated that enhanced surface hydrophilicity and improved C-terminal rigidity affected the entry and exit of substrates. Hydrogen bond interactions between different subunits and interaction changes in Phe249 of the C-terminal loop inverted the substrate catalytic activity. This is the first report on substrate selectivity of 7α-HSDH by C-terminal truncation strategy and it can be extended to other 7α-HSDHs (J-1-1, S1-a-1).
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9
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Pernigoni N, Zagato E, Calcinotto A, Troiani M, Mestre RP, Calì B, Attanasio G, Troisi J, Minini M, Mosole S, Revandkar A, Pasquini E, Elia AR, Bossi D, Rinaldi A, Rescigno P, Flohr P, Hunt J, Neeb A, Buroni L, Guo C, Welti J, Ferrari M, Grioni M, Gauthier J, Gharaibeh RZ, Palmisano A, Lucchini GM, D'Antonio E, Merler S, Bolis M, Grassi F, Esposito A, Bellone M, Briganti A, Rescigno M, Theurillat JP, Jobin C, Gillessen S, de Bono J, Alimonti A. Commensal bacteria promote endocrine resistance in prostate cancer through androgen biosynthesis. Science 2021; 374:216-224. [PMID: 34618582 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf8403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Pernigoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Elena Zagato
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Calcinotto
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Martina Troiani
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Pereira Mestre
- Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Calì
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Attanasio
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Troisi
- Theoreo Srl, Montecorvino Pugliano, 84090 Salerno, Italy
| | - Mirko Minini
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Simone Mosole
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ajinkya Revandkar
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Pasquini
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Angela Rita Elia
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Bossi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Penny Flohr
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joanne Hunt
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Antje Neeb
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Buroni
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christina Guo
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Welti
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Grioni
- Cellular Immunology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Josée Gauthier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna Palmisano
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20100 Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Eugenia D'Antonio
- Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sara Merler
- Department of Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Bolis
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland.,Computational Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Esposito
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20100 Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Division of Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean-Philippe Theurillat
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Silke Gillessen
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Johann de Bono
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-1011 Lugano, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Ly LK, Doden HL, Ridlon JM. Gut feelings about bacterial steroid-17,20-desmolase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 525:111174. [PMID: 33503463 PMCID: PMC8886824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in technology are only beginning to reveal the complex interactions between hosts and their resident microbiota that have co-evolved over centuries. In this review, we present compelling evidence that implicates the host-associated microbiome in the generation of 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, leading to the formation of potent 11-oxy-androgens. Microbial steroid-17,20-desmolase cleaves the side-chain of glucocorticoids (GC), including cortisol (and its derivatives of cortisone, 5α-dihydrocortisol, and also (allo)- 3α, 5α-tetrahydrocortisol, but not 3α-5β-tetrahydrocortisol) and drugs (prednisone and dexamethasone). In addition to side-chain cleavage, we discuss the gut microbiome's robust potential to transform a myriad of steroids, mirroring much of the host's metabolism. We also explore the overlooked role of intestinal steroidogenesis and efflux pumps as a potential route for GC transport into the gut. Lastly, we propose several health implications from microbial steroid-17,20-desmolase function, including aberrant mineralocorticoid, GC, and androgen receptor signaling in colonocytes, immune cells, and prostate cells, which may exacerbate disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Ly
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Heidi L Doden
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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11
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Hussain T, Murtaza G, Kalhoro DH, Kalhoro MS, Metwally E, Chughtai MI, Mazhar MU, Khan SA. Relationship between gut microbiota and host-metabolism: Emphasis on hormones related to reproductive function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1-10. [PMID: 33997325 PMCID: PMC8110851 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been well recognized that interactions between the gut microbiota and host-metabolism have a proven effect on health. The gut lumen is known for harboring different bacterial communities. Microbial by-products and structural components, which are derived through the gut microbiota, generate a signaling response to maintain homeostasis. Gut microbiota is not only involved in metabolic disorders, but also participates in the regulation of reproductive hormonal function. Bacterial phyla, which are localized in the gut, allow for the metabolization of steroid hormones through the stimulation of different enzymes. Reproductive hormones such as progesterone, estrogen and testosterone play a pivotal role in the successful completion of reproductive events. Disruption in this mechanism may lead to reproductive disorders. Environmental bacteria can affect the metabolism, and degrade steroid hormones and their relevant compounds. This behavior of the bacteria can safely be implemented to eliminate steroidal compounds from a polluted environment. In this review, we summarize the metabolism of steroid hormones on the regulation of gut microbiota and vice-versa, and also examined the significant influence this process has on various events of reproductive function. Altogether, the evidence suggests that steroid hormones and gut microbiota exert a central role in the modification of host bacterial action and impact the reproductive efficiency of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Hussain
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, 70050, Pakistan
| | - Dildar H Kalhoro
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, 70050, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad S Kalhoro
- Department of Animal Products Technology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, 70050, Pakistan
| | - Elsayed Metwally
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Muhammad I Chughtai
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad U Mazhar
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad A Khan
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, 12350, Pakistan
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12
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Abstract
Vertebrates synthesize a diverse set of steroids and bile acids that undergo bacterial biotransformations. The endocrine literature has principally focused on the biochemistry and molecular biology of host synthesis and tissue-specific metabolism of steroids. Host-associated microbiota possess a coevolved set of steroid and bile acid modifying enzymes that match the majority of host peripheral biotransformations in addition to unique capabilities. The set of host-associated microbial genes encoding enzymes involved in steroid transformations is known as the sterolbiome. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the sterolbiome as well as its importance in medicine and agriculture.
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13
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Ly LK, Rowles JL, Paul HM, Alves JMP, Yemm C, Wolf PM, Devendran S, Hudson ME, Morris DJ, Erdman JW, Ridlon JM. Bacterial steroid-17,20-desmolase is a taxonomically rare enzymatic pathway that converts prednisone to 1,4-androstanediene-3,11,17-trione, a metabolite that causes proliferation of prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105567. [PMID: 31870912 PMCID: PMC7333170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal gland has traditionally been viewed as a source of "weak androgens"; however, emerging evidence indicates 11-oxy-androgens of adrenal origin are metabolized in peripheral tissues to potent androgens. Also emerging is the role of gut bacteria in the conversion of C21 glucocorticoids to 11-oxygenated C19 androgens. Clostridium scindens ATCC 35,704 is a gut microbe capable of converting cortisol into 11-oxy-androgens by cleaving the side-chain. The desA and desB genes encode steroid-17,20-desmolase. Our prior study indicated that the urinary tract bacterium, Propionimicrobium lymphophilum ACS-093-V-SCH5 encodes desAB and converts cortisol to 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione. We wanted to determine how widespread this function occurs in the human microbiome. Phylogenetic and sequence similarity network analyses indicated that the steroid-17,20-desmolase pathway is taxonomically rare and located in gut and urogenital microbiomes. Two microbes from each of these niches, C. scindens and Propionimicrobium lymphophilum, respectively, were screened for activity against endogenous (cortisol, cortisone, and allotetrahydrocortisol) and exogenous (prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and 9-fluorocortisol) glucocorticoids. LC/MS analysis showed that both microbes were able to side-chain cleave all glucocorticoids, forming 11-oxy-androgens. Pure recombinant DesAB from C. scindens showed the highest activity against prednisone, a commonly prescribed glucocorticoid. In addition, 0.1 nM 1,4-androstadiene-3,11,17-trione, bacterial side-chain cleavage product of prednisone, showed significant proliferation relative to vehicle in androgen-dependent growth LNCaP prostate cancer cells after 24 h (2.3 fold; P < 0.01) and 72 h (1.6 fold; P < 0.01). Taken together, DesAB-expressing microbes may be an overlooked source of androgens in the body, potentially contributing to various disease states, such as prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Ly
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joe L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hans Müller Paul
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA; Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - João M P Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camdon Yemm
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patricia M Wolf
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Saravanan Devendran
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew E Hudson
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA; Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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14
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Zimmermann M, Zimmermann-Kogadeeva M, Wegmann R, Goodman AL. Mapping human microbiome drug metabolism by gut bacteria and their genes. Nature 2019; 570:462-467. [PMID: 31158845 PMCID: PMC6597290 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Individuals vary widely in their responses to medicinal drugs, which can be dangerous and expensive owing to treatment delays and adverse effects. Although increasing evidence implicates the gut microbiome in this variability, the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Here we show, by measuring the ability of 76 human gut bacteria from diverse clades to metabolize 271 orally administered drugs, that many drugs are chemically modified by microorganisms. We combined high-throughput genetic analyses with mass spectrometry to systematically identify microbial gene products that metabolize drugs. These microbiome-encoded enzymes can directly and substantially affect intestinal and systemic drug metabolism in mice, and can explain the drug-metabolizing activities of human gut bacteria and communities on the basis of their genomic contents. These causal links between the gene content and metabolic activities of the microbiota connect interpersonal variability in microbiomes to interpersonal differences in drug metabolism, which has implications for medical therapy and drug development across multiple disease indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zimmermann
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Zimmermann-Kogadeeva
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebekka Wegmann
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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15
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Clostridium scindens ATCC 35704: Integration of Nutritional Requirements, the Complete Genome Sequence, and Global Transcriptional Responses to Bile Acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00052-19. [PMID: 30737348 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00052-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human gut, Clostridium scindens ATCC 35704 is a predominant bacterium and one of the major bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating anaerobes. While this organism is well-studied relative to bile acid metabolism, little is known about the basic nutrition and physiology of C. scindens ATCC 35704. To determine the amino acid and vitamin requirements of C. scindens, the leave-one-out (one amino acid group or vitamin) technique was used to eliminate the nonessential amino acids and vitamins. With this approach, the amino acid tryptophan and three vitamins (riboflavin, pantothenate, and pyridoxal) were found to be required for the growth of C. scindens In the newly developed defined medium, C. scindens fermented glucose mainly to ethanol, acetate, formate, and H2. The genome of C. scindens ATCC 35704 was completed through PacBio sequencing. Pathway analysis of the genome sequence coupled with transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) under defined culture conditions revealed consistency with the growth requirements and end products of glucose metabolism. Induction with bile acids revealed complex and differential responses to cholic acid and deoxycholic acid, including the expression of potentially novel bile acid-inducible genes involved in cholic acid metabolism. Responses to toxic deoxycholic acid included expression of genes predicted to be involved in DNA repair, oxidative stress, cell wall maintenance/metabolism, chaperone synthesis, and downregulation of one-third of the genome. These analyses provide valuable insight into the overall biology of C. scindens which may be important in treatment of disease associated with increased colonic secondary bile acids.IMPORTANCE C. scindens is one of a few identified gut bacterial species capable of converting host cholic acid into disease-associated secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid. The current work represents an important advance in understanding the nutritional requirements and response to bile acids of the medically important human gut bacterium, C. scindens ATCC 35704. A defined medium has been developed which will further the understanding of bile acid metabolism in the context of growth substrates, cofactors, and other metabolites in the vertebrate gut. Analysis of the complete genome supports the nutritional requirements reported here. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of gene expression in the presence of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid provides a unique insight into the complex response of C. scindens ATCC 35704 to primary and secondary bile acids. Also revealed are genes with the potential to function in bile acid transport and metabolism.
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16
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Morris DJ, Brem AS. Role of gut metabolism of adrenal corticosteroids and hypertension: clues gut-cleansing antibiotics give us. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:83-89. [PMID: 30681907 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00115.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria can metabolize sterols, bile acids, steroid hormones, dietary proteins, fiber, foodstuffs, and short chain fatty acids. The metabolic products generated by some of these intestinal bacteria have been linked to a number of systemic diseases including obesity with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, some forms of inflammation, and more recently, systemic hypertension. In this review, we primarily focus on the potential role selected gut bacteria play in metabolizing the endogenous glucocorticoids corticosterone and cortisol. Those generated steroid metabolites, when reabsorbed in the intestine back into the circulation, produce biological effects most notably as inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) types 1 and 2. Inhibition of the dehydrogenase actions of 11β-HSD, particularly in kidney and vascular tissue, allows both corticosterone and cortisol the ability to bind to and activate mineralocorticoid receptors with attended changes in sodium handling and vascular resistance leading to increases in blood pressure. In several animal models of hypertension, administration of gut-cleansing antibiotics results in transient resolution of hypertension and transfer of intestinal contents from a hypertensive animal to a normotensive animal produces hypertension in the recipient. Moreover, fecal samples from hypertensive humans transplanted into germ-free mice resulted in hypertension in the recipient mice. Thus, it appears that the intestinal microbiome may not just be an innocent bystander but certain perturbations in the type and number of bacteria may directly or indirectly affect hypertension and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Andrew S Brem
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
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17
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Marion S, Studer N, Desharnais L, Menin L, Escrig S, Meibom A, Hapfelmeier S, Bernier-Latmani R. In vitro and in vivo characterization of Clostridium scindens bile acid transformations. Gut Microbes 2018; 10:481-503. [PMID: 30589376 PMCID: PMC6748637 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1549420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut hosts trillions of microorganisms that exert a profound influence on human biology. Gut bacteria communicate with their host by secreting small molecules that can signal to distant organs in the body. Bile acids are one class of these signaling molecules, synthesized by the host and chemically transformed by the gut microbiota. Among bile acid metabolizers, bile acid 7-dehydroxylating bacteria are commensals of particular importance as they carry out the 7-dehydroxylation of liver-derived primary bile acids to 7-dehydroxylated bile acids. The latter represents a major fraction of the secondary bile acid pool. The microbiology of this group of gut microorganisms is understudied and warrants more attention. Here, we detail the bile acid transformations carried out by the 7-dehydroxylating bacterium Clostridium scindens in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, C. scindens exhibits not only 7α-dehydroxylating capabilities but also, the ability to oxidize other hydroxyl groups and reduce ketone groups in primary and secondary bile acids. This study revealed 12-oxolithocholic acid as a major transient product in the 7α-dehydroxylation of cholic acid. Furthermore, the in vivo study included complementing a gnotobiotic mouse line (devoid of the ability to 7-dehydroxylate bile acids) with C. scindens and investigating its colonization dynamics and bile acid transformations. Using NanoSIMS (Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry), we demonstrate that the large intestine constitutes a niche for C. scindens, where it efficiently 7-dehydroxylates cholic acid to deoxycholic acid. Overall, this work reveals a novel transient species during 7-dehydroxylation as well as provides direct evidence for the colonization and growth of 7-dehydroxylating bacteria in the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Marion
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Studer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lyne Desharnais
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Menin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Escrig
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anders Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland,Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Rizlan Bernier-Latmani
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland,CONTACT Rizlan Bernier-Latmani Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Devendran S, Mythen SM, Ridlon JM. The desA and desB genes from Clostridium scindens ATCC 35704 encode steroid-17,20-desmolase. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1005-1014. [PMID: 29572237 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m083949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium scindens is a gut microbe capable of removing the side-chain of cortisol, forming 11β-hydro-xyandrostenedione. A cortisol-inducible operon (desABCD) was previously identified in C. scindens ATCC 35704 by RNA-Seq. The desC gene was shown to encode a cortisol 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSDH). The desD encodes a protein annotated as a member of the major facilitator family, predicted to function as a cortisol transporter. The desA and desB genes are annotated as N-terminal and C-terminal transketolases, respectively. We hypothesized that the DesAB forms a complex and has steroid-17,20-desmolase activity. We cloned the desA and desB genes from C. scindens ATCC 35704 in pETDuet for overexpression in Escherichia coli The purified recombinant DesAB was determined to be a 142 ± 5.4 kDa heterotetramer. We developed an enzyme-linked continuous spectrophotometric assay to quantify steroid-17,20-desmolase. This was achieved by coupling DesAB-dependent formation of 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione with the NADPH-dependent reduction of the steroid 17-keto group by a recombinant 17β-HSDH from the filamentous fungus, Cochliobolus lunatus The pH optimum for the coupled assay was 7.0 and kinetic constants using cortisol as substrate were Km of 4.96 ± 0.57 µM and kcat of 0.87 ± 0.076 min-1 Substrate-specificity studies revealed that rDesAB recognized substrates regardless of 11β-hydroxylation, but had an absolute requirement for 17,21-dihydroxy 20-ketosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Devendran
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sean M Mythen
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Computing Genomes for Reproductive Health Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA.
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19
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Abstract
A new concept is emerging in biomedical sciences: the gut microbiota is a virtual 'organ' with endocrine function. Here, we explore the literature pertaining to the role of gut microbial metabolism of endogenous adrenocorticosteroids as a contributing factor in the etiology of essential hypertension. A body of literature demonstrates that bacterial products of glucocorticoid metabolism are absorbed into the portal circulation, and pass through the kidney before excretion into urine. Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) syndrome patients were found to have congenital mutations resulting in non-functional renal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (11β-HSD2) and severe hypertension often lethal in childhood. 11β-HSD2 acts as a "guardian" enzyme protecting the mineralocorticoid receptor from excess cortisol, preventing sodium and water retention in the normotensive state. Licorice root, whose active ingredient, glycerrhetinic acid (GA), inhibits renal 11β-HSD2, and thereby causes hypertension in some individuals. Bacterially derived glucocorticoid metabolites may cause hypertension in some patients by a similar mechanism. Parallel observations in gut microbiology coupled with screening of endogenous steroids as inhibitors of 11β-HSD2 have implicated particular gut bacteria in essential hypertension through the production of glycerrhetinic acid-like factors (GALFs). A protective role of GALFs produced by gut bacteria in the etiology of colorectal cancer is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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20
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Devendran S, Méndez-García C, Ridlon JM. Identification and characterization of a 20β-HSDH from the anaerobic gut bacterium Butyricicoccus desmolans ATCC 43058. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:916-925. [PMID: 28314858 PMCID: PMC5408610 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m074914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the gastrointestinal microbiota are known to convert glucocorticoids to androstanes, which are subsequently converted to potent androgens by other members of the gut microbiota or host tissues. Butyricicoccus desmolans and Clostridium cadaveris have previously been reported for steroid-17,20-desmolase and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) activities that are responsible for androstane formation from cortisol; however, the genes encoding these enzymes have yet to be reported. In this work, we identified and located a gene encoding 20β-HSDH in both B. desmolans and C. cadaveris The 20β-HSDH of B. desmolans was heterologously overexpressed and purified from Escherichia coli The enzyme was determined to be a homotetramer with subunit molecular mass of 33.8 ± 3.7 kDa. The r20β-HSDH displayed pH optimum in the reductive direction at pH 9.0 and in the oxidative direction at pH 7.0-7.5 with (20β-dihydro)cortisol and NAD(H) as substrates. Cortisol is the preferred substrate with Km , 0.80 ± 0.06 μM; Vmax , 30.36 ± 1.97 μmol·min-1; Kcat , 607 ± 39 μmol·μM-1·min-1; Kcat /Km , 760 ± 7.67. Phylogenetic analysis of the 20β-HSDH from B. desmolans suggested that the 20β-HSDH is found in several Bifidobacterium spp, one of which was shown to express 20β-HSDH activity. Notably, we also identified a novel steroid-17,20-desmolase-elaborating bacterium, Propionimicrobium lymphophilum, a normal inhabitant of the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Devendran
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Celia Méndez-García
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 .,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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21
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Ridlon JM, Harris SC, Bhowmik S, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB. Consequences of bile salt biotransformations by intestinal bacteria. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:22-39. [PMID: 26939849 PMCID: PMC4856454 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1127483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence strongly suggest that the human "microbiome" plays an important role in both health and disease. Bile acids function both as detergents molecules promoting nutrient absorption in the intestines and as hormones regulating nutrient metabolism. Bile acids regulate metabolism via activation of specific nuclear receptors (NR) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The circulating bile acid pool composition consists of primary bile acids produced from cholesterol in the liver, and secondary bile acids formed by specific gut bacteria. The various biotransformation of bile acids carried out by gut bacteria appear to regulate the structure of the gut microbiome and host physiology. Increased levels of secondary bile acids are associated with specific diseases of the GI system. Elucidating methods to control the gut microbiome and bile acid pool composition in humans may lead to a reduction in some of the major diseases of the liver, gall bladder and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Spencer C. Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shiva Bhowmik
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dae-Joong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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22
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Neuman H, Debelius JW, Knight R, Koren O. Microbial endocrinology: the interplay between the microbiota and the endocrine system. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:509-21. [PMID: 25701044 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The new field of microbiome research studies the microbes within multicellular hosts and the many effects of these microbes on the host's health and well-being. We now know that microbes influence metabolism, immunity and even behavior. Essential questions, which are just starting to be answered, are what are the mechanisms by which these bacteria affect specific host characteristics. One important but understudied mechanism appears to involve hormones. Although the precise pathways of microbiota-hormonal signaling have not yet been deciphered, specific changes in hormone levels correlate with the presence of the gut microbiota. The microbiota produces and secretes hormones, responds to host hormones and regulates expression levels of host hormones. Here, we summarize the links between the endocrine system and the gut microbiota. We categorize these interactions by the different functions of the hormones, including those affecting behavior, sexual attraction, appetite and metabolism, gender and immunity. Future research in this area will reveal additional connections, and elucidate the pathways and consequences of bacterial interactions with the host endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Neuman
- Faculty of medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502 Safed, Israel
| | - Justine W Debelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Omry Koren
- Faculty of medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502 Safed, Israel
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23
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Ridlon JM, Ikegawa S, Alves JMP, Zhou B, Kobayashi A, Iida T, Mitamura K, Tanabe G, Serrano M, De Guzman A, Cooper P, Buck GA, Hylemon PB. Clostridium scindens: a human gut microbe with a high potential to convert glucocorticoids into androgens. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2437-49. [PMID: 23772041 PMCID: PMC3735941 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium scindens American Type Culture Collection 35704 is capable of converting primary bile acids to toxic secondary bile acids, as well as converting glucocorticoids to androgens by side-chain cleavage. The molecular structure of the side-chain cleavage product of cortisol produced by C. scindens was determined to be 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (11β-OHA) by high-resolution mass spectrometry, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Using RNA-Seq technology, we identified a cortisol-inducible (∼1,000-fold) operon (desABCD) encoding at least one enzyme involved in anaerobic side-chain cleavage. The desC gene was cloned, overexpressed, purified, and found to encode a 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH). This operon also encodes a putative “transketolase” (desAB) hypothesized to have steroid-17,20-desmolase/oxidase activity, and a possible corticosteroid transporter (desD). RNA-Seq data suggests that the two-carbon side chain of glucocorticords may feed into the pentose-phosphate pathway and are used as a carbon source. The 20α-HSDH is hypothesized to function as a metabolic “rheostat” controlling rates of side-chain cleavage. Phylogenetic analysis suggests this operon is rare in nature and the desC gene evolved from a gene encoding threonine dehydrogenase. The physiological effect of 11β-OHAD on the host or other gut microbes is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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24
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Kumpun S, Girault JP, Dinan L, Blais C, Maria A, Dauphin-Villemant C, Yingyongnarongkul B, Suksamrarn A, Lafont R. The metabolism of 20-hydroxyecdysone in mice: relevance to pharmacological effects and gene switch applications of ecdysteroids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 126:1-9. [PMID: 21439380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids exert many pharmacological effects in mammals (including humans), most of which appear beneficial, but their mechanism of action is far from understood. Whether they act directly and/or after the formation of metabolites is still an open question. The need to investigate this question has gained extra impetus because of the recent development of ecdysteroid-based gene-therapy systems for mammals. In order to investigate the metabolic fate of ecdysteroids in mice, [1α,2α-(3)H]20-hydroxyecdysone was prepared and injected intraperitoneally to mice. Their excretory products (urine+faeces) were collected and the different tritiated metabolites were isolated and identified. The pattern of ecdysteroid metabolites is very complex, but no conjugates were found, in contrast to the classical fate of the (less polar) endogenous vertebrate steroid hormones. Primary reactions involve dehydroxylation at C-14 and side-chain cleavage between C-20 and C-22, thereby yielding 14-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone, poststerone and 14-deoxypoststerone. These metabolites then undergo several reactions of reduction involving, in particular, the 6-keto-group. A novel major metabolite has been identified as 2β,3β,6α,22R,25-pentahydroxy-5β-cholest-8(14)-ene. The formation of this and the other major metabolites is discussed in relation to the various effects of ecdysteroids already demonstrated on vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumpun
- UPMC, Univ Paris, Laboratoire BIOSIPE, Paris 05, France
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25
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Warburton P, Roberts AP, Allan E, Seville L, Lancaster H, Mullany P. Characterization of tet(32) genes from the oral metagenome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:273-6. [PMID: 18955517 PMCID: PMC2612163 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00788-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
tet(32) Was identified in three bacterial isolates and in metagenomic DNA from the human oral cavity. The regions immediately flanking the gene were found to have similarities to the mobile elements TnB1230 from Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, ATE-3 from Arcanobacterium pyogenes, and CTn5 from Clostridium difficile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Warburton
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Elsayed S, Zhang K. Isolation and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence-based identification of Clostridium scindens from an intra-abdominal abscess. Anaerobe 2006; 12:13-6. [PMID: 16701607 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium scindens has not been previously associated with human infection. We describe a case of an adolescent female with Crohn's disease presenting with a post-surgical intra-abdominal abscess from which this organism was isolated in pure culture. This is the first documented report of human infection caused by this micro-organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Elsayed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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27
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de Prada P, Setchell KD, Hylemon PB. Purification and characterization of a novel 17 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from an intestinal Eubacterium sp. VPI 12708. J Lipid Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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28
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Abstract
As a result of the metabolic activities of numerous anaerobic microorganisms with sterols, bile acids and steroid hormones as substrates in connection with the enterohepatic circulation of these compounds, the intestine may be considered as an "endocrine" active site or organ. The review summarizes transformations of steroids by anaerobic intestinal bacteria, the physiological and supposed pathophysiological meaning thereof. The aim is to recommend further investigation in this field with respect to both the elucidation of the reactions and biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Groh
- Jenaer Beutenberg-Institute, Wissenschaftler-Integrations-Programm der KAI e.V. Berlin, Jena, Germany
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29
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Abstract
In anaerobic ecosystems, acyl lipids are initially hydrolyzed by microbial lipases with the release of free fatty acids. Glycerol, galactose, choline, and other non-fatty acid components released during hydrolysis are fermented to volatile fatty acids by the fermentative bacteria. Fatty acids are not degraded further in the rumen or other parts of the digestive tract but are subjected to extensive biohydrogenation especially in the rumen. However, in environments such as sediments and waste digestors, which have long retention times, both long and short chain fatty acids are beta-oxidized to acetate by a special group of bacteria, the H2-producing syntrophs. Long chain fatty acids can also be degraded by alpha-oxidation. Biotransformation of bile acids, cholesterol, and steroids by intestinal microorganisms is extensive. Many rumen bacteria have specific growth requirements for fatty acids such as n-valeric, iso-valeric, 2-methylbutyric, and iso-butyric acids. Some species have requirements for C13 to C18 straight-chain saturated or monoenoic fatty acids for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Mackie
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 61801
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30
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Bokkenheuser VD, Motyl M, Horn KV, Johnson JL, Winter J. Steroid Metabolising Enzymes of Clostridia: A Characteristic for the Strain or the Species? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 1989. [DOI: 10.3109/08910608909140226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. D. Bokkenheuser
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Institute for Health Sciences, New York, NY, 10025, USA
| | - M. Motyl
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
| | - K. Van Horn
- Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - J. L. Johnson
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, BA, 24061, USA
| | - J. Winter
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Institute for Health Sciences, New York, NY, 10025, USA
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31
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Krafft AE, Winter J, Bokkenheuser VD, Hylemon PB. Cofactor requirements of steroid-17-20-desmolase and 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in cell extracts of Clostridium scindens. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 28:49-54. [PMID: 3475510 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Two neutral steroid-transforming activities were demonstrated in cell extracts of Clostridium scindens. Steroid-17-20-desmolase and 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were found to be inducible in cells cultured in the presence of cortisol. Both activities required manganese ions and NAD+ or NADH for activity. Cortisol, cortisone and 11-desoxycortisol were substrates as well as inducers of steroid-17-20-desmolase and 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone was an effective inducer but did not serve as a substrate for either enzyme activity. C. scindens is the first bacterial species of the normal human intestinal flora reported to elaborate inducible steroid-17-20-desmolase and 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. The results of cofactor, substrate specificity and induction studies suggest that these two activities may reside in the same enzyme complex.
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32
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Winter J, Bokkenheuser VD. Bacterial metabolism of natural and synthetic sex hormones undergoing enterohepatic circulation. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 27:1145-9. [PMID: 3320550 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Steroids undergoing enterohepatic circulation are exposed to bacterial metabolism particularly by obligate anaerobes which account for 99.99% of the fecal flora. The most common transformation is hydrolysis of conjugated steroids. The glucuronidases are synthesized by Escherichia coli and Bacteroides species. The bacterial catabolism of unconjugated steroids may be considered under several headings: 1. Reduction of ring-A due to clostridia species synthesizing specific enzymes; C. paraputrificum, 3 alpha,5 beta-reductase; C. innocuum, 3 beta,5 beta-reductase; and a new species C.J-1, 3 beta,5 alpha-reductase. 2. Reduction of the delta 5 bond by human fecal flora. The specific strain(s) synthesizing the enzyme have not yet been identified. 3. Reduction of 17-keto estrogens by the above mentioned ring-A reducing clostridia and by Eubacterium lentum. 4. Reduction of 17-keto androstenes by Bacteroides fragilis. 5. Desmolase mediated side chain cleavage at C17-C20 position of 17 alpha-hydroxysteroids by two new species Clostridium scindens and Eubacterium desmolans isolated from human and cat fecal flora respectively and by Clostridium cadavaris isolated from New York City sewage. 6. And 16 alpha- and 21-dehydroxylase by E. lentum a normal inhabitant of the human gut; it is the only organism known to synthesize 16 alpha- or 21-dehydroxylases. Due to the high specificity of the enzymes and the simplicity of extracting the metabolites, biosynthesis of reference compounds and radioimmunoassay reagents is practical and inexpensive. The enzymes can also be used for titration of specific bacterial strains in fecal flora and as markers for bacterial identification in particular for the strains difficult to be defined by regular biochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Winter
- St Luke's-Roosevelt Institute for Health Sciences, New York, NY 10025
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33
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Winter J, Shackleton CH, Morris GN, Locascio S, Bokkenheuser VD. The 21-acetylation of corticosteroids by Clostridium sporogenes. Steroids 1986; 48:381-94. [PMID: 3445288 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(86)90024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A strain of Clostridium sporogenes, an anaerobic bacterium, isolated from sewage in New York City synthesizes two constitutive enzymes with action on steroid molecules: (i) an enzyme capable of selectively acetylating the 21-hydroxyl function of certain steroids and (ii) the corresponding esterase. Under our experimental conditions the enzymes have a strict structural requirement for 3-keto-4-ene and C-20-keto or 20 alpha-hydroxyl group and convert their respective substrates to a mixture of free and acetylated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Winter
- Department of Pathology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10025
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