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Structural Modifications of Deoxycholic Acid to Obtain Three Known Brassinosteroid Analogues and Full NMR Spectroscopic Characterization. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091139. [PMID: 27618889 PMCID: PMC6274158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved synthesis route for obtaining known brassinosteroid analogues, i.e., methyl 2α,3α-dihydroxy-6-oxo-5α-cholan-24-oate (11), methyl 3α-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-oxa-5α-cholan-24-oate (15) and methyl 3α-hydroxy-6-oxa-7-oxo-5α-cholan-24-oate (16), from hyodeoxycholic acid (4) maintaining the native side chain is described. In the alternative procedure, the di-oxidized product 6, obtained in the oxidation of methyl hyodeoxycholate 5, was converted almost quantitatively into the target monoketone 7 by stereoselective reduction with NaBH4, increasing the overall yield of this synthetic route to 96.8%. The complete 1H- and 13C-NMR assignments for all compounds synthesized in this work have been made by 1D and 2D heteronuclear correlation gs-HSQC and gs-HMBC techniques. Thus, it was possible to update the spectroscopic information of 1H-NMR and to accomplish a complete assignment of all 13C-NMR signals for analogues 5–16, which were previously reported only in partial form.
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2
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Marine and semi-synthetic hydroxysteroids as new scaffolds for pregnane X receptor modulation. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:3091-115. [PMID: 24871460 PMCID: PMC4071567 DOI: 10.3390/md12063091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years many sterols with unusual structures and promising biological profiles have been identified from marine sources. Here we report the isolation of a series of 24-alkylated-hydroxysteroids from the soft coral Sinularia kavarattiensis, acting as pregnane X receptor (PXR) modulators. Starting from this scaffold a number of derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their ability to activate the PXR by assessing transactivation and quantifying gene expression. Our study reveals that ergost-5-en-3β-ol (4) induces PXR transactivation in HepG2 cells and stimulates the expression of the PXR target gene CYP3A4. To shed light on the molecular basis of the interaction between these ligands and PXR, we investigated, through docking simulations, the binding mechanism of the most potent compound of the series, 4, to the PXR. Our findings provide useful functional and structural information to guide further investigations and drug design.
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Iida T, Omura K, Sakiyama R, Kodomari M. Regioselective dehydrogenation of 3-keto-steroids to form conjugated enones using o-iodoxybenzoic acid and trifluoroacetic acid catalysis. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 178:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Sepe V, Ummarino R, D'Auria MV, Renga B, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. The First Total Synthesis of Solomonsterol B, a Marine Pregnane X Receptor Agonist. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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5
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Sepe V, Ummarino R, D'Auria MV, Mencarelli A, D'Amore C, Renga B, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. Total synthesis and pharmacological characterization of solomonsterol A, a potent marine pregnane-X-receptor agonist endowed with anti-inflammatory activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4590-9. [PMID: 21599020 DOI: 10.1021/jm200241s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported the identification of a novel class of pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) agonists, solomonsterols A and B, isolated from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Preliminary pharmacological studies demonstrated that these natural compounds are potential leads for the treatment of human disorders characterized by dysregulation of innate immunity. In this article, we describe the first total synthesis of solomonsterol A and its in vivo characterization in animal models of colitis. Using transgenic mice expressing the human PXR, we found that administration of synthetic solomonsterol A effectively protects against development of clinical signs and symptoms of colitis and reduced the generation of TNFα, a signature cytokine for this disorder. In addition, we have provided the first evidence that solomonsterol A might act by triggering the expression of TGFβ and IL-10, potent counter-regulatory cytokines in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Finally, we have shown that solomonsterol A inhibits NF-κB activation by a PXR dependent mechanism. In summary, solomonsterol A is a marine PXR agonist that holds promise in the treatment of inflammation-driven immune dysfunction in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sepe
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Kakiyama G, Muto A, Shimada M, Mano N, Goto J, Hofmann AF, Iida T. Chemical synthesis of 3beta-sulfooxy-7beta-hydroxy-24-nor-5-cholenoic acid: an internal standard for mass spectrometric analysis of the abnormal delta5-bile acids occurring in Niemann-Pick disease. Steroids 2009; 74:766-72. [PMID: 19394355 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In Niemann-Pick disease, type C1, increased amounts of 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-5-cholenoic acid are reported to be present in urinary bile acids. The compound occurs as a tri-conjugate, sulfated at C-3, N-acetylglucosamidated at C-7, and N-acylamidated with taurine or glycine at C-24. For sensitive LC-MS/MS analysis of this bile acid, a suitable internal standard is needed. We report here the synthesis of a satisfactory internal standard, 3beta-sulfooxy-7beta-hydroxy-24-nor-5-cholenoic acid (as the disodium salt). The key reactions involved were (1) the so-called "second order" Beckmann rearrangement (one-carbon degradation at C-24) of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) 3,6-diformate with sodium nitrite in a mixture of trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoroacetic acid, (2) simultaneous inversion at C-3 and elimination at C-6 of the ditosylate derivatives of the resulting 3alpha,6alpha-dihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholanoic acid with potassium acetate in aqueous N,N-dimethylformamide, and (3) regioselective sulfation at C-3 of an intermediary 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-24-nor-Delta(5) derivative using sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine complex. Overall yield of the desired compound was 1.8% in 12 steps from HDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Kuhajda K, Kevresan S, Kandrac J, Fawcett JP, Mikov M. Chemical and metabolic transformations of selected bile acids. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 31:179-235. [PMID: 17136861 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article surveys chemical transformations of selected bile acids. Chemical transformations were initially carried out with the aim of determining the structure of bile acids. More recently they have been concerned with bile acid interconversions as well as with the synthesis of steroid hormones, vitamins and therapeutc agents. Studies of similarities and differences in the biosynthesis of bile acids from cholesterol have occupied many researches. However, this article reviews only papers dealing with the synthesis of potential intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids. Steroid hormones such as pregnenolone, progesterone and testosterone are synthesized from methyl thiodeoxycholate whereas cortisone is synthesized from methyl deoxycholiate. Numerous papers and patents devoted to the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid from cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid testify to its effectiveness in the treatment of cholelithiasis. Chenodeoxycholic acid appears to be an excellent precursor in the synthesis of steroid plant growth regulators, as well as in the synthesis of metabolites and vitamin D analogues. Chirality of bile acids has been exploited in the synthesis of cyclic and acyclic receptors and solvents. Cholic and deoxycholic acids have been used to create new macrocyclic structures which show different capacities to bind and transport other compounds. Another important trend in the chemistry of bile acids is their application in combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kuhajda
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
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Clerici C, Castellani D, Asciutti S, Pellicciari R, Setchell KDR, O'Connell NC, Sadeghpour B, Camaioni E, Fiorucci S, Renga B, Nardi E, Sabatino G, Clementi M, Giuliano V, Baldoni M, Orlandi S, Mazzocchi A, Morelli A, Morelli O. 3α-6α-Dihydroxy-7α-fluoro-5β-cholanoate (UPF-680), physicochemical and physiological properties of a new fluorinated bile acid that prevents 17α-ethynyl-estradiol-induced cholestasis in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 214:199-208. [PMID: 16487557 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
3alpha-6alpha-Dihydroxy-7alpha-fluoro-5beta-cholanoate (UPF-680), the 7alpha-fluorine analog of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), was synthesized to improve bioavailability and stability of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Acute rat biliary fistula and chronic cholestasis induced by 17alpha-ethynyl-estradiol (17EE) models were used to study and compare the effects of UPF-680 (dose range 0.6-6.0 micromol/kg min) with UDCA on bile flow, biliary bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)), lipid output, biliary bile acid composition, hepatic enzymes and organic anion pumps. In acute infusion, UPF-680 increased bile flow in a dose-related manner, by up to 40.9%. Biliary HCO(3)(-) output was similarly increased. Changes were observed in phospholipid secretion only at the highest doses. Treatment with UDCA and UPF-680 reversed chronic cholestasis induced by 17EE; in this model, UDCA had no effect on bile flow in contrast to UPF-680, which significantly increased bile flow. With acute administration of UPF-680, the biliary bile acid pool became enriched with unconjugated and conjugated UPF-680 (71.7%) at the expense of endogenous cholic acid and muricholic isomers. With chronic administration of UPF-680 or UDCA, the main biliary bile acids were tauro conjugates, but modification of biliary bile acid pool was greater with UPF-680. UPF-680 increased the mRNA for cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) and cytochrome P450 8B (CYP8B). Both UDCA and UPF-680 increased the mRNA for Na(+) taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NCTP). In conclusion, UPF-680 prevented 17EE-induced cholestasis and enriched the biliary bile acid pool with less detergent and cytotoxic bile acids. This novel fluorinated bile acid may have potential in the treatment of cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Clerici
- Clinica di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
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Iida T, Kakiyama G, Hibiya Y, Miyata S, Inoue T, Ohno K, Goto T, Mano N, Goto J, Nambara T, Hofmann AF. Chemical synthesis of the 3-sulfooxy-7-N-acetylglucosaminyl-24-amidated conjugates of 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-5-cholen-24-oic acid, and related compounds: unusual, major metabolites of bile acid in a patient with Niemann-Pick disease type C1. Steroids 2006; 71:18-29. [PMID: 16197972 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-5-cholen-24-oic acid, triply conjugated by sulfuric acid at C-3, by N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) at C-7, and by glycine or taurine at C-24, is described. These are unusual, major metabolites of bile acid found to be excreted in the urine of a patient with Niemann-Pick disease type C1. Analogous double-conjugates of 3beta-hydroxy-7-oxo-5-cholen-24-oic acid were also prepared. The principal reactions involved were: (1) beta-d-N-acetylglucosaminidation at C-7 of methyl 3beta-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy (TBDMSi)-7beta-hydroxy-5-cholen-24-oate with 2-acetamido-1alpha-chloro-1,2-dideoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-d-glucopyranose in the presence of CdCO(3) in boiling toluene; (2) sulfation at C-3 of the resulting 3beta-TBDMSi-7beta-GlcNAc with sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine complex in pyridine; and (3) direct amidation at C-24 of the 3beta-sulfooxy-7beta-GlcNAc conjugate with glycine methyl ester hydrochloride (or taurine) using 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride as a coupling agent in DMF. The structures of the multi-conjugated bile acids were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with an electrospray ionization probe under the positive and negative ionization modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Setagaya, Sakurajousui, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan.
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Lida T, Nakamori R, Yabuta R, Yada S, Takagi Y, Mano N, Ikegawa S, Goto J, Nambara T. Potential bile acid metabolites. 24. An efficient synthesis of carboxyl-linked glucosides and their chemical properties. Lipids 2002; 37:101-10. [PMID: 11876257 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-002-0869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile and efficient synthesis of the carboxyl-linked glucosides of bile acids is described. Direct esterification of unprotected bile acids with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranose in pyridine in the presence of 2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene as a coupling agent afforded a mixture of the alpha- and beta-anomers (ca. 1:3) of the 1-O-acyl-D-glucoside benzyl ethers of bile acids, which was separated effectively on a C18 reversed-phase chromatography column (isolated yields of alpha- and beta-anomers are 4-9% and 12-19%, respectively). Subsequent hydrogenolysis of the alpha- and beta-acyl glucoside benzyl ethers on a 10% Pd-C catalyst in acetic acid/methanol/EtOAc (1:2:2, by vol) at 35 degrees C under atmospheric pressure gave the corresponding free esters in good yields (79-89%). Chemical specificities such as facile hydrolysis and transesterification of the acyl glucosides in various solvents were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Lida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lamcharfi L, Meyer C, Lutton C. Rationalization of the relative hydrophobicity of some common bile acids by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6343(1997)3:5<393::aid-bspy6>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Twisk J, Hoekman MF, Muller LM, Iida T, Tamaru T, Ijzerman A, Mager WH, Princen HM. Structural aspects of bile acids involved in the regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 228:596-604. [PMID: 7737153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0596m.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported that coordinate down-regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase by bile acids results in suppression of bile acid synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes [Twisk, J., De Wit, E. & Princen, H. M. G. (1995) Biochem. J. 305, 505-511]. In the current study, we have assessed the effects of a large group of different bile acids, both naturally occurring and synthetic, on these two key enzymes, to elucidate structural features which render bile acids potent as regulators of bile acid synthesis. Addition of 50 microM deoxycholate or cholate, two relatively hydrophobic bile acids, to the culture medium of hepatocytes resulted in strong suppression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (suppression of 75%) and 88%, respectively) and sterol 27-hydroxylase activity (suppression of 76% and 72%, respectively). These effects were also reflected in the mRNA levels and the transcriptional activities of the two enzymes, showing a parallel suppression of both parameters in response to cholate (suppression of 78% and 43% for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA and transcription, respectively, and suppression of 76% and 42% for sterol 27-hydroxylase mRNA and transcription, respectively). In contrast, no effects were observed with the two hydrophilic bile acids, beta-muricholate and ursocholate. Transient expression analysis in cultured rat hepatocytes, using a promoter-reporter construct containing the proximal part of the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase promoter, demonstrated a reduction of transcriptional activity by cholate (reduction of 72%), but not by ursocholate. Assessment of the effects of 27 different bile acids, varying in the number, position and orientation (alpha/beta) of hydroxyl groups on the steroid nucleus of the molecule, on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA showed only a moderate correlation with the hydrophobicity index of the bile acid involved (r = 0.61; P < 0.0001). Analysis of the three-dimensional structure of a number of these bile acids suggests that hydroxyl groups situated in close proximity to each other within the molecule, creating a hydrophilic environment, as in the case of cholate, may be a prerequisite for a strong inhibitory potency. Deviation from this situation leads to a markedly lesser effect on suppression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Twisk
- Gaubius Laboratory TNO-PG, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Iida T, Tamaru T, Chang FC, Niwa T, Goto J, Nambara T. Potential bile acid metabolites. 20. A new synthetic route to stereoisomeric 3,6-dihydroxy- and 6-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholanoic acids. Steroids 1993; 58:362-9. [PMID: 8212086 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(93)90039-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An improved procedure for the syntheses of stereoisomeric 3,6-dihydroxy- and 6-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholanoic acids (and their methyl esters) is described. The principal reactions employed are those reported in the preceding paper of this series, with the commercially available hyodeoxycholic acid as starting material. The final step in the procedure is the reduction of the key 5 alpha C-6 ketones with either the stereoselective equatorial reagent, Li/NH3/MeOH, or the axial reagent, Zn(BH4)2. The results of analysis of the prepared 6-monohydroxylated and 3,6-dihydroxylated stereoisomers by thin-layer chromatographic, high performance liquid chromatographic and gas-liquid chromatographic mobilities, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are discussed along with the data for the corresponding compounds in the 5 beta-series.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iida
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Fukushima, Japan
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14
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Dayal B, Salen G. Stereospecific synthesis and two-dimensional 1H-NMR investigation of isoursocholic acid. J Lipid Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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15
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Potential bile acid metabolites. XVIII. Synthesis of stereoisomeric 3,6,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acids. J Lipid Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Iida T, Komatsubara I, Yoda S, Goto J, Nambara T, Chang FC. Potential bile acid metabolites. 16. Synthesis of stereoisomeric 3 alpha,6,7,12 alpha-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acids. Steroids 1990; 55:530-9. [PMID: 2089743 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(90)90048-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New synthetic routes to the four possible stereoisomeric 3 alpha,6,7,12 alpha-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acids (and their methyl esters), one of which (3 alpha,6 alpha 7 beta,12 alpha) is new, and some related compounds are described. In addition, the 5 alpha-epimer of the new acid was obtained. The final products were obtained in high purity for use as reference compounds in the analysis of bile acids in human biologic samples. The results of analysis of the prepared stereoisomers by proton and carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies are briefly discussed along with the thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iida
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Fukushima-ken, Japan
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17
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Parquet M, Legrand-defretin V, Riottot M, Karpouza A, Lutton C. Metabolism and effects on biliary lipid secretion of murocholic acid in the hamster. J Hepatol 1990; 11:111-9. [PMID: 2398262 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8278(90)90280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of murocholic acid (MC), a 6 beta-hydroxylated bile acid, was investigated after intravenous (i.v.), intraduodenal (i.d.) or intragastric (i.g.) administration to bile fistula hamsters. The effects on biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion were measured during intravenous infusions of increasing doses of [3H]MC. At an infusion rate of 0.1 or 1 mumol.min-1.kg-1, the hepatic uptake was effective. More than 90% of the dose was recovered in bile within 4 h. A bolus injection of 500 micrograms of [3H]MC in the duodenum led to a rapid and efficient biliary secretion of radioactivity. Increasing i.v. infused doses of MC had no effect on bile flow or biliary cholesterol output compared to the controls. Phospholipid secretion was significantly reduced (0.113 mumol.min-1.kg-1 versus 0.238 mumol.min-1.kg-1 in in controls per mumol.min-1.kg-1 of excreted bile acids) as MC progressively replaced the endogenous bile acid pool in bile. After i.v. and i.d. administration, MC was secreted in bile as glyco and tauro conjugates without additional hepatic hydroxylation, sulfation or glucuronidation. The i.g. ingestion of MC followed by the faecal analysis of metabolites showed the formation of hyodeoxycholic acid and 3 alpha-OH-6-oxo-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid. An equivalent experiment with hyodeoxycholic acid gave MC and the same oxo bile acid. We concluded that MC is metabolized by the hamster liver as an endogenous bile acid, which undergoes intestinal bacterial transformation into a 6-oxo derivative and is then reduced into hyodeoxycholic acid. This process is completely reversible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Parquet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition, CNRS URA 646, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
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19
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Matoba N, Mosbach EH, Cohen BI, Une M, McSherry CK. Synthesis of new bile acid analogues and their metabolism in the hamster: 3 alpha, 6 alpha-dihydroxy-6 beta-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid and 3 alpha, 6 beta-dihydroxy-6 alpha-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid. J Lipid Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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