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Haq K, Jia Y, Krishnan L. Archaeal lipid vaccine adjuvants for induction of cell-mediated immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1557-1566. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1195265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Haq
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Y. Jia
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L. Krishnan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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2
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Gambacorta A, Gliozzi A, De Rosa M. Archaeal lipids and their biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 11:115-31. [PMID: 24414415 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lipids of Archaea, based on glycerol isopranoid ethers, can be used taxonomically to distinguish between phenotypic subgroups of the domain to delineate them clearly from all other organisms. This review is a general survey of the structural features of archaeal lipids and how they relate to survival in the harsh environments in which the Archaea live. The molecular organization of archaeal lipids in monolayers, artificial black membranes and vesicles and the unique properties and possible biotechnological applications of liposomes of the lipids are presented. The results with these liposomes are compared with similar data obtained with synthetic compounds which mimic the structure of archaeal lipids. Studies on computer simulation are also reported.
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3
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Ferrer C, Fodran P, Barroso S, Gibson R, Hopmans EC, Damsté JS, Schouten S, Minnaard AJ. Asymmetric synthesis of cyclo-archaeol and β-glucosyl cyclo-archaeol. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2482-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27277j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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de Souza LM, Müller-Santos M, Iacomini M, Gorin PAJ, Sassaki GL. Positive and negative tandem mass spectrometric fingerprints of lipids from the halophilic Archaea Haloarcula marismortui. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1363-73. [PMID: 19258281 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800478-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids from the extremely halophilic Archaea, Haloarcula marismortui, contain abundant phytanyl diether phospholipids, namely archaetidic acid (AA), archaetidylglycerol (AG), archaetidylglycerosulfate (AGS), with mainly archaetidylglycerophosphate methyl ester (AGP-Me). These were accompanied by a triglycosyl archaeol (TGA), lacking characteristic sulfate groups. Tandem-mass spectrometry was employed to provide fingerprints for identifying these known lipids, as well as small amounts of unsaturated phospholipids. These contained 3 and 6 double bonds in their archaeol moiety, suggested by negative tandem-MS of intact phospholipids, as indicated by differences between their pseudo-molecular ion and specific fragment ions designated as pi(2). The core ether lipids were confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as 2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol (C20, C20), which gave rise to a precursor-ion at m/z 660 [M+Li](+), and its fragment ion at m/z 379 [M+Li](+), consistent with mono-O-phytanyl-glycerol. Furthermore, lithiated ions at m/z 654 (MS(1)), 379 (MS(2)) and m/z 648 (MS(1)), 373 (MS(2)), combined with (1)H/(13)C NMR chemical shifts at delta 5.31-121.6 (C2/2'-H2/2'), 5.08-124.9 (C6/6'-H6/6') and 5.10-126.0 (10/10'-H10/10') confirmed the presence of unsaturated homologs of archaeol. We carried out a comprehensive study on the lipids present in cells of H. marismortui. We used positive and negative ESI-MS with tandem-MS, which served as a fingerprint analysis for identifying the majority of component lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro M de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
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Orphan VJ, Jahnke LL, Embaye T, Turk KA, Pernthaler A, Summons RE, DES Marais DJ. Characterization and spatial distribution of methanogens and methanogenic biosignatures in hypersaline microbial mats of Baja California. GEOBIOLOGY 2008; 6:376-393. [PMID: 18564187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Well-developed hypersaline cyanobacterial mats from Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, sustain active methanogenesis in the presence of high rates of sulfate reduction. Very little is known about the diversity and distribution of the microorganisms responsible for methane production in these unique ecosystems. Applying a combination of 16S rRNA and metabolic gene surveys, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and lipid biomarker analysis, we characterized the diversity and spatial relationships of methanogens and other archaea in the mat incubation experiments stimulated with methanogenic substrates. The phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic diversity established within mat microcosms was compared with the archaeal diversity and lipid biomarker profiles associated with different depth horizons in the in situ mat. Both archaeal 16S rRNA and methyl coenzyme M reductase gene (mcrA) analysis revealed an enrichment of diverse methanogens belonging to the Methanosarcinales in response to trimethylamine addition. Corresponding with DNA-based detection methods, an increase in lipid biomarkers commonly synthesized by methanogenic archaea was observed, including archaeol and sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol polar lipids, and the free, irregular acyclic isoprenoids, 2,6,10,15,19-pentamethylicosene (PMI) and 2,6,11,15-tetramethylhexadecane (crocetane). Hydrogen enrichment of a novel putative archaeal polar C(30) isoprenoid, a dehydrosqualane, was also documented. Both DNA and lipid biomarker evidence indicate a shift in the dominant methanogenic genera corresponding with depth in the mat. Specifically, incubations of surface layers near the photic zone predominantly supported Methanolobus spp. and PMI, while Methanococcoides and hydroxyarchaeol were preferentially recovered from microcosms of unconsolidated sediments underlying the mat. Together, this work supports the existence of small but robust methylotrophic methanogen assemblages that are vertically stratified within the benthic hypersaline mat and can be distinguished by both their DNA signatures and unique isoprenoid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Orphan
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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6
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Dembitsky VM. Astonishing diversity of natural surfactants: 3. Carotenoid glycosides and isoprenoid glycolipids. Lipids 2005; 40:535-57. [PMID: 16149733 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid glycosides and isoprenoid glycolipids are of great interest, especially for the medicinal, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, flavor, and fragrance industries. These biologically active natural surfactants have good prospects for the future chemical preparation of compounds useful as antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antitumor agents, or in industry. More than 300 unusual natural surfactants are described in this review article, including their chemical structures and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Sprott GD, Agnew BJ, Patel GB. Structural features of ether lipids in the archaeobacterial thermophilesPyrococcus furiosus,Methanopyrus kandleri,Methanothermus fervidus, andSulfolobus acidocaldarius. Can J Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1139/m97-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ether lipids of several thermophilic archaea (archaeobacteria) were compared by negative-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The major polar lipids in extracts of Pyrococcus furiosus were assigned as archaeol lipids (phosphatidylglycerol diether, m/z 805; phosphatidylinositol diether, m/z 893; and diglycosyl diether, m/z 975) and caldarchaeol lipids (diglycosyl phosphatidylglycerol tetraether, m/z 1778; and diglycosyl phosphatidylinositol tetraether, m/z 1866). The polar lipids of Methanopyrus kandleri were primarily glycolipids consisting of a series of archaeol lipids with one to six hexose units, composed primarily of mannose (mannose:glucose 9:1); phospholipids consisting of archaeol lipids (phosphatidylinositol diether; and a novel phosphatidylcholine diether, m/z 802.7), and phosphoglycolipids as minor caldarchaeol lipids (primarily diglycosyl phosphatidylglycerol tetraether). Methanothermus fervidus extracts contained archaeol lipids (phosphatidylinositol diether; diglycosyl diether; and acetyldiglycosyl diether, m/z 1016), and caldarchaeol lipids (glycosyl phosphatidylinositol tetraether, m/z 1704; diglycosyl phosphatidylinositol tetraether; and acetyldiglycosyl phosphatidylinositol tetraether, m/z 1907). Acetylation of a sugar residue occurred commonly in this thermophile and increased as cells entered the stationary growth phase. Lipid extracts of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius contained detectable amounts of archaeol and hydroxyarchaeol analogs of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine lipids, in addition to the dominant caldarchaeol lipids already reported. All four thermophiles contained both archaeol and caldarchaeol lipids and phosphoinositol head groups, but no single structural entity uniquely separated their lipids from those found previously in mesophilic archaea. By contrast, extremely halophilic archaea appear to be distinguished from the thermophilic archaea by the presence of a major phosphatidylglyceromethylphosphate lipid.Key words: ether lipids, mass spectrometry, hyperthermophiles, extreme halophiles, Archaea.
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Sprott GD, Ferrante G, Ekiel I. Tetraether lipids of Methanospirillum hungatei with head groups consisting of phospho-N,N-dimethylaminopentanetetrol, phospho-N,N,N-trimethylaminopentanetetrol, and carbohydrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1214:234-42. [PMID: 7918605 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic, standard tetraether and diether lipids each account for about 50% of the total ether lipids found in Methanospirillum hungatei. Sixteen ether lipids were purified and defined according to relative weight percentage and staining reactions on thin-layer plates. Structures were elucidated for six previously uncharacterized tetraether lipids. Four of these lipids had as one head group either alpha-glcp-(1-2)-beta-gal(f)-, or beta-gal(f)-(1-6)-beta-gal(f)-, in glycosidic linkage to the first glycerol of the lipid backbone, and either a N,N-dimethyl-aminopentanetetrol or a N,N,N-trimethylaminopentanetetrol moiety in phosphodiester linkage to the second glycerol of the backbone. A fifth lipid was a tetraether structure novel in having carbohydrate moieties at both head group positions; namely alpha-glcp-(1-2)-gal(f)- and beta-gal(f)-. Two other lipids, a diether and a tetraether, had a single head group consisting of alpha-glcp-(1-2)-beta-gal(f)- modified by O-acetylation of the gal(f) residue at C-6. In addition to the seven new lipids described above, diether and tetraether analogs of phosphatidylglycerol were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Sprott
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biological Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Koga Y, Akagawa-Matsushita M, Ohga M, Nishihara M. Taxonomic Significance of the Distribution of Component Parts of Polar Ether Lipids in Methanogens. Syst Appl Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Sprott GD, Dicaire CJ, Choquet CG, Patel GB, Ekiel I. Hydroxydiether Lipid Structures in
Methanosarcina
spp. and
Methanococcus voltae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:912-4. [PMID: 16348899 PMCID: PMC202207 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.3.912-914.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxylated diether lipids are the most abundant lipids in
Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanosarcina thermophila
, and
Methanosarcina barkeri
MS and Fusaro, regardless of the substrate used for growth. Structural analysis of the lipid moiety freed of polar head groups revealed that the hydroxydiether lipids of all the
Methanosarcina
strains were hydroxylated at position 3 of
sn
-2 phytanyl chains. The finding that
Methanosarcina
strains synthesize the same hydroxydiether structure suggests that this is a taxonomic characteristic of the genus.
Methanococcus voltae
produced minor amounts of the 3-hydroxydiether characteristic of
Methanosarcina
spp. and also the 3′-hydroxydiether described previously for
Methanosaeta concilii
.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Sprott
- Institute for Biological Sciences, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6, Canada
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Beveridge TJ, Choquet CG, Patel GB, Sprott GD. Freeze-fracture planes of methanogen membranes correlate with the content of tetraether lipids. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:1191-7. [PMID: 8432712 PMCID: PMC193038 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.4.1191-1197.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanospirillum hungatei GP1 contained 50% of its ether core lipids (polar lipids less head groups) as tetraether lipids, and its plasma membrane failed to fracture along its hydrophobic domain during freeze-etching. The membrane of Methanosaeta ("Methanothrix") concilii did not contain tetraether lipids and easily fractured to reveal typical intramembranous particles. Methanococcus jannaschii grown at 50 degrees C contained 20% tetraether core lipids, which increased to 45% when cells were grown at 70 degrees C. The frequency of membrane fracture was reduced as the membrane-spanning tetraether lipids approached 45%. As the tetraether lipid content increased, and while fracture was still possible, the particle density in the membrane increased; these added particles could be tetraether lipid complexes torn from the opposing membrane face. The diether membrane (no tetraether lipid) of Methanococcus voltae easily fractured, and the intramembranous particle density was low. Protein-free liposomes containing tetraether core lipids (ca. 45%) also did not fracture, whereas those made up exclusively of diether lipids did split, indicating that tetraether lipids add considerable vertical stability to the membrane. At tetraether lipid concentrations below 45%, liposome bilayers fractured to reveal small intramembranous particles which we interpret to be tetraether lipid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Beveridge
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Canada
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Abstract
Structural data on archaebacterial lipids is presented with emphasis on the ether lipids of the methanogens. These ether lipids normally account for 80-95% of the membrane lipids with the remaining 5-20% of neutral squalenes and other isoprenoids. Genus-specific combinations of various lipid core structures found in methanogens include diether-tetraether, dietherhydroxydiether, or diether-macrocyclic diether-tetraether lipid moieties. Some species have only the standard diether core lipid, but none are known with predominantly tetraether lipids as found in certain sulfur-dependent archaebacteria. The relative proportions of these lipid cores are known to vary in relation to growth conditions in Methanococcus jannaschii and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Polar headgroups in glycosidic or phosphodiester linkage to the sn-1 or sn-1' carbons of glycerol consist of polyols, carbohydrates, and amino compounds. The available structural data indicate a close similarity among the polar lipids synthesized within the species of the same genus. Detection of lipid molecular ions by mass spectrometry of total polar lipid extracts is a promising technique to provide valuable comparative data. Since these lipid structures are stable within the extreme environments that many archaebacteria inhabit, there may be specific applications for their use in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Sprott
- Institute of Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
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Choquet CG, Patel GB, Beveridge TJ, Sprott GD. Formation of unilamellar liposomes from total polar lipid extracts of methanogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:2894-900. [PMID: 1444403 PMCID: PMC183024 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.9.2894-2900.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilamellar liposomes were formed by controlled detergent dialysis of mixed micelles consisting of acetone-insoluble total polar lipids extracted from various methanogens and the detergent n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. The final liposome populations were studied by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Unilamellar liposomes with mean diameters smaller than 100 nm were obtained with lipid extracts of Methanococcus voltae, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosaeta concilii, and Methanococcus jannaschii (grown at 50 degrees C), whereas larger (greater than 100-nm) unilamellar liposomes were obtained with lipid extracts of M. jannaschii grown at 65 degrees C. These liposomes were shown to be closed intact vesicles capable of retaining entrapped [14C]sucrose for extended periods of time. With the exception of Methanospirillum hungatei liposomes, all size distributions of the different liposome populations were fairly homogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Choquet
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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Demizu K, Ohtsubo S, Kohno S, Miura I, Nishihara M, Koga Y. Quantitative determination of methanogenic cells based on analysis of ether-linked glycerolipids by high-performance liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(92)90553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Wächtershäuser G. Groundworks for an evolutionary biochemistry: the iron-sulphur world. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1992; 58:85-201. [PMID: 1509092 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(92)90022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Nishihara M, Koga Y. Hydroxyarchaetidylserine and hydroxyarchaetidyl-myo-inositol in Methanosarcina barkeri: polar lipids with a new ether core portion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1082:211-7. [PMID: 1901027 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90196-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipids of the methanogenic archaebacterium, Methanosarcina barkeri were analyzed. The lipid content was 5.4% of dry cell and polar lipids comprised 87% of the total lipid. Polar lipids were separated into 14 spots by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. These were six phospholipids, seven aminophospholipids and one glycolipid, of which two phospholipids and two aminophospholipids were major constituents. After removal of polar head groups from total lipids, two kinds of glycerol diether core lipids were found. One was 2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol (archaeol) and the other 2-O-(3'-hydroxy-3', 7', 11', 15'-tetramethyl)hexadecyl-3-O-phytanyl-sn- glycerol (hydroxyarchaeol). Those structures were identified on the basis of chemical analysis, fast atom bombardment spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectrometry. The latter was a new core lipid which was different from hydroxyarchaeol of Methanothrix concilii. The hydroxyarchaeol core lipid comprised 60% of polar lipid in M. barkeri. The structures of core lipids are quite different from those previously reported by De Rosa et al. (Biochim, Biophys. Acta (1986) 875, 487-492) concerning M. barkeri lipids. The structures of two major polar lipids, both of which had hydroxyarchaeol as core proteins, were elucidated. These lipids were 2-O-(3'-hydroxy)phytanyl-3-O-phytanyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphoserine (hydroxyarchaetidylserine) and 2-O-(3'-hydroxy)phytanyl-3-O-phytanyl-sn- glycerol-phospho-myo-inositol (hydroxyarchaetidyl-myo-inositol). Archaetidylserine and archaetidylinositol, which had the usual archaeol core portion, were also present as minor polar lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Sprott G, Ekiel I, Dicaire C. Novel, acid-labile, hydroxydiether lipid cores in methanogenic bacteria. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)77411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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