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Sansri V, Sroyraya M, Phisalprapa P, Yosboonruang A, Ontawong A, Saokaew S, Goh BH, Trisat K, Phewchan P, Rawangkan A, Limpeanchob N, Duangjai A. Suppressive Effect of Coffee Leaves on Lipid Digestion and Absorption In Vitro. Foods 2024; 13:2445. [PMID: 39123636 PMCID: PMC11312072 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffee leaves are a major source of bioactive components and are used as ethnomedicine. However, despite their traditional medicinal use, information about their effects on antihyperlipidemia remains limited. METHODS The aims of this study were to evaluate the main components of leaf extracts from Arabica and Robusta coffees and to examine the potential of these coffee leaves in reducing lipid digestion and absorption in vitro. RESULTS Coffee leaf extracts from Arabica coffee contain a high amount of caffeine, whereas extracts from Robusta coffee contain high amounts of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and caffeine. Additionally, leaf extracts from Arabica and Robusta coffee demonstrated the inhibition of pancreatic lipase, decreased micellar cholesterol solubility, and reduced bile acid binding. Furthermore, these extracts resulted in a reduction in cholesterol uptake in Caco-2 cells. Molecular docking experiments supported this discovery, showing CGA and caffeine binding to Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), a key protein in cholesterol absorption. The results indicated that CGA and caffeine can competitively bind to NPC1L1 at the cholesterol binding pocket, reducing its cholesterol binding rate. These findings suggest that coffee leaves might help suppress lipid absorption and digestion, highlighting their potential use in preventing and treating hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerawat Sansri
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand;
| | - Morakot Sroyraya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pochamana Phisalprapa
- Division of Ambulatory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Atchariya Yosboonruang
- Division of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Atcharaporn Ontawong
- Unit of Excellence in Research and Product Development of Coffee, Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and Integration (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Division of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Care, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kanittaporn Trisat
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Pharmacological Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Premchirakorn Phewchan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Pharmacological Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Rawangkan
- Division of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Nanteetip Limpeanchob
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Pharmacological Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Acharaporn Duangjai
- Unit of Excellence in Research and Product Development of Coffee, Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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Guercia E, Berti F, De Zorzi R, Navarini L, Geremia S, Medagli B, De Conto M, Cassetta A, Forzato C. On the Cholesterol Raising Effect of Coffee Diterpenes Cafestol and 16- O-Methylcafestol: Interaction with Farnesoid X Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6096. [PMID: 38892285 PMCID: PMC11173301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The diterpene cafestol represents the most potent cholesterol-elevating compound known in the human diet, being responsible for more than 80% of the effect of coffee on serum lipids, with a mechanism still not fully clarified. In the present study, the interaction of cafestol and 16-O-methylcafestol with the stabilized ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the Farnesoid X Receptor was evaluated by fluorescence and circular dichroism. Fluorescence quenching was observed with both cafestol and 16-O-methylcafestol due to an interaction occurring in the close environment of the tryptophan W454 residue of the protein, as confirmed by docking and molecular dynamics. A conformational change of the protein was also observed by circular dichroism, particularly for cafestol. These results provide evidence at the molecular level of the interactions of FXR with the coffee diterpenes, confirming that cafestol can act as an agonist of FXR, causing an enhancement of the cholesterol level in blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guercia
- Aromalab, illycaffè S.p.A., Area Science Park, Località Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.G.); (L.N.)
| | - Federico Berti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.B.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Rita De Zorzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.B.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Luciano Navarini
- Aromalab, illycaffè S.p.A., Area Science Park, Località Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.G.); (L.N.)
| | - Silvano Geremia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.B.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Barbara Medagli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.B.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Marco De Conto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.B.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Alberto Cassetta
- CNR-Institute of Crystallography, Area Science Park, SS. 14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Cristina Forzato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.B.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (M.D.C.)
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Hao WR, Cheng CY, Chen HY, Chen JJ, Cheng TH, Liu JC. The Association between Cafestol and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:867. [PMID: 38929484 PMCID: PMC11205330 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cafestol, a bioactive compound found in coffee, has attracted considerable attention due to its potential impact on cardiovascular health. This review aims to comprehensively explore the association between cafestol and cardiovascular diseases. We delve into the mechanisms through which cafestol influences lipid metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function, all of which are pivotal in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Moreover, we meticulously analyze epidemiological studies and clinical trials to elucidate the relationship between cafestol and cardiovascular outcomes. Through a critical examination of existing literature, we aim to provide insights into the potential benefits and risks associated with cafestol concerning cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Rui Hao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11002, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Cheng
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan;
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (J.-J.C.)
| | - Jin-Jer Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (J.-J.C.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City 115201, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hurng Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 404333, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chi Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11002, Taiwan
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van de Pas NCA, Woutersen RA, van Ommen B, Rietjens IMCM, de Graaf AA. A physiologically based in silico kinetic model predicting plasma cholesterol concentrations in humans. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2734-46. [PMID: 23024287 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma cholesterol concentration is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This study describes the development, validation, and analysis of a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model for the prediction of plasma cholesterol concentrations in humans. This model was directly adapted from a PBK model for mice by incorporation of the reaction catalyzed by cholesterol ester transfer protein and contained 21 biochemical reactions and eight different cholesterol pools. The model was calibrated using published data for humans and validated by comparing model predictions on plasma cholesterol levels of subjects with 10 different genetic mutations (including familial hypercholesterolemia and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome) with experimental data. Average model predictions on total cholesterol were accurate within 36% of the experimental data, which was within the experimental margin. Sensitivity analysis of the model indicated that the HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration was mainly dependent on hepatic transport of cholesterol to HDL, cholesterol ester transfer from HDL to non-HDL, and hepatic uptake of cholesterol from non-HDL-C. Thus, the presented PBK model is a valid tool to predict the effect of genetic mutations on cholesterol concentrations, opening the way for future studies on the effect of different drugs on cholesterol levels in various subpopulations in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek C A van de Pas
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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George SE, Ramalakshmi K, Mohan Rao LJ. A Perception on Health Benefits of Coffee. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48:464-86. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390701522445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ranheim T, Halvorsen B. Coffee consumption and human health--beneficial or detrimental?--Mechanisms for effects of coffee consumption on different risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005; 49:274-84. [PMID: 15704241 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200400109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is probably the most frequently ingested beverage worldwide. Especially Scandinavia has a high prevalence of coffee-drinkers, and they traditionally make their coffee by boiling ground coffee beans and water. Because of its consumption in most countries in the world, it is interesting, from both a public and a scientific perspective, to discuss its potential benefits or adverse aspects in relation to especially two main health problems, namely cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of boiled coffee is associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease. This is mainly due to the two diterpenes identified in the lipid fraction of coffee grounds, cafestol and kahweol. These compounds promote increased plasma concentration of cholesterol in humans. Coffee is also a rich source of many other ingredients that may contribute to its biological activity, like heterocyclic compounds that exhibit strong antioxidant activity. Based on the literature reviewed, it is apparent that moderate daily filtered, coffee intake is not associated with any adverse effects on cardiovascular outcome. On the contrary, the data shows that coffee has a significant antioxidant activity, and may have an inverse association with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Ranheim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Majer BJ, Hofer E, Cavin C, Lhoste E, Uhl M, Glatt HR, Meinl W, Knasmüller S. Coffee diterpenes prevent the genotoxic effects of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and N-nitrosodimethylamine in a human derived liver cell line (HepG2). Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:433-41. [PMID: 15680679 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the present experiments was to study the genotoxic effects of coffee diterpenoids, namely cafestol palmitate and a mix of cafestol and kahweol (C+K) in human derived hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Furthermore, we investigated the potential protective properties of these substances towards carcinogens contained in the human diet, namely N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). C+K and cafestol palmitate were tested over a broad dose range in micronucleus (MN) assays and no indication for genotoxic effects was seen. In combination experiments with PhIP (300 microM), pronounced inhibition (approximately 1.7-fold) of MN formation was observed with C+K and cafestol palmitate at dose levels > or = 0.9 and 1.7 microg/ml, respectively. Enzyme measurements indicate that the protection is due to inhibition of sulfotransferase, an enzyme involved in the activation of the amine, and/or to induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase which detoxifies the DNA-reactive metabolites of PhIP. Furthermore, a significant increase of glutathione-S-transferase was seen, whereas the activities of cytochrome P-450 1A1 and N-acetyltransferase 1 were not significantly altered. Also in combination experiments with C+K and NDMA, strong protective effects (50% reduction of genotoxicity) were seen at low dose levels (> or = 0.3 microg/ml). Since inhibition of MN was also observed when C+K were added after incubation with NDMA, it is likely that the chemoprotective effects are due to induction of DNA repair enzymes. Comparison of data on the effects of C+K on the cholesterol metabolism, which was investigated in earlier in vivo studies, with the present findings suggests that DNA-protective effects take place at exposure levels which are substantially lower than those which cause hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Majer
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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De Roos B, Van Tol A, Urgert R, Scheek LM, Van Gent T, Buytenhek R, Princen HM, Katan MB. Consumption of French-press coffee raises cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity levels before LDL cholesterol in normolipidaemic subjects. J Intern Med 2000; 248:211-6. [PMID: 10971787 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the long-term effects of unfiltered coffee consumption on the activity levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and to assess a possible role of CETP activity levels in the rise in serum LDL cholesterol. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Forty-six healthy normolipidaemic subjects consumed 0.9 L of either French-press or filtered coffee for 24 weeks. Fasting blood samples were obtained after 0, 2, 12 and 24 weeks of intervention and after and 12 weeks of follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum activity levels of CETP, PLTP and LCAT. RESULTS Relative to baseline, French-press coffee significantly increased average CETP activity by 12% after 2 weeks, by 18% after 12 weeks, and by 9% after 24 weeks. PLTP activity was significantly increased by 10% after 12 and 24 weeks. LCAT activity was significantly decreased by 6% after 12 weeks and by 7% after 24 weeks. The increase in CETP clearly preceded the increase in LDL cholesterol, but not the increase in total triglycerides. However, consumption of French-press coffee caused a persistent rise in CETP activity, whereas the rise in serum triglycerides was transient. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of cafestol and kahweol cause a long-term increase in CETP as well as PLTP activity; the increase in CETP activity may contribute to the rise in LDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B De Roos
- Division of Human Nutrition & Epidemiology, Wageningen University; the Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute (COEUR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Cafestol, a coffee diterpene present in unfiltered coffee brews, potently raises serum lipids in humans. The mechanism through which this dietary compound influences liporotein metabolism is largely unknown. Unravelling the mechanism of action might lead to new insights into the regulation of serum cholesterol levels in humans. This review summaries ways in which cafestol may act on serum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Roos
- Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, The Netherlands
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Halvorsen B, Ranheim T, Nenseter MS, Huggett AC, Drevon CA. Effect of a coffee lipid (cafestol) on cholesterol metabolism in human skin fibroblasts. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Some coffee brewing techniques raise the serum concentration of total and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in humans, whereas others do not. The responsible factors are the diterpene lipids cafestol and kahweol, which make up about 1% (wt:wt) of coffee beans. Diterpenes are extracted by hot water but are retained by a paper filter. This explains why filtered coffee does not affect cholesterol, whereas Scandinavian "boiled," cafetiere, and Turkish coffees do. We describe the identification of the cholesterol-raising factors, their effects on blood levels of lipids and liver function enzymes, and their impact on public health, based on papers published up to December 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Urgert
- Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Human Nutrition, The Netherlands
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