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Zhou Y, Yan K, Qin Q, Raimi OG, Du C, Wang B, Ahamefule CS, Kowalski B, Jin C, van Aalten DMF, Fang W. Phosphoglucose Isomerase Is Important for Aspergillus fumigatus Cell Wall Biogenesis. mBio 2022; 13:e0142622. [PMID: 35913157 PMCID: PMC9426556 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01426-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a devastating opportunistic fungal pathogen causing hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is a glycolytic enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, a key precursor of fungal cell wall biosynthesis. Here, we demonstrate that the growth of A. fumigatus is repressed by the deletion of pgi, which can be rescued by glucose and fructose supplementation in a 1:10 ratio. Even under these optimized growth conditions, the Δpgi mutant exhibits severe cell wall defects, retarded development, and attenuated virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans and Galleria mellonella infection models. To facilitate exploitation of A. fumigatus PGI as an antifungal target, we determined its crystal structure, revealing potential avenues for developing inhibitors, which could potentially be used as adjunctive therapy in combination with other systemic antifungals. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing deadly infections in immunocompromised patients. Enzymes essential for fungal survival and cell wall biosynthesis are considered potential drug targets against A. fumigatus. PGI catalyzes the second step of the glycolysis pathway, linking glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. As such, PGI has been widely considered as a target for metabolic regulation and therefore a therapeutic target against hypoxia-related diseases. Our study here reveals that PGI is important for A. fumigatus survival and exhibit pleiotropic functions, including development, cell wall glucan biosynthesis, and virulence. We also solved the crystal structure of PGI, thus providing the genetic and structural groundwork for the exploitation of PGI as a potential antifungal target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- Guangxi Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciencesgrid.418329.5, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kaizhou Yan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundeegrid.8241.f, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Qijian Qin
- Guangxi Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciencesgrid.418329.5, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Olawale G. Raimi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundeegrid.8241.f, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Chao Du
- Guangxi Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciencesgrid.418329.5, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Guangxi Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciencesgrid.418329.5, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chukwuemeka Samson Ahamefule
- Guangxi Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciencesgrid.418329.5, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bartosz Kowalski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundeegrid.8241.f, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Jin
- Guangxi Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciencesgrid.418329.5, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wenxia Fang
- Guangxi Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciencesgrid.418329.5, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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2
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Ahmad L, Plancqueel S, Lazar N, Korri-Youssoufi H, Li de la Sierra-Gallay I, van Tilbeurgh H, Salmon L. Novel N-substituted 5-phosphate-d-arabinonamide derivatives as strong inhibitors of phosphoglucose isomerases: Synthesis, structure-activity relationship and crystallographic studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 102:104048. [PMID: 32682158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of d-glucose 6-phosphate and d-fructose 6-phosphate in glycolysis. Outside the cell, PGI is also known as autocrine motility factor (AMF), a cytokine secreted by a large variety of tumor cells that stimulates motility of cancer cells in vitro and metastases development in vivo. Human PGI and AMF are strictly identical proteins both in terms of sequence and 3D structure, and AMF activity is known to involve, at least in part, the enzymatic active site. Hence, with the purpose of finding new strong AMF-PGI inhibitors that could be potentially used as anticancer agents and/or as bioreceptors for carbohydrate-based electrochemical biosensors, we report in this study the synthesis and kinetic evaluation of several new human PGI inhibitors derived from the synthon 5-phospho-d-arabinono-1,4-lactone. Although not designed as high-energy intermediate analogue inhibitors of the enzyme catalyzed isomerization reaction, several of these N-substituted 5-phosphate-d-arabinonamide derivatives appears as new strong PGI inhibitors. For one of them, we report its crystal structure in complex with human PGI at 2.38 Å. Detailed analysis of its interactions at the active site reveals a new binding mode and shows that human PGI is relatively tolerant for modified inhibitors at the "head" C-1 part, offering promising perspectives for the future design of carbohydrate-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Ahmad
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, CNRS UMR8182, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, bât. 420, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Plancqueel
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), CNRS UMR9198, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, bât. 430, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Noureddine Lazar
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), CNRS UMR9198, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, bât. 430, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Hafsa Korri-Youssoufi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, CNRS UMR8182, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, bât. 420, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Inès Li de la Sierra-Gallay
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), CNRS UMR9198, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, bât. 430, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Herman van Tilbeurgh
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), CNRS UMR9198, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, bât. 430, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Salmon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, CNRS UMR8182, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, bât. 420, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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3
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Park HS, Jeoung NH. Autocrine motility factor secreted by HeLa cells inhibits the growth of many cancer cells by regulating AKT/ERK signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:557-562. [PMID: 32113681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In cell competition, a secreted death signal can determine cell fate. However, the nature of such a signal remains unclear. In this study, conditioned medium from HeLa cells (HeLa CM) inhibited growth of A549 and MCF-7 cells. Through HeLa CM fractionation, glucose 6-phosphate isomerase/autocrine motility factor (GPI/AMF) was identified as the main growth inhibitor. Previously, AMF was known for its mitogenic, motogenic, and differentiation functions and was implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. HeLa CM lost its growth inhibitory property after treatment with erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) or anti-GPI antibody. Purified HeLa recombinant AMF (rAMF) proteins inhibited the growth of A549, MDA-MB-232, MCF-7, AsPC-1, DU145, Hep-2, Hep G2, and HT-29 cells. However, growth of HL-60, SKOV3, U-87 MG, SNU-484, U-87 MG, and 3T3-L1 cells was little affected. In a Transwell assay, HeLa rAMF effectively reduced A549 cell migration and invasion. HeLa rAMF effectively induced apoptosis in A549 cells, apparently by reducing the levels of Bcl-2, GPI, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)14 and activating caspase-3 and p53. HeLa rAMF antagonized HER2 and the AMF receptor (AMFR or GP78) in relation to the AKT/EKT signaling pathway. These results suggest that HeLa AMF could act as a diffusible death signal that could induce cancer cell-selective growth inhibition and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyungsan, 38430, South Korea.
| | - Nam Ho Jeoung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyungsan, 38430, South Korea
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4
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Devillers M, Piquemal J, Salmon L, Gresh N. Calibration of the dianionic phosphate group: Validation on the recognition site of the homodimeric enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:839-854. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Devillers
- Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Univ Paris‐Saclay, Univ Paris‐Sud, UMR 8182 CNRS, rue du Doyen Georges Poitou F‐91405 Orsay France
| | - Jean‐Philip Piquemal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7616 CNRS Paris France
- Department of Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin Texas 78712
| | - Laurent Salmon
- Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Univ Paris‐Saclay, Univ Paris‐Sud, UMR 8182 CNRS, rue du Doyen Georges Poitou F‐91405 Orsay France
| | - Nohad Gresh
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7616 CNRS Paris France
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5
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Finelli MJ, Paramo T, Pires E, Ryan BJ, Wade-Martins R, Biggin PC, McCullagh J, Oliver PL. Oxidation Resistance 1 Modulates Glycolytic Pathways in the Cerebellum via an Interaction with Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1558-1577. [PMID: 29905912 PMCID: PMC6368252 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is essential for the brain: it not only provides the required energy for cellular function and communication but also participates in balancing the levels of oxidative stress in neurons. Defects in glucose metabolism have been described in neurodegenerative disease; however, it remains unclear how this fundamental process contributes to neuronal cell death in these disorders. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms driving the selective neurodegeneration in an ataxic mouse model lacking oxidation resistance 1 (Oxr1) and discovered an unexpected function for this protein as a regulator of the glycolytic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI/Gpi1). Initially, we present a dysregulation of metabolites of glucose metabolism at the pre-symptomatic stage in the Oxr1 knockout cerebellum. We then demonstrate that Oxr1 and Gpi1 physically and functionally interact and that the level of Gpi1 oligomerisation is disrupted when Oxr1 is deleted in vivo. Furthermore, we show that Oxr1 modulates the additional and less well-understood roles of Gpi1 as a cytokine and neuroprotective factor. Overall, our data identify a new molecular function for Oxr1, establishing this protein as important player in neuronal survival, regulating both oxidative stress and glucose metabolism in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattéa J Finelli
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Teresa Paramo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Brent J Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Philip C Biggin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - James McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK. .,MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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6
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Lin HY, Liu JH, Cheng KL, Lin JY, Liu NR, Meng M. A novel binding of GTP stabilizes the structure and modulates the activities of human phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 2:14-22. [PMID: 29124141 PMCID: PMC5668625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) catalyzes the interconversion between glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate in the glycolysis pathway. In mammals, the enzyme is also identical to the extracellular proteins neuroleukin, tumor-secreted autocrine motility factor (AMF) and differentiation and maturation mediator for myeloid leukemia. Hereditary deficiency of the enzyme causes non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia in human. In the present study, a novel interaction between GTP and human PGI was corroborated by UV-induced crosslinking, affinity purification and kinetic study. GTP not only inhibits the isomerization activity but also compromises the AMF function of the enzyme. Kinetic studies, including the Yonetani-Theorell method, suggest that GTP is a competitive inhibitor with a Ki value of 63 μM and the GTP-binding site partially overlaps with the catalytic site. In addition, GTP stabilizes the structure of human PGI against heat- and detergent-induced denaturation. Molecular modelling and dynamic simulation suggest that GTP is bound in a syn-conformation with the γ-phosphate group located near the phosphate-binding loop and the ribose moiety positioned away from the active-site residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan 40227
| | - Jyung-Hurng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, NCHU, Taichung, Taiwan 40227.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center (ABC), NCHU, Taichung, Taiwan 40227.,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, NCHU, Taichung, Taiwan 40227
| | - Ka-Lik Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan 40227
| | - Jia-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan 40227
| | - Ni-Rung Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan 40227
| | - Menghsiao Meng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan 40227
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7
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Mande SC, Kumar CMS, Sharma A. Evolution of Bacterial Chaperonin 60 Paralogues and Moonlighting Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6787-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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8
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Stadelmann B, Spiliotis M, Müller J, Scholl S, Müller N, Gottstein B, Hemphill A. Echinococcus multilocularis phosphoglucose isomerase (EmPGI): A glycolytic enzyme involved in metacestode growth and parasite–host cell interactions. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1563-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Aoki KI, Tanaka N, Kusakabe Y, Fukumi C, Haga A, Nakanishi M, Kitade Y, Nakamura KT. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of phosphoglucose isomerase from Plasmodium falciparum. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:333-6. [PMID: 20208175 PMCID: PMC2833051 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110001740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is a key enzyme in glycolysis and glycogenesis that catalyses the interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) and fructose 6-phosphate (F6P). For crystallographic studies, PGI from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (PfPGI) was overproduced in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. X-ray diffraction data to 1.5 A resolution were collected from an orthorhombic crystal form belonging to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit-cell parameters a = 103.3, b = 104.1, c = 114.6 A. Structural analysis by molecular replacement is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Aoki
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | | | | | - Chiharu Fukumi
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Arayo Haga
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Science, Kakamigahara 504-0838, Japan
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakanishi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Ehime 790-8578, Japan
| | - Yukio Kitade
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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10
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Sun LC, Zhou LG, Du CH, Cai QF, Hara K, Su WJ, Cao MJ. Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase is an endogenous inhibitor to myofibril-bound serine proteinase of crucian carp (Carassius auratus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5549-5555. [PMID: 19472999 DOI: 10.1021/jf9004669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) was purified to homogeneity from the skeletal muscle of crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) by ammonium sulfate fractionation, column chromatographies of Q-Sepharose, SP-Sepharose, and Superdex 200 with a yield of 8.0%, and purification folds of 468. The molecular mass of GPI was 120 kDa as estimated by gel filtration, while on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two subunits (55 and 65 kDa) were identified, suggesting that it is a heterodimer. Interestingly, GPI revealed specific inhibitory activity toward a myofibril-bound serine proteinase (MBSP) from crucian carp, while no inhibitory activity was identified toward other serine proteinases, such as white croaker MBSP and crucian carp trypsin. Kinetic analysis showed that GPI is a competitive inhibitor toward MBSP, and the K(i) was 0.32 microM. Our present results indicated that the multifunctional protein GPI is an endogenous inhibitor to MBSP and may play a significant role in the regulation of muscular protein metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Chang Sun
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety, Jimei University, Jimei, Xiamen, China
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11
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Sengupta S, Ghosh S, Nagaraja V. Moonlighting function of glutamate racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: racemization and DNA gyrase inhibition are two independent activities of the enzyme. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:2796-2803. [PMID: 18757813 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/020933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate racemase (MurI) provides d-glutamate, a key building block in the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall. Besides having a crucial role in cell wall biosynthesis, MurI proteins from some bacteria have been shown to act as an inhibitor of DNA gyrase. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis MurI exhibit these dual characteristics. Here, we show that the two activities of M. tuberculosis MurI are unlinked and independent of each other. The racemization function of MurI is not essential for its gyrase-inhibitory property. MurI-DNA gyrase interaction influences gyrase activity but has no effect on the racemization activity of MurI. Overexpression of MurI in vivo provides resistance to the action of ciprofloxacin, suggesting the importance of the interaction in gyrase modulation. We propose that the moonlighting activity of MurI has evolved more recently than its racemase function, to play a transient yet important role in gyrase modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugopa Sengupta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Soumitra Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India.,Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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12
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Yamamoto H, Miwa H, Kunishima N. Crystal Structure of Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase from Thermus thermophilus HB8 Showing a Snapshot of Active Dimeric State††H.Y. performed structural determination and biochemical and biophysical experiments, and wrote this paper. H.M. contributed to large-scale protein production. N.K. supervised this work. J Mol Biol 2008; 382:747-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Drug development against metastasis-related genes and their pathways: a rationale for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2008; 1786:87-104. [PMID: 18692117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that the majority of cancer related deaths is caused by metastatic diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of therapeutic intervention specifically targeted to the metastatic process. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in this research field, and many new concepts have emerged that shed light on the molecular mechanism of metastasis cascade which is often portrayed as a succession of six distinct steps; localized invasion, intravasation, translocation, extravasation, micrometastasis and colonization. Successful metastasis is dependent on the balance and complex interplay of both the metastasis promoters and suppressors in each step. Therefore, the basic strategy of our interventions is aimed at either blocking the promoters or potentiating the suppressors in this disease process. Toward this goal, various kinds of antibodies and small molecules have been designed. These include agents that block the ligand-recepter interaction of metastasis promoters (HGF/c-Met), antagonize the metastasis-promoting enzymes (AMF, uPA and MMP) and inhibit the transcriptional activity of metastasis promoter (beta-Catenin). On the other hand, the intriguing roles of metastasis suppressors and their signal pathways have been extensively studied and various attempts have been made to potentiate these factors. Small molecules have been developed to restore the expression or mimic the function of metastasis-suppressor genes such as NM23, E-cadherin, Kiss-1, MKK4 and NDRG1, and some of them are under clinical trials. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular pathway of tumor metastasis and discusses strategies and recent development of anti-metastatic drugs.
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14
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Autocrine motility factor stimulates the invasiveness of malignant cells as well as up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression via a MAPK pathway. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1877-82. [PMID: 18485900 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The autocrine motility factor (AMF) is a multifunctional protein that is involved in tumor progression including enhanced invasiveness via induction of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3). The increase in MMP3 was found in an AMF-high production tumor cell line, and c-Jun, c-Fos and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were also highly phosphorylated compared with the parent line. AMF stimulation induced the rapid phosphorylation of the cellular MAPK cascade and MMP3 secretion, which was blocked using a specific MAPK inhibitor. Results of this study suggest that AMF stimulation stimulates MMP3 expression via a MAPK signaling pathway.
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15
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Funasaka T, Hu H, Hogan V, Raz A. Down-regulation of phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor expression sensitizes human fibrosarcoma cells to oxidative stress leading to cellular senescence. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36362-9. [PMID: 17925402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706301200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor (PGI/AMF) is a housekeeping gene product present in all cells, is an essential enzyme of catabolic glycolysis and anabolic gluconeogenesis, and regulates tumor cell growth and metastasis. Because glycolytic enzyme up-regulation of expression contributes to glycolytic flux, leading to increased of cell growth and a resistance to cellular stress of normal fibroblasts whereas down-regulation of PGI/AMF leads to mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in tumor cells, we examined the involvement of PGI/AMF in overcoming cellular senescence in cancer cells. PGI/AMF cellular expression in HT1080 human fibrosarcoma was down-regulated by small interfering RNA methodology, which resulted in an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence. Signaling analysis revealed that the senescence pathway involving p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor was up-regulated in PGI/AMF knockdown cells and that superoxide dismutase is the upstream regulator protein of p21-mediated cellular senescence. A specific inhibitor of PGI/AMF induced cellular senescence and p21 expression in tumor cells exposed to an oxidative stress environment. Taken together, the results presented here suggest that PGI/AMF is involved in oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence and should bring novel insights into the control of cellular growth leading to a new methodology for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyoshi Funasaka
- Tumor Progression and Metastasis Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Funasaka T, Hu H, Yanagawa T, Hogan V, Raz A. Down-regulation of phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor results in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of human lung fibrosarcoma cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4236-43. [PMID: 17483335 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is one of the glycolytic enzymes and is a multifunctional enzyme that functions in glucose metabolism inside the cell while acting as a cytokine outside the cell, with properties that include autocrine motility factor (AMF) regulating tumor cell motility. Although there are many studies indicating that PGI/AMF has been implicated in progression of metastasis, no direct studies of the significance of exogenous PGI/AMF on tumor progression have been reported. Here, we report on the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), which is the reverse phenomenon of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition that is associated with loss of cell polarity, loss of epithelia markers, and enhancement of cell motility essential for tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Mesenchymal human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells, which have naturally high levels of endogenous and exogenous PGI/AMF, were stably transfected with PGI/AMF small interfering RNA (siRNA). The siRNA targeting human PGI/AMF down-regulated the endogenous PGI/AMF expression and completely extinguished the secretion of PGI/AMF in a human fibrosarcoma HT1080, whereas the control siRNA showed no effects. The PGI/AMF siRNA caused cells to change shape dramatically and inhibited cell motility and invasion markedly. Suppression of PGI/AMF led to a contact-dependent inhibition of cell growth. Those PGI/AMF siRNA-transfected cells showed epithelial phenotype. Furthermore, tumor cells with PGI/AMF deficiency lost their abilities to form tumor mass. This study identifies that MET in HT1080 human lung fibrosarcoma cells was initiated by down-regulation of the housekeeping gene product/cytokine PGI/AMF, and the results depicted here suggest a novel therapeutic target/modality for mesenchymal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyoshi Funasaka
- Tumor Progression and Metastasis Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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TANAKA N. Structural and Functional Studies on Proteins as Potential Drug Discovery Targets. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:1673-83. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jankun J, Aleem AM, Malgorzewicz S, Szkudlarek M, Zavodszky MI, Dewitt DL, Feig M, Selman SH, Skrzypczak-Jankun E. Synthetic curcuminoids modulate the arachidonic acid metabolism of human platelet 12-lipoxygenase and reduce sprout formation of human endothelial cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1371-82. [PMID: 16731771 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelet 12-lipoxygenase (P-12-LOX) is overexpressed in different types of cancers, including prostate cancer, and the level of expression is correlated with the grade of this cancer. Arachidonic acid is metabolized by 12-LOX to 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE], and this biologically active metabolite is involved in prostate cancer progression by modulating cell proliferation in multiple cancer-related pathways inducing angiogenesis and metastasis. Thus, inhibition of P-12-LOX can reduce these two processes. Several lipoxygenase inhibitors are known, including plant and mammalian lipoxygenases, but only a few of them are known inhibitors of P-12-LOX. Curcumin is one of these lipoxygenase inhibitors. Using a homology model of the three-dimensional structure of human P-12-LOX, we did computational docking of synthetic curcuminoids (curcumin derivatives) to identify inhibitors superior to curcumin. Docking of the known inhibitors curcumin and NDGA to P-12-LOX was used to optimize the docking protocol for the system in study. Over 75% of the compounds of interest were successfully docked into the active site of P-12-LOX, many of them sharing similar binding modes. Curcuminoids that did not dock into the active site did not inhibit P-12-LOX. From a set of the curcuminoids that were successfully docked and selected for testing, two were found to inhibit human lipoxygenase better than curcumin. False-positive curcuminoids showed high LogP (theoretical) values, indicating poor water solubility, a possible reason for lack of inhibitory activity or/and nonrealistic binding. Additionally, the curcuminoids inhibiting P-12-LOX were tested for their ability to reduce sprout formation of endothelial cells (in vitro model of angiogenesis). We found that only curcuminoids inhibiting human P-12-LOX and the known inhibitor NDGA reduced sprout formation. Only limited inhibition of sprout formation at approximately IC(50) concentrations has been seen. At IC(50), a substantial amount of 12-HETE can be produced by lipoxygenase, providing a stimulus for angiogenic sprouting of endothelial cells. Increasing the concentration of lipoxygenase inhibitors above IC(50), thus decreasing the concentration of 12(S)-HETE produced, greatly reduced sprout formation for all inhibitors tested. This universal event for all tested lipoxygenase inhibitors suggests that the inhibition of sprout formation was most likely due to the inhibition of human P-12-LOX but not other cancer-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Jankun
- Urology Research Center, Medical University of Ohio, 3065 Arlington, Toledo, OH 43614-5807, USA.
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Haga A, Tanaka N, Funasaka T, Hashimoto K, Nakamura KT, Watanabe H, Raz A, Nagase H. The Autocrine Motility Factor (AMF) and AMF-receptor Combination Needs Sugar Chain Recognition Ability and Interaction Using the C-terminal Region of AMF. J Mol Biol 2006; 358:741-53. [PMID: 16563432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The autocrine motility factor (AMF) promotes cellular locomotion or invasion, and regulates tumor angiogenesis or ascites accumulation. These signals are triggered by binding between AMF and its receptor (AMFR), a glycoprotein on the cell surface. AMF has been identified as phosphohexose isomerase (PHI). Previous reports have suggested that the substrate-recognition of exo-PHI is significant for receptor binding. Crystallographic studies have shown that AMF consists of three domains, and that the substrate or inhibitor of PHI is stored between the large and small domains, corresponding to approximately residues 117-288. Here, site-directed mutagenesis was used to investigate 18 recombinant human AMF point mutants involving critical amino acid residues for substrate or enzyme inhibitor recognition or binding. Mutation of residues that interact with the phosphate group of the PHI substrate significantly reduced the cell motility-stimulating activity. Their binding capacities for AMFR were also lower than wild-type human AMF. Mutants that retained the enzymic activity showed the motility-stimulating effect and receptor binding and had sensitivity to a PHI inhibitor. Mutant AMFR lacking the N-sugar chain was expressed on the cell membrane but did not respond to AMF-stimulation, and N-glycosidase-treated AMFR did not compete with receptor binding of AMF. Furthermore, the AMF domains that contain the substrate storage domain and C-terminal region stimulate cell locomotion. These results suggest that the N-glyco side-chain of AMFR is a trigger and that interaction between the 117-C-terminal part of AMF and the extracellular core protein of AMFR is needed during AMF-AMFR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arayo Haga
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahora-Higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan.
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Tanaka N, Haga A, Naba N, Shiraiwa K, Kusakabe Y, Hashimoto K, Funasaka T, Nagase H, Raz A, Nakamura KT. Crystal Structures of Mouse Autocrine Motility Factor in Complex with Carbohydrate Phosphate Inhibitors Provide Insight into Structure–Activity Relationship of the Inhibitors. J Mol Biol 2006; 356:312-24. [PMID: 16375918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Autocrine motility factor (AMF), a tumor-secreted cytokine, stimulates cell migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. AMF is identical to the extracellular cytokines neuroleukin and maturation factor and, interestingly, to the intracellular enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase. The cytokine activity of AMF is inhibited by carbohydrate phosphate compounds as they compete for AMF binding with the carbohydrate moiety of the AMF receptor (AMFR), which is a glycosylated seven transmembrane helix protein. Here, we report the first comprehensive high-resolution crystal structure analyses of the inhibitor-free form and the eight types of inhibitor (phosphate, erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P), arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P), sorbitol 6-phosphate (S6P), 6-phosphogluconic acid (6PGA), fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), or mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)) complexes of mouse AMF (mAMF). We assayed the inhibitory activities of these inhibitors against the cytokine activity of mAMF. The inhibitory activities of the six-carbon sugars (G6P, F6P, M6P, and 6PGA) were found to be significantly higher than those of the four or five-carbon sugars (E4P or A5P). The inhibitory activities clearly depend on the length of the inhibitor molecules. A structural comparison revealed that a water-mediated hydrogen bond between one end of the inhibitor and a rigid portion of the protein surface in the shorter-chain inhibitor (E4P) complex is replaced by a direct hydrogen bond in the longer-chain inhibitor (6PGA) complex. Thus, to obtain a new compound with higher inhibitory activities against AMF, water molecules at the inhibitor binding site of AMF should be replaced by a functional group of inhibitors in order to introduce direct interactions with the protein surface. The present structure-activity relationship studies will be valuable not only for designing more effective AMF inhibitors but also for studying general protein-inhibitor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutada Tanaka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kawasaki T, Nam J, Boyes DC, Holt BF, Hubert DA, Wiig A, Dangl JL. A duplicated pair of Arabidopsis RING-finger E3 ligases contribute to the RPM1- and RPS2-mediated hypersensitive response. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 44:258-70. [PMID: 16212605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis RPM1 protein confers resistance to disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae strains delivering either the AvrRpm1 or AvrB type III effector proteins into host cells. We characterized two closely related RPM1-interacting proteins, RIN2 and RIN3. RIN2 and RIN3 encode RING-finger type ubiquitin ligases with six apparent transmembrane domains and an ubiquitin-binding CUE domain. RIN2 and RIN3 are orthologs of the mammalian autocrine motility factor receptor, a cytokine receptor localized in both plasma membrane caveolae and the endoplasmic reticulum. RIN2 is predominantly localized to the plasma membrane, as are RPM1 and RPS2. The C-terminal regions of RIN2 and RIN3, including the CUE domain, interact strongly with an RPM1 N-terminal fragment and weakly with a similar domain from the Arabidopsis RPS2 protein. RIN2 and RIN3 can dimerize through their C-terminal regions. The RING-finger domains of RIN2 and RIN3 encode ubiquitin ligases. Inoculation with P. syringae DC3000(avrRpm1) or P. syringae DC3000(avrRpt2) induces differential decreases of RIN2 mobility in SDS-PAGE and disappearance of the majority of RIN2. A rin2 rin3 double mutant expresses diminished RPM1- and RPS2-dependent hypersensitive response (HR), but no alteration of pathogen growth. Thus, the RIN2/RIN3 RING E3 ligases apparently act on a substrate that regulates RPM1- and RPS2-dependent HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Repiso A, Oliva B, Vives Corrons JL, Carreras J, Climent F. Glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency: enzymatic and familial characterization of Arg346His mutation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1740:467-71. [PMID: 15949716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) deficiency is one of the most important genetic disorders responsible for chronic non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia (CNSHA), a red blood cell autosomal recessive genetic disorder which causes severe metabolic alterations. In this work, we studied a patient with CNSHA due to an 82% loss of GPI activity resulting from the homozygous missense replacement in cDNA position 1040G>A, which leads to substitution of the protein residue A346H mutation. The enzyme is present in a dimeric form necessary for normal activity; the A346H mutation causes a loss of GPI capability to dimerize, which renders the enzyme more susceptible to thermolability and produces significant changes in erythrocyte metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Repiso
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciéncies Fisiológiques I, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Mikami M, Sadahira Y, Haga A, Otsuki T, Wada H, Sugihara T. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 drives the motility of the erythroid progenitor cell line, UT-7/Epo, via autocrine motility factor. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:531-41. [PMID: 15850830 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is well known that hypoxic stress strongly enhances erythropoiesis, but the effect of hypoxia on erythroid progenitors has not been examined precisely. In the present study, using the erythropoietin-dependent cell line UT-7/Epo, which has characteristics of erythroid progenitors, we investigated a novel role of hypoxia in erythropoiesis. METHODS UT-7/Epo and four other hematopoietic and lymphoid cell lines (HL-60, THP-1, Raji, and CEM) were cultured in 20%, 5%, or 1% O2. Morphology was observed under a phase-contrast microscope. Cell motility was evaluated using the Transwell migration assay. An analysis of the protein level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) alpha and autocrine motility factor (AMF) was conducted using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate the expression of AMF mRNA. Human bone marrow stromal cells were used in cocultures with UT-7/Epo. Apoptosis of UT-7/Epo was examined by immunocytochemistry using an antiactive form of caspase 3 antibody. RESULTS Among the five cell lines, UT-7/Epo exhibited active pseudopodial extension in hypoxia (1% O2), and cell motility was increased. HL-60, THP-1, Raji, and CEM did not show an increase in cell motility even in 1% O2. In addition, expression of the alpha-subunit of HIF-1 was activated by hypoxia, and expression of the mRNA and protein of AMF induced by HIF-1, increasing cell motility, was promoted. The addition of an HIF-1 inhibitor, cadmium chloride (CdCl2), or alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) decreased the AMF mRNA expression, and an AMF inhibitor, erythrose 4-phosphate, decreased the cell motility. When UT-7/Epo was cocultured with human bone marrow-derived stromal cells that significantly inhibit the apoptosis of UT-7/Epo, the migration of UT-7/Epo under the stromal cells (pseudoemperipolesis) was increased in hypoxia. CONCLUSION Under hypoxic conditions, erythroid progenitors may exhibit active migration in the bone marrow and the opportunity for contact with stromal cells increases, inhibiting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Mikami
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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Yanagawa T, Funasaka T, Tsutsumi S, Raz T, Tanaka N, Raz A. Differential Regulation of Phosphoglucose Isomerase/Autocrine Motility Factor Activities by Protein Kinase CK2 Phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10419-26. [PMID: 15637053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409457200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI; EC 5.3.1.9) is a cytosolic housekeeping enzyme of the sugar metabolism pathways that plays a key role in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. PGI is a multifunctional dimeric protein that extracellularly acts as a cytokine with properties that include autocrine motility factor (AMF)-eliciting mitogenic, motogenic, and differentiation functions, and PGI has been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. Little is known of the biochemical regulation of PGI/AMF activities, although it is known that human PGI/AMF is phosphorylated at Ser(185) by protein kinase CK2 (CK2); however, the physiological significance of this phosphorylation is unknown. Thus, by site-directed mutagenesis, we substituted Ser(185) with aspartic acid (S185D) or glutamic acid (S185E), which introduces a negative charge and conformational changes that mimic phosphorylation. A Ser-to-Ala mutant protein (S185A) was generated to abolish phosphorylation. Biochemical analyses revealed that the phosphorylation mutant proteins of PGI exhibited decreased enzymatic activity, whereas the S185A mutant PGI protein retained full enzymatic activity. PGI phosphorylation by CK2 also led to down-regulation of enzymatic activity. Furthermore, CK2 knockdown by RNA interference was associated with up-regulation of cellular PGI enzymatic activity. The three recombinant mutant proteins exhibited indistinguishable cytokine activity and receptor-binding affinities compared with the wild-type protein. In both in vitro and in vivo assays, the wild-type and S185A mutant proteins underwent active species dimerization, whereas both the S185D and S185E mutant proteins also formed tetramers. These results demonstrate that phosphorylation affects the allosteric kinetic properties of the enzyme, resulting in a less active form of PGI, whereas non-phosphorylated protein species retain cytokine activity. The process by which phosphorylation modulates the enzymatic activity of PGI thus has an important implication for the understanding of the biological regulation of this key glucose metabolism-regulating enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yanagawa
- Tumor Progression and Metastasis Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 E. Warren Ave., Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Haga A. A Possibility that AMF will Serve as a Target Molecule for the Diagnosis and Treatment in a Metastatic Neoplasm. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2005; 125:169-75. [PMID: 15684571 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.125.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Autocrine Motility Factor (AMF) identified as a tumor cell motile stimulation factor is a key molecule of invasion and metastasis. The AMF is also identified as neuroleukin (NLK) and maturation factor (MF) which are secreted phosphohexose isomerase (PHI, PGI) from anaplastic cells. Tumor AMF promotes cellular locomotion or invasion, and regulates tumor MMPs secretion or apoptotic resistance. The AMF was thought to be an autocrine factor as the name shows it, and it is peculiar to malignant cells. However we found paracrine effect of AMF against tumor surrounding host tissues. Especially, endothelial cells which are essential parts of tumor induced angiogenesis or ascites accumulation express the AMF-receptor and they responded to AMF stimulation. Metastasis is a most complicated biological phenomenon that a large number of molecules or factors induced by tumor and host are related, thus AMF is also unusual molecule reacting between tumor and host tissues, and therefore AMF should be a target of treatment or diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arayo Haga
- Department of Hygienics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan.
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Tsutsumi S, Gupta SK, Hogan V, Tanaka N, Nakamura KT, Nabi IR, Raz A. The enzymatic activity of phosphoglucose isomerase is not required for its cytokine function. FEBS Lett 2003; 534:49-53. [PMID: 12527360 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-6793(02)03773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PGI is a housekeeping gene encoding phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) a glycolytic enzyme that also functions as a cytokine (autocrine motility factor (AMF)/neuroleukin/maturation factor) upon secretion from the cell and binding to its 78 kDa seven-transmembrane domain receptor (gp78/AMF-R). PGI contains a CXXC motif, characteristic of redox proteins and possibly evolutionarily related to the CC and CXC motif of the chemokine gene family. Using site-directed mutagenesis, single- and double-deletion (CXC, CC) mutants were created by deleting amino acids 331 and 332 of human PGI, respectively. The mutant proteins lost their enzymatic activity; however, neither of the deletions augmented the proteins' binding affinity to the receptor and all maintained cytokine function. The results demonstrate that the enzymatic activity of PGI is not essential for either receptor binding or cytokine function of human PGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Tsutsumi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 110 East Warren, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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