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Optimizing the Expression of Human Dopamine Receptors in Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168647. [PMID: 34445358 PMCID: PMC8395450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human dopamine receptors D2S and D3 belong to the group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are important drug targets. Structural analyses and development of new receptor subtype specific drugs have been impeded by low expression yields or receptor instability. Fusing the T4 lysozyme into the intracellular loop 3 improves crystallization but complicates conformational studies. To circumvent these problems, we expressed the human D2S and D3 receptors in Escherichia coli using different N- and C-terminal fusion proteins and thermostabilizing mutations. We optimized expression times and used radioligand binding assays with whole cells and membrane homogenates to evaluate KD-values and the number of receptors in the cell membrane. We show that the presence but not the type of a C-terminal fusion protein is important. Bacteria expressing receptors capable of ligand binding can be selected using FACS analysis and a fluorescently labeled ligand. Improved receptor variants can thus be generated using error-prone PCR. Subsequent analysis of clones showed the distribution of mutations over the whole gene. Repeated cycles of PCR and FACS can be applied for selecting highly expressing receptor variants with high affinity ligand binding, which in the future can be used for analytical studies.
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Michaelian N, Sadybekov A, Besserer-Offroy É, Han GW, Krishnamurthy H, Zamlynny BA, Fradera X, Siliphaivanh P, Presland J, Spencer KB, Soisson SM, Popov P, Sarret P, Katritch V, Cherezov V. Structural insights on ligand recognition at the human leukotriene B4 receptor 1. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2971. [PMID: 34016973 PMCID: PMC8137929 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) regulates the recruitment and chemotaxis of different cell types and plays a role in the pathophysiology of infectious, allergic, metabolic, and tumorigenic human diseases. Here we present a crystal structure of human BLT1 (hBLT1) in complex with a selective antagonist MK-D-046, developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other inflammatory conditions. Comprehensive analysis of the structure and structure-activity relationship data, reinforced by site-directed mutagenesis and docking studies, reveals molecular determinants of ligand binding and selectivity toward different BLT receptor subtypes and across species. The structure helps to identify a putative membrane-buried ligand access channel as well as potential receptor binding modes of endogenous agonists. These structural insights of hBLT1 enrich our understanding of its ligand recognition and open up future avenues in structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairie Michaelian
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Anastasiia Sadybekov
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Élie Besserer-Offroy
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Gye Won Han
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Harini Krishnamurthy
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Beata A. Zamlynny
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Xavier Fradera
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Phieng Siliphaivanh
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Jeremy Presland
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Kerrie B. Spencer
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Stephen M. Soisson
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Petr Popov
- grid.454320.40000 0004 0555 3608Center for Computational and Data Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia ,grid.18763.3b0000000092721542Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Philippe Sarret
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.18763.3b0000000092721542Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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3
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Heim B, Handrick R, Hartmann MD, Kiefer H. Refolding and characterization of two G protein-coupled receptors purified from E. coli inclusion bodies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247689. [PMID: 33626080 PMCID: PMC7904181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming at streamlining GPCR production from E. coli inclusion bodies for structural analysis, we present a generic approach to assess and optimize refolding yield through thermostability analysis. Since commonly used hydrophobic dyes cannot be applied as probes for membrane protein unfolding, we adapted a technique based on reacting cysteins exposed upon thermal denaturation with fluorescent 7-Diethylamino-3-(4-maleimidophenyl)-4-methylcoumarin (CPM). Successful expression, purification and refolding is shown for two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1P1, and the orphan receptor GPR3. Refolded receptors were subjected to lipidic cubic phase crystallization screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Heim
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Biberach, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - René Handrick
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Hans Kiefer
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Biberach, Germany
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Abarghooi Kahaki F, Monzavi S, Bamehr H, Bandani E, Payandeh Z, Jahangiri A, Khalili S. Expression and Purification of Membrane Proteins in Different Hosts. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-10009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wiseman DN, Otchere A, Patel JH, Uddin R, Pollock NL, Routledge SJ, Rothnie AJ, Slack C, Poyner DR, Bill RM, Goddard AD. Expression and purification of recombinant G protein-coupled receptors: A review. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 167:105524. [PMID: 31678667 PMCID: PMC6983937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Given their extensive role in cell signalling, GPCRs are significant drug targets; despite this, many of these receptors have limited or no available prophylaxis. Novel drug design and discovery significantly rely on structure determination, of which GPCRs are typically elusive. Progress has been made thus far to produce sufficient quantity and quality of protein for downstream analysis. As such, this review highlights the systems available for recombinant GPCR expression, with consideration of their advantages and disadvantages, as well as examples of receptors successfully expressed in these systems. Additionally, an overview is given on the use of detergents and the styrene maleic acid (SMA) co-polymer for membrane solubilisation, as well as purification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Wiseman
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Abigail Otchere
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Jaimin H Patel
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Romez Uddin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | | | - Sarah J Routledge
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Alice J Rothnie
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Cathy Slack
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Roslyn M Bill
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Alan D Goddard
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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6
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Giusti F, Casiraghi M, Point E, Damian M, Rieger J, Bon CL, Pozza A, Moncoq K, Banères JL, Catoire LJ. Structure of the agonist 12-HHT in its BLT2 receptor-bound state. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2630. [PMID: 32060341 PMCID: PMC7021728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
G Protein-Coupled receptors represent the main communicating pathway for signals from the outside to the inside of most of eukaryotic cells. They define the largest family of integral membrane receptors at the surface of the cells and constitute the main target of the current drugs on the market. The low affinity leukotriene receptor BLT2 is a receptor involved in pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways and can be activated by various unsaturated fatty acid compounds. We present here the NMR structure of the agonist 12-HHT in its BLT2-bound state and a model of interaction of the ligand with the receptor based on a conformational homology modeling associated with docking simulations. Put into perspective with the data obtained with leukotriene B4, our results illuminate the ligand selectivity of BLT2 and may help define new molecules to modulate the activity of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Giusti
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France.,Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, ICSM UMR 5257, Site de Marcoule, Bâtiment 426, BP 17171, F-30207, Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Marina Casiraghi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, 94305, Stanford California, USA
| | - Elodie Point
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, , 15 av. Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Jutta Rieger
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8232, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex, 05, France
| | - Christel Le Bon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Pozza
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Karine Moncoq
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, , 15 av. Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent J Catoire
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France.
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7
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Reeves EP, Dunlea DM, McQuillan K, O'Dwyer CA, Carroll TP, Saldova R, Akepati PR, Wormald MR, McElvaney OJ, Shutchaidat V, Henry M, Meleady P, Keenan J, Liberti DC, Kotton DN, Rudd PM, Wilson AA, McElvaney NG. Circulating Truncated Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Glycoprotein in Patient Plasma Retains Anti-Inflammatory Capacity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:2240-2253. [PMID: 30796179 PMCID: PMC6452030 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is an acute phase protein that possesses immune-regulatory and anti-inflammatory functions independent of antiprotease activity. AAT deficiency (AATD) is associated with early-onset emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Of interest are the AATD nonsense mutations (termed null or Q0), the majority of which arise from premature termination codons in the mRNA coding region. We have recently demonstrated that plasma from an AATD patient homozygous for the Null Bolton allele (Q0bolton ) contains AAT protein of truncated size. Although the potential to alleviate the phenotypic consequences of AATD by increasing levels of truncated protein holds therapeutic promise, protein functionality is key. The goal of this study was to evaluate the structural features and anti-inflammatory capacity of Q0bolton-AAT. A low-abundance, truncated AAT protein was confirmed in plasma of a Q0bolton-AATD patient and was secreted by patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-hepatic cells. Functional assays confirmed the ability of purified Q0bolton-AAT protein to bind neutrophil elastase and to inhibit protease activity. Q0bolton-AAT bound IL-8 and leukotriene B4, comparable to healthy control M-AAT, and significantly decreased leukotriene B4-induced neutrophil adhesion (p = 0.04). Through a mechanism involving increased mRNA stability (p = 0.007), ataluren treatment of HEK-293 significantly increased Q0bolton-AAT mRNA expression (p = 0.03) and Q0bolton-AAT truncated protein secretion (p = 0.04). Results support the rationale for treatment with pharmacological agents that augment levels of functional Q0bolton-AAT protein, thus offering a potential therapeutic option for AATD patients with rare mutations of similar theratype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer P Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland;
| | - Danielle M Dunlea
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Karen McQuillan
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ciara A O'Dwyer
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tomás P Carroll
- Alpha-1 Foundation Ireland, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Radka Saldova
- GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prithvi Reddy Akepati
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Mark R Wormald
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Oliver J McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vipatsorn Shutchaidat
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Joanne Keenan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Derek C Liberti
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- Alpha-1 Foundation Ireland, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Andrew A Wilson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Casiraghi M, Point E, Pozza A, Moncoq K, Banères JL, Catoire LJ. NMR analysis of GPCR conformational landscapes and dynamics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:69-77. [PMID: 30690069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the signal transduction mechanism mediated by the G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in eukaryote cells represents one of the main issues in modern biology. At the molecular level, various biophysical approaches have provided important insights on the functional plasticity of these complex allosteric machines. In this context, X-ray crystal structures published during the last decade represent a major breakthrough in GPCR structural biology, delivering important information on the activation process of these receptors through the description of the three-dimensional organization of their active and inactive states. In complement to crystals and cryo-electronic microscopy structures, information on the probability of existence of different GPCR conformations and the dynamic barriers separating those structural sub-states is required to better understand GPCR function. Among the panel of techniques available, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to characterize both conformational landscapes and dynamics. Here, we will outline the potential of NMR to address such biological questions, and we will illustrate the functional insights that NMR has brought in the field of GPCRs in the recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Casiraghi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR7099, CNRS/Université; Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Point
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR7099, CNRS/Université; Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Pozza
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR7099, CNRS/Université; Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Karine Moncoq
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR7099, CNRS/Université; Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomoléćules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université; Montpellier, ENSCM, 15 av. Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent J Catoire
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR7099, CNRS/Université; Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France.
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Ferré G, Czaplicki G, Demange P, Milon A. Structure and dynamics of dynorphin peptide and its receptor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2019; 111:17-47. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Casiraghi M, Damian M, Lescop E, Banères JL, Catoire LJ. Illuminating the Energy Landscape of GPCRs: The Key Contribution of Solution-State NMR Associated with Escherichia coli as an Expression Host. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2297-2307. [PMID: 29607648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Conformational dynamics of GPCRs are central to their function but are difficult to explore at the atomic scale. Solution-state NMR has provided the major contribution in that area of study during the past decade, despite nonoptimized labeling schemes due to the use of insect cells and, to a lesser extent, yeast as the main expression hosts. Indeed, the most efficient isotope-labeling scheme ever to address energy landscape issues for large proteins or protein complexes relies on the use of 13CH3 probes immersed in a perdeuterated dipolar environment, which is essentially out of reach of eukaryotic expression systems. In contrast, although its contribution has been underestimated because of technical issues, Escherichia coli is by far the best-adapted host for such labeling. As it is now tightly controlled, we show in this review that bacterial expression can provide an NMR spectral resolution never achieved in the GPCR field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Casiraghi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires , UMR 7099, CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550) , 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM , 15 av. Charles Flahault , 34093 Montpellier , France
| | - Ewen Lescop
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 1 av. de la Terrasse , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM , 15 av. Charles Flahault , 34093 Montpellier , France
| | - Laurent J Catoire
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires , UMR 7099, CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550) , 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris , France
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11
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Expression, Purification and Characterization of the Human Cannabinoid 1 Receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2935. [PMID: 29440756 PMCID: PMC5811539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cannabinoid 1 receptor (hCB1) is involved in numerous physiological processes and therefore provides a wide scope of potential therapeutic opportunities to treat maladies such as obesity, cardio-metabolic disorders, substance abuse, neuropathic pain, and multiple sclerosis. Structure-based drug design using the current knowledge of the hCB1 receptor binding site is limited and requires purified active protein. Heterologous expression and purification of functional hCB1 has been the bottleneck for ligand binding structural studies using biophysical methods such as mass spectrometry, x-ray crystallography and NMR. We constructed several plasmids for in-cell or in vitro Escherichia coli (E. coli) based expression of truncated and stabilized hCB1 receptor (hΔCB1 and hΔCB1T4L) variants and evaluated their competency to bind the CP-55,940 ligand. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of in vitro expressed and purified hΔCB1T4Lhis6 variants, following trypsin digestion, generated ~80% of the receptor sequence coverage. Our data demonstrate the feasibility of a cell-free expression system as a promising part of the strategy for the elucidation of ligand binding sites of the hCB1 receptor using a "Ligand Assisted Protein Structure" (LAPS) approach.
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12
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Schmidt P, Bender BJ, Kaiser A, Gulati K, Scheidt HA, Hamm HE, Meiler J, Beck-Sickinger AG, Huster D. Improved in Vitro Folding of the Y 2 G Protein-Coupled Receptor into Bicelles. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 4:100. [PMID: 29387686 PMCID: PMC5776092 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prerequisite for structural studies on G protein-coupled receptors is the preparation of highly concentrated, stable, and biologically active receptor samples in milligram amounts of protein. Here, we present an improved protocol for Escherichia coli expression, functional refolding, and reconstitution into bicelles of the human neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (Y2R) for solution and solid-state NMR experiments. The isotopically labeled receptor is expressed in inclusion bodies and purified using SDS. We studied the details of an improved preparation protocol including the in vitro folding of the receptor, e.g., the native disulfide bridge formation, the exchange of the denaturating detergent SDS, and the functional reconstitution into bicelle environments of varying size. Full pharmacological functionality of the Y2R preparation was shown by a ligand affinity of 4 nM and G-protein activation. Further, simple NMR experiments are used to test sample quality in high micromolar concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brian J Bender
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Khushboo Gulati
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Holger A Scheidt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Daniel Huster
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Plazinska A, Plazinski W, Luchowski R, Wnorowski A, Grudzinski W, Gruszecki WI. Ligand-induced action of the W286 6.48 rotamer toggle switch in the β 2-adrenergic receptor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 20:581-594. [PMID: 29226293 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04808d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies focused on GPCRs, particularly on the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), have demonstrated the relationship between ligand structure, receptor conformational changes and the corresponding pharmacological outcomes. Herein, we studied the molecular details of the rotameric flip of the W2866.48 sidechain, i.e. a presumed action switch that has not been reported in native β2-AR thus far. It is believed that although both the 'active' and 'inactive' conformers of β2-AR exhibit similar conformations of this switch, it may still play a substantial role in the ligand-induced activation of the receptor. By using both experimental methods (time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy) and molecular modeling techniques (enhanced-sampling molecular dynamics), we characterized the conformational rearrangements of W2866.48 in relation to the type of ligand present in the binding cavity and to the conformation of the receptor ('active' vs. 'inactive' β2-AR). We found that the conformational behaviour of W2866.48 is correlated with the pharmacological character of the ligand present in the binding cavity but not with the instantaneous conformation of the receptor. Namely, agonists promote the W2866.48 conformations that facilitate the increase of the solvation within the inner receptor channel. In contrast, antagonists and inverse agonists act toward the decrease of the solvation in the inner channel. This creates an opportunity for using computational methodologies in determining the pharmacological properties of various ligands. The combination of the time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy technique with the enhanced-sampling molecular dynamics simulations is shown to be a powerful tool for studying the ligand-induced conformational rearrangements in GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Plazinska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, W. Chodzki Str., 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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14
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Belloir C, Miller-Leseigneur ML, Neiers F, Briand L, Le Bon AM. Biophysical and functional characterization of the human olfactory receptor OR1A1 expressed in a mammalian inducible cell line. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 129:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Di Bartolo N, Compton ELR, Warne T, Edwards PC, Tate CG, Schertler GFX, Booth PJ. Complete Reversible Refolding of a G-Protein Coupled Receptor on a Solid Support. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151582. [PMID: 26982879 PMCID: PMC4794186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors defining the correct folding and stability of integral membrane proteins are poorly understood. Folding of only a few select membrane proteins has been scrutinised, leaving considerable deficiencies in knowledge for large protein families, such as G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Complete reversible folding, which is problematic for any membrane protein, has eluded this dominant receptor family. Moreover, attempts to recover receptors from denatured states are inefficient, yielding at best 40–70% functional protein. We present a method for the reversible unfolding of an archetypal family member, the β1-adrenergic receptor, and attain 100% recovery of the folded, functional state, in terms of ligand binding, compared to receptor which has not been subject to any unfolding and retains its original, folded structure. We exploit refolding on a solid support, which could avoid unwanted interactions and aggregation that occur in bulk solution. We determine the changes in structure and function upon unfolding and refolding. Additionally, we employ a method that is relatively new to membrane protein folding; pulse proteolysis. Complete refolding of β1-adrenergic receptor occurs in n-decyl-β-D-maltoside (DM) micelles from a urea-denatured state, as shown by regain of its original helical structure, ligand binding and protein fluorescence. The successful refolding strategy on a solid support offers a defined method for the controlled refolding and recovery of functional GPCRs and other membrane proteins that suffer from instability and irreversible denaturation once isolated from their native membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Di Bartolo
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma L. R. Compton
- Organisational and Staff Development Unit, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Warne
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia C. Edwards
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G. Tate
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paula J. Booth
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
Which properties of the membrane environment are essential for the folding and oligomerization of transmembrane proteins? Because the lipids that surround membrane proteins in situ spontaneously organize into bilayers, it may seem intuitive that interactions with the bilayer provide both hydrophobic and topological constraints that help the protein to achieve a stable and functional three-dimensional structure. However, one may wonder whether folding is actually driven by the membrane environment or whether the folded state just reflects an adaptation of integral proteins to the medium in which they function. Also, apart from the overall transmembrane orientation, might the asymmetry inherent in biosynthesis processes cause proteins to fold to out-of-equilibrium, metastable topologies? Which of the features of a bilayer are essential for membrane protein folding, and which are not? To which extent do translocons dictate transmembrane topologies? Recent data show that many membrane proteins fold and oligomerize very efficiently in media that bear little similarity to a membrane, casting doubt on the essentiality of many bilayer constraints. In the following discussion, we argue that some of the features of bilayers may contribute to protein folding, stability and regulation, but they are not required for the basic three-dimensional structure to be achieved. This idea, if correct, would imply that evolution has steered membrane proteins toward an accommodation to biosynthetic pathways and a good fit into their environment, but that their folding is not driven by the latter or dictated by insertion apparatuses. In other words, the three-dimensional structure of membrane proteins is essentially determined by intramolecular interactions and not by bilayer constraints and insertion pathways. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Popot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-7 UMR 7099 , Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13, rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Donald M Engelman
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University , Box 208114, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114, United States
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17
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O’Dwyer CA, O’Brien ME, Wormald MR, White MM, Banville N, Hurley K, McCarthy C, McElvaney NG, Reeves EP. The BLT1 Inhibitory Function of α-1 Antitrypsin Augmentation Therapy Disrupts Leukotriene B4Neutrophil Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3628-41. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Lecointre C, Desrues L, Joubert JE, Perzo N, Guichet PO, Le Joncour V, Brulé C, Chabbert M, Leduc R, Prézeau L, Laquerrière A, Proust F, Gandolfo P, Morin F, Castel H. Signaling switch of the urotensin II vasosactive peptide GPCR: prototypic chemotaxic mechanism in glioma. Oncogene 2015; 34:5080-94. [PMID: 25597409 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiform glioblastomas (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumors in adults. The poor prognosis is due to neo-angiogenesis and cellular invasion, processes that require complex chemotaxic mechanisms involving motility, migration and adhesion. Understanding these different cellular events implies identifying receptors and transduction pathways that lead to and promote either migration or adhesion. Here we establish that glioma express the vasoactive peptide urotensin II (UII) and its receptor UT and that UT-mediated signaling cascades are involved in glioma cell migration and adhesion. Components of the urotensinergic systems, UII and UT, are widely expressed in patient-derived GBM tissue sections, glioma cell lines and fresh biopsy explants. Interestingly, gradient concentrations of UII produced chemoattracting migratory/motility effects in glioma as well as HEK293 cells expressing human UT. These effects mainly involved the G13/Rho/rho kinase pathway while partially requiring Gi/o/PI3K components. In contrast, we observed that homogeneous concentrations of UII drastically blocked cell motility and stimulated cell-matrix adhesions through a UT/Gi/o signaling cascade, partially involving phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. Finally, we provide evidence that, in glioma cells, homogeneous concentration of UII allowed translocation of Gα13 to the UT receptor at the plasma membrane and increased actin stress fibers, lamellipodia formation and vinculin-stained focal adhesions. UII also provoked a re-localization of UT precoupled to Gαi in filipodia and initiated integrin-stained focal points. Altogether, these findings suggest that UT behaves as a chemotaxic receptor, relaying a signaling switch between directional migration and cell adhesion under gradient or homogeneous concentrations, thereby redefining sequential mechanisms affecting tumor cells during glioma invasion. Taken together, our results allow us to propose a model in order to improve the design of compounds that demonstrate signaling bias for therapies that target specifically the Gi/o signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lecointre
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, DC2N, Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Biomedical Research Institute (IRIB), TC2N network, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - L Desrues
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, DC2N, Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Biomedical Research Institute (IRIB), TC2N network, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - J E Joubert
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, DC2N, Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Biomedical Research Institute (IRIB), TC2N network, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - N Perzo
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, DC2N, Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Biomedical Research Institute (IRIB), TC2N network, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Department of Pharmacology, Institut of Pharmacology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - P-O Guichet
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, DC2N, Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Biomedical Research Institute (IRIB), TC2N network, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - V Le Joncour
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, DC2N, Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Biomedical Research Institute (IRIB), TC2N network, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - C Brulé
- Department of Pharmacology, Institut of Pharmacology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,IGF, Institut of Functional Genomic, CNRS UMR 5203, Inserm U661, University of Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - M Chabbert
- UMR CNRS 6214, Inserm 1083, Faculté de Médecine 3, Angers, France
| | - R Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology, Institut of Pharmacology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - L Prézeau
- IGF, Institut of Functional Genomic, CNRS UMR 5203, Inserm U661, University of Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - A Laquerrière
- Service of Anatomocytopathology, CHU of Rouen, ERI28 Inserm, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - F Proust
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, DC2N, Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Biomedical Research Institute (IRIB), TC2N network, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Service of Neurosurgery, CHU of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - P Gandolfo
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, DC2N, Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Biomedical Research Institute (IRIB), TC2N network, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - F Morin
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, DC2N, Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Biomedical Research Institute (IRIB), TC2N network, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - H Castel
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, DC2N, Astrocyte and Vascular Niche, Biomedical Research Institute (IRIB), TC2N network, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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19
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Das BB, Park SH, Opella SJ. Membrane protein structure from rotational diffusion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1848:229-45. [PMID: 24747039 PMCID: PMC4201901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The motional averaging of powder pattern line shapes is one of the most fundamental aspects of sold-state NMR. Since membrane proteins in liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayers undergo fast rotational diffusion, all of the signals reflect the angles of the principal axes of their dipole-dipole and chemical shift tensors with respect to the axis defined by the bilayer normal. The frequency span and sign of the axially symmetric powder patterns that result from motional averaging about a common axis provide sufficient structural restraints for the calculation of the three-dimensional structure of a membrane protein in a phospholipid bilayer environment. The method is referred to as rotationally aligned (RA) solid-state NMR and demonstrated with results on full-length, unmodified membrane proteins with one, two, and seven trans-membrane helices. RA solid-state NMR is complementary to other solid-state NMR methods, in particular oriented sample (OS) solid-state NMR of stationary, aligned samples. Structural distortions of membrane proteins from the truncations of terminal residues and other sequence modifications, and the use of detergent micelles instead of phospholipid bilayers have also been demonstrated. Thus, it is highly advantageous to determine the structures of unmodified membrane proteins in liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayers under physiological conditions. RA solid-state NMR provides a general method for obtaining accurate and precise structures of membrane proteins under near-native conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307 USA
| | - Sang Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307 USA
| | - Stanley J Opella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307 USA.
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20
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Folding membrane proteins in vitro: A table and some comments. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:314-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Folding and stability of integral membrane proteins in amphipols. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:327-43. [PMID: 25449655 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amphipols (APols) are a family of amphipathic polymers designed to keep transmembrane proteins (TMPs) soluble in aqueous solutions in the absence of detergent. APols have proven remarkably efficient at (i) stabilizing TMPs, as compared to detergent solutions, and (ii) folding them from a denatured state to a native, functional one. The underlying physical-chemical mechanisms are discussed.
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22
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Cohen LS, Fracchiolla KE, Becker J, Naider F. Invited review GPCR structural characterization: Using fragments as building blocks to determine a complete structure. Biopolymers 2014; 102:223-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah S. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry; The College of Staten Island, City University of New York (CUNY); Staten Island NY 10314
| | - Katrina E. Fracchiolla
- Department of Chemistry; The College of Staten Island, City University of New York (CUNY); Staten Island NY 10314
| | - Jeff Becker
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry; The College of Staten Island, City University of New York (CUNY); Staten Island NY 10314
- Department of Biochemistry; The Graduate Center; CUNY NY 10016-4309
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23
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Planchard N, Point É, Dahmane T, Giusti F, Renault M, Le Bon C, Durand G, Milon A, Guittet É, Zoonens M, Popot JL, Catoire LJ. The use of amphipols for solution NMR studies of membrane proteins: advantages and constraints as compared to other solubilizing media. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:827-42. [PMID: 24676477 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of membrane proteins are facilitated by the increased stability that trapping with amphipols confers to most of them as compared to detergent solutions. They have yielded information on the state of folding of the proteins, their areas of contact with the polymer, their dynamics, water accessibility, and the structure of protein-bound ligands. They benefit from the diversification of amphipol chemical structures and the availability of deuterated amphipols. The advantages and constraints of working with amphipols are discussed and compared to those associated with other non-conventional environments, such as bicelles and nanodiscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelya Planchard
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), UMR 7099, CNRS, Université Paris 7, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
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Sridharan R, Zuber J, Connelly SM, Mathew E, Dumont ME. Fluorescent approaches for understanding interactions of ligands with G protein coupled receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1838:15-33. [PMID: 24055822 PMCID: PMC3926105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors are responsible for a wide variety of signaling responses in diverse cell types. Despite major advances in the determination of structures of this class of receptors, the underlying mechanisms by which binding of different types of ligands specifically elicits particular signaling responses remain unclear. The use of fluorescence spectroscopy can provide important information about the process of ligand binding and ligand dependent conformational changes in receptors, especially kinetic aspects of these processes that can be difficult to extract from X-ray structures. We present an overview of the extensive array of fluorescent ligands that have been used in studies of G protein coupled receptors and describe spectroscopic approaches for assaying binding and probing the environment of receptor-bound ligands with particular attention to examples involving yeast pheromone receptors. In addition, we discuss the use of fluorescence spectroscopy for detecting and characterizing conformational changes in receptors induced by the binding of ligands. Such studies have provided strong evidence for diversity of receptor conformations elicited by different ligands, consistent with the idea that GPCRs are not simple on and off switches. This diversity of states constitutes an underlying mechanistic basis for biased agonism, the observation that different stimuli can produce different responses from a single receptor. It is likely that continued technical advances will allow fluorescence spectroscopy to play an important role in continued probing of structural transitions in G protein coupled receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Structural and biophysical characterisation of membrane protein-ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Sridharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jeffrey Zuber
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Sara M. Connelly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Elizabeth Mathew
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Mark E. Dumont
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P.O. Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Pediatrics, P.O. Box 777, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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25
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Moreira IS. Structural features of the G-protein/GPCR interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:16-33. [PMID: 24016604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The details of the functional interaction between G proteins and the G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have long been subjected to extensive investigations with structural and functional assays and a large number of computational studies. SCOPE OF REVIEW The nature and sites of interaction in the G-protein/GPCR complexes, and the specificities of these interactions selecting coupling partners among the large number of families of GPCRs and G protein forms, are still poorly defined. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Many of the contact sites between the two proteins in specific complexes have been identified, but the three dimensional molecular architecture of a receptor-Gα interface is only known for one pair. Consequently, many fundamental questions regarding this macromolecular assembly and its mechanism remain unanswered. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In the context of current structural data we review the structural details of the interfaces and recognition sites in complexes of sub-family A GPCRs with cognate G-proteins, with special emphasis on the consequences of activation on GPCR structure, the prevalence of preassembled GPCR/G-protein complexes, the key structural determinants for selective coupling and the possible involvement of GPCR oligomerization in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Moreira
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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26
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Mary S, Fehrentz JA, Damian M, Gaibelet G, Orcel H, Verdié P, Mouillac B, Martinez J, Marie J, Banères JL. Heterodimerization with Its splice variant blocks the ghrelin receptor 1a in a non-signaling conformation: a study with a purified heterodimer assembled into lipid discs. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24656-65. [PMID: 23839942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.453423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterodimerization of G protein-coupled receptors has an impact on their signaling properties, but the molecular mechanisms underlying heteromer-directed selectivity remain elusive. Using purified monomers and dimers reconstituted into lipid discs, we explored how dimerization impacts the functional and structural behavior of the ghrelin receptor. In particular, we investigated how a naturally occurring truncated splice variant of the ghrelin receptor exerts a dominant negative effect on ghrelin signaling upon dimerization with the full-length receptor. We provide direct evidence that this dominant negative effect is due to the ability of the non-signaling truncated receptor to restrict the conformational landscape of the full-length protein. Indeed, associating both proteins within the same disc blocks all agonist- and signaling protein-induced changes in ghrelin receptor conformation, thus preventing it from activating its cognate G protein and triggering arrestin 2 recruitment. This is an unambiguous demonstration that allosteric conformational events within dimeric assemblies can be directly responsible for modulation of signaling mediated by G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mary
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), CNRS UMR 5247, Université Montpellier 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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27
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Nørholm MH, Toddo S, Virkki MT, Light S, von Heijne G, Daley DO. Improved production of membrane proteins in Escherichia coli
by selective codon substitutions. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2352-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jastrzebska B, Ringler P, Palczewski K, Engel A. The rhodopsin-transducin complex houses two distinct rhodopsin molecules. J Struct Biol 2013; 182:164-72. [PMID: 23458690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Upon illumination the visual receptor rhodopsin (Rho) transitions to the activated form Rho(∗), which binds the heterotrimeric G protein, transducin (Gt) causing GDP to GTP exchange and Gt dissociation. Using succinylated concanavalin A (sConA) as a probe, we visualized native Rho dimers solubilized in 1mM n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (DDM) and Rho monomers in 5mM DDM. By nucleotide depletion and affinity chromatography together with crosslinking and size exclusion chromatography, we trapped and purified nucleotide-free Rho(∗)·Gt and sConA-Rho(∗)·Gt complexes kept in solution by either DDM or lauryl-maltose-neopentyl-glycol (LMNG). The 3 D envelope calculated from projections of negatively stained Rho(∗)·Gt-LMNG complexes accommodated two Rho molecules, one Gt heterotrimer and a detergent belt. Visualization of triple sConA-Rho(∗)·Gt complexes unequivocally demonstrated a pentameric assembly of the Rho(∗)·Gt complex in which the photoactivated Rho(∗) dimer serves as a platform for binding the Gt heterotrimer. Importantly, individual monomers of the Rho(∗) dimer in the heteropentameric complex exhibited different capabilities for regeneration with either 11-cis or 9-cis-retinal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jastrzebska
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA.
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29
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Vinothkumar KR, Edwards PC, Standfuss J. Practical aspects in expression and purification of membrane proteins for structural analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 955:17-30. [PMID: 23132053 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-176-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A surge of membrane protein structures in the last few years can be attributed to advances in technologies starting at the level of genomes, to highly efficient expression systems, stabilizing conformational flexibility, automation of crystallization and data collection for screening large numbers of crystals and the microfocus beam lines at synchrotrons. The substantial medical importance of many membrane proteins provides a strong incentive to understand them at the molecular level. It is becoming obvious that the major bottleneck in many of the membrane projects is obtaining sufficient amount of stable functional proteins in a detergent micelle for structural studies. Naturally, large effort has been spent on optimizing and advancing multiple expression systems and purification strategies that have started to yield sufficient protein and structures. We describe in this chapter protocols to refold membrane proteins from inclusion bodies, purification from inner membranes of Escherichia coli and from mammalian cell lines.
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Wiktor M, Morin S, Sass HJ, Kebbel F, Grzesiek S. Biophysical and structural investigation of bacterially expressed and engineered CCR5, a G protein-coupled receptor. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 55:79-95. [PMID: 23229639 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-012-9688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 belongs to the class of G protein-coupled receptors. Besides its role in leukocyte trafficking, it is also the major HIV-1 coreceptor and hence a target for HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Here, we report Escherichia coli expression and a broad range of biophysical studies on E. coli-produced CCR5. After systematic screening and optimization, we obtained 10 mg of purified, detergent-solubilized, folded CCR5 from 1L culture in a triply isotope-labeled ((2)H/(15)N/(13)C) minimal medium. Thus the material is suitable for NMR spectroscopic studies. The expected α-helical secondary structure content is confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The solubilized CCR5 is monodisperse and homogeneous as judged by transmission electron microscopy. Interactions of CCR5 with its ligands, RANTES and MIP-1β were assessed by surface plasmon resonance yielding K(D) values in the nanomolar range. Using size exclusion chromatography, stable monomeric CCR5 could be isolated. We show that cysteine residues affect both the yield and oligomer distribution of CCR5. HSQC spectra suggest that the transmembrane domains of CCR5 are in equilibrium between several conformations. In addition we present a model of CCR5 based on the crystal structure of CXCR4 as a starting point for protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wiktor
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Paz PB, Vega-Hissi EG, Estrada MR, Garro Martinez JC. In SilicoModeling of the Molecular Structure and Binding of Leukotriene A4 into Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:902-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Park SH, Casagrande F, Chu M, Maier K, Kiefer H, Opella SJ. Optimization of purification and refolding of the human chemokine receptor CXCR1 improves the stability of proteoliposomes for structure determination. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1818:584-91. [PMID: 22024025 PMCID: PMC3777732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human chemokine receptor CXCR1 is a G-protein coupled receptor that has been successfully expressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies, and purified and refolded in multi-milligram quantities required for structural studies. Expression in E. coli enables selective and uniform isotopic labeling with (13)C and (15)N for NMR studies. Long-term chemical and conformational stability and oligomeric homogeneity of CXCR1 in phospholipid bilayers are crucial for structural studies under physiological conditions. Here we describe substantial refinements in our previously described purification and reconstitution procedures for CXCR1 in phospholipid bilayers. These refinements have led to the preparation of highly purified, completely monomeric, proteoliposome samples that are stable for months at 35°C while subject to the high power radiofrequency irradiations of solid-state NMR experiments. The principal changes from the previously described methods include: 1) ensure that CXCR1 is pure and homogeneously monomeric within the limits of detection (>98%); 2) monitor and control the pH at all times especially following the addition of TCEP, which serves as a reducing agent but also changes the pH; 3) slowly refold CXCR1 with the complete removal of all traces of SDS using a KCl precipitation/dialysis method; and 4) ensure that the molar ratio between the CXCR1 and the phospholipids does not change during refolding and detergent removal. NMR samples prepared with these protocols yield reproducible results over a period of many months at 35°C. This purification and refolding protocol is likely to be applicable with minimal changes to other GPCRs as well as other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Fabio Casagrande
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Mignon Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
| | - Klaus Maier
- Membrane Receptor Technologies, San Diego, CA 92121-3832, USA
| | | | - Stanley J. Opella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307, USA
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Fanelli F, De Benedetti PG. Update 1 of: computational modeling approaches to structure-function analysis of G protein-coupled receptors. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR438-535. [PMID: 22165845 DOI: 10.1021/cr100437t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Damian M, Marie J, Leyris JP, Fehrentz JA, Verdié P, Martinez J, Banères JL, Mary S. High constitutive activity is an intrinsic feature of ghrelin receptor protein: a study with a functional monomeric GHS-R1a receptor reconstituted in lipid discs. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3630-41. [PMID: 22117076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.288324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its central role in signaling and the potential therapeutic applications of inverse agonists, the molecular mechanisms underlying G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) constitutive activity remain largely to be explored. In this context, ghrelin receptor GHS-R1a is a peculiar receptor in the sense that it displays a strikingly high, physiologically relevant, constitutive activity. To identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this high constitutive activity, we have reconstituted a purified GHS-R1a monomer in a lipid disc. Using this reconstituted system, we show that the isolated ghrelin receptor per se activates G(q) in the absence of agonist, as assessed through guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) binding experiments. The measured constitutive activity is similar in its extent to that observed in heterologous systems and in vivo. This is the first direct evidence for the high constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor being an intrinsic property of the protein rather than the result of influence of its cellular environment. Moreover, we show that the isolated receptor in lipid discs recruits arrestin-2 in an agonist-dependent manner, whereas it interacts with μ-AP2 in the absence of ligand or in the presence of ghrelin. Of importance, these differences are linked to ligand-specific GHS-R1a conformations, as assessed by intrinsic fluorescence measurements. The distinct ligand requirements for the interaction of purified GHS-R1a with arrestin and AP2 provide a new rationale to the differences in basal and agonist-induced internalization observed in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahaut, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Popot JL, Althoff T, Bagnard D, Banères JL, Bazzacco P, Billon-Denis E, Catoire LJ, Champeil P, Charvolin D, Cocco MJ, Crémel G, Dahmane T, de la Maza LM, Ebel C, Gabel F, Giusti F, Gohon Y, Goormaghtigh E, Guittet E, Kleinschmidt JH, Kühlbrandt W, Le Bon C, Martinez KL, Picard M, Pucci B, Sachs JN, Tribet C, van Heijenoort C, Wien F, Zito F, Zoonens M. Amphipols from A to Z. Annu Rev Biophys 2011; 40:379-408. [PMID: 21545287 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-042910-155219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amphipols (APols) are short amphipathic polymers that can substitute for detergents to keep integral membrane proteins (MPs) water soluble. In this review, we discuss their structure and solution behavior; the way they associate with MPs; and the structure, dynamics, and solution properties of the resulting complexes. All MPs tested to date form water-soluble complexes with APols, and their biochemical stability is in general greatly improved compared with MPs in detergent solutions. The functionality and ligand-binding properties of APol-trapped MPs are reviewed, and the mechanisms by which APols stabilize MPs are discussed. Applications of APols include MP folding and cell-free synthesis, structural studies by NMR, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, APol-mediated immobilization of MPs onto solid supports, proteomics, delivery of MPs to preexisting membranes, and vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Popot
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS/Université Paris-7 UMR 7099, Paris, France.
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36
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Nørholm MHH, Light S, Virkki MTI, Elofsson A, von Heijne G, Daley DO. Manipulating the genetic code for membrane protein production: what have we learnt so far? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:1091-6. [PMID: 21884679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With synthetic gene services, molecular cloning is as easy as ordering a pizza. However choosing the right RNA code for efficient protein production is less straightforward, more akin to deciding on the pizza toppings. The possibility to choose synonymous codons in the gene sequence has ignited a discussion that dates back 50 years: Does synonymous codon use matter? Recent studies indicate that replacement of particular codons for synonymous codons can improve expression in homologous or heterologous hosts, however it is not always successful. Furthermore it is increasingly apparent that membrane protein biogenesis can be codon-sensitive. Single synonymous codon substitutions can influence mRNA stability, mRNA structure, translational initiation, translational elongation and even protein folding. Synonymous codon substitutions therefore need to be carefully evaluated when membrane proteins are engineered for higher production levels and further studies are needed to fully understand how to select the codons that are optimal for higher production. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Folding in Membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten H H Nørholm
- Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Sweden.
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Bäck M, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIV: Leukotriene Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, and Pathophysiological Functions. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:539-84. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
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39
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Banères JL, Popot JL, Mouillac B. New advances in production and functional folding of G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:314-22. [PMID: 21497924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of integral membrane proteins, participate in the regulation of many physiological functions and are the targets of approximately 30% of currently marketed drugs. However, knowledge of the structural and molecular bases of GPCR functions remains limited owing to difficulties related to their overexpression, purification and stabilization. The development of new strategies aimed at obtaining large amounts of functional GPCRs is therefore crucial. Here, we review the most recent advances in the production and functional folding of GPCRs from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies. Major breakthroughs open exciting perspectives for structural and dynamic investigations of GPCRs. In particular, combining targeting to bacterial inclusion bodies with amphipol-assisted folding is emerging as a highly powerful strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Banères
- CNRS, UMR-5247, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, F-34000 Montpellier, France
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large class of transmembrane proteins that play critical roles in both normal physiology and pathophysiology. These critical roles offer targets for therapeutic intervention, as exemplified by the substantial fraction of current pharmaceutical agents that target members of this family. Tremendous contributions to our understanding of GPCR structure and dynamics have come from both indirect and direct structural characterization techniques. Key features of GPCR conformations derived from both types of characterization techniques are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L. Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-901-678-2638; Fax: +1-901-678-3447
| | - Debra L. Bautista
- Christian Brothers High School, 5900 Walnut Grove Road, Memphis, TN 38120, USA; E-Mail: (D.L.B.)
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41
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O'Malley MA, Naranjo AN, Lazarova T, Robinson AS. Analysis of adenosine A₂a receptor stability: effects of ligands and disulfide bonds. Biochemistry 2010; 49:9181-9. [PMID: 20853839 DOI: 10.1021/bi101155r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of integral membrane proteins present in all eukaryotic cells, yet relatively little information about their structure, folding, and stability has been published. In this work, we describe several approaches to characterizing the conformational stability of the human adenosine A(2)a receptor (hA(2)aR). Thermal denaturation and chemical denaturation were not reversible, yet clear differences in the unfolding behavior were observed upon ligand binding via circular dichroism and fluorescence spectrometry. We found that the stability of hA(2)aR was increased upon incubation with the agonist N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine or the antagonist theophylline. When extracellular disulfide bonds were reduced with a chemical reducing agent, the ligand binding activity decreased by ~40%, but reduction of these bonds did not compromise the unfolding transition observed via urea denaturation. Overall, these approaches offer a general strategy for characterizing the effect of surfactant and ligand effects on the stability of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A O'Malley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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42
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Petrovskaya LE, Shulga AA, Bocharova OV, Ermolyuk YS, Kryukova EA, Chupin VV, Blommers MJJ, Arseniev AS, Kirpichnikov MP. Expression of G-protein coupled receptors in Escherichia coli for structural studies. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:881-91. [PMID: 20673212 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910070102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To elaborate a high-performance system for expression of genes of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), methods of direct and hybrid expression of 17 GPCR genes in Escherichia coli and selection of strains and bacteria cultivation conditions were investigated. It was established that expression of most of the target GPCR fused with the N-terminal fragment of OmpF or Mistic using media for autoinduction provides high output (up to 50 mg/liter).
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Petrovskaya
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Abstract
The mitochondrial membrane TranSlocator PrOtein (TSPO) is a 18-kDa transmembrane protein involved in various mitochondrial functions, among which the best characterised is cholesterol transport and steroid formation. Determination of its structure would be an important step to understand the mechanism of transport and its regulation. Purification from native membranes is difficult in respect with amounts of homogeneous purified proteins needed for biophysical, structural, and functional studies. Efficient heterologous overexpression in bacterial system, purification on affinity column, and biochemical characterisation has been successfully developed. Large-scale production of detergent-solubilized TSPO has been obtained with fermentation coupled to fast protein liquid chromatography procedure. Small-scale production at lower cost for isotopically labelled recombinant TSPO and/or detergent is also presented.
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Schröder-Tittmann K, Bosse-Doenecke E, Reedtz-Runge S, Ihling C, Sinz A, Tittmann K, Rudolph R. Recombinant expression, in vitro refolding, and biophysical characterization of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7956-65. [PMID: 20690636 DOI: 10.1021/bi101159s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) upon ligand binding leads to the release of insulin from pancreatic cells. This strictly glucose-dependent process renders the receptor and its ligands useful in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. To enable a biophysical characterization in vitro, we expressed the human full-length GLP-1R in the cytosol of Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies. After purification, refolding of the SDS-solubilized receptor was achieved by the exchange of SDS against the detergent Brij78 using an artificial chaperone system. Far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopic studies revealed that the receptor adopts a characteristic alpha-helical structure in Brij78 micelles. Ligand binding of the renatured protein was quantified by fluorescence quenching and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. In the presence of Brij micelles, the refolded receptor binds the agonist exendin-4 with an apparent dissociation constant of approximately 100 nM in a reversible one-step mechanism. To demonstrate that the detected ligand binding activity is not only due to an autonomously functional N-terminal domain (nGLP-1R) but also due to additional contacts with the juxtamembrane part, we separately expressed and refolded the extracellular domain relying on identical protocols established for the full-length GLP-1R. In support of the suggested multidomain binding mode, the nGLP-1R binds exendin-4 with a lower affinity (K(app) in the micromolar range) and a different kinetic mechanism. The lower ligand affinity of the nGLP-1R results entirely from a decreased kinetic stability of the receptor-ligand complex, dissociation of which is approximately 40-fold faster in the case of the nGLP-1R compared to the full-length GLP-1R. In summary, a framework was developed to produce functional human full-length GLP-1R by recombinant expression in E. coli as a prerequisite for eventual structure determination and a rigorous biophysical characterization including protein variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schröder-Tittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Catoire LJ, Damian M, Giusti F, Martin A, van Heijenoort C, Popot JL, Guittet E, Banères JL. Structure of a GPCR ligand in its receptor-bound state: leukotriene B4 adopts a highly constrained conformation when associated to human BLT2. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9049-57. [PMID: 20552979 DOI: 10.1021/ja101868c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key players in signal recognition and cell communication and are among the most important targets for drug development. Direct structural information on the conformation of GPCR ligands bound to their receptors is scarce. Using a leukotriene receptor, BLT2, expressed under a perdeuterated form in Escherichia coli , purified in milligram amounts, and folded to its native state using amphipols, we have solved, by (1)H NMR, the structure of receptor-bound leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Upon binding, LTB4 adopts a highly constrained seahorse conformation, at variance with the free state, where it explores a wide range of conformations. This structure provides an experimentally determined template of a pro-inflammatory compound for further pharmacological studies. The novel approach used for its determination could prove powerful to investigate ligand binding to GPCRs and membrane proteins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent J Catoire
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS/Université Paris-7, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Molecular organization and dynamics of the melatonin MT₁ receptor/RGS20/G(i) protein complex reveal asymmetry of receptor dimers for RGS and G(i) coupling. EMBO J 2010; 29:3646-59. [PMID: 20859254 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional asymmetry of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) dimers has been reported for an increasing number of cases, but the molecular architecture of signalling units associated to these dimers remains unclear. Here, we characterized the molecular complex of the melatonin MT₁ receptor, which directly and constitutively couples to G(i) proteins and the regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS) 20. The molecular organization of the ternary MT₁/G(i)/RGS20 complex was monitored in its basal and activated state by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer between probes inserted at multiple sites of the complex. On the basis of the reported crystal structures of G(i) and the RGS domain, we propose a model wherein one G(i) and one RGS20 protein bind to separate protomers of MT₁ dimers in a pre-associated complex that rearranges upon agonist activation. This model was further validated with MT₁/MT₂ heterodimers. Collectively, our data extend the concept of asymmetry within GPCR dimers, reinforce the notion of receptor specificity for RGS proteins and highlight the advantage of GPCRs organized as dimers in which each protomer fulfils its specific task by binding to different GPCR-interacting proteins.
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47
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Huang C, Mohanty S, Banerjee M. A novel method of production and biophysical characterization of the catalytic domain of yeast oligosaccharyl transferase. Biochemistry 2010; 49:1115-26. [PMID: 20047336 DOI: 10.1021/bi902181v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharyl transferase (OT) is a multisubunit enzyme that catalyzes N-linked glycosylation of nascent polypeptides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. In the case of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, OT is composed of nine integral membrane protein subunits. Defects in N-linked glycosylation cause a series of disorders known as congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). The C-terminal domain of the Stt3p subunit has been reported to contain the acceptor protein recognition site and/or catalytic site. We report here the subcloning, overexpression, and a robust but novel method of production of the pure C-terminal domain of Stt3p at 60-70 mg/L in Escherichia coli. CD spectra indicate that the C-terminal Stt3p is highly helical and has a stable tertiary structure in SDS micelles. The well-dispersed two-dimensional (1)H-(15)N HSQC spectrum in SDS micelles indicates that it is feasible to determine the atomic structure by NMR. The effect of the conserved D518E mutation on the conformation of the C-terminal Stt3p is particularly interesting. The replacement of a key residue, Asp(518), located within the WWDYG signature motif (residues 516-520), led to a distinct tertiary structure, even though both proteins have similar overall secondary structures, as demonstrated by CD, fluorescence and NMR spectroscopies. This observation strongly suggests that Asp(518) plays a critical structural role, in addition to the previously proposed catalytic role. Moreover, the activity of the protein was confirmed by saturation transfer difference and nuclear magnetic resonance titration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Schmidt P, Berger C, Scheidt HA, Berndt S, Bunge A, Beck-Sickinger AG, Huster D. A reconstitution protocol for the in vitro folded human G protein-coupled Y2 receptor into lipid environment. Biophys Chem 2010; 150:29-36. [PMID: 20421142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although highly resolved crystal structures of G protein-coupled receptors have become available within the last decade, the need for studying these molecules in their natural membrane environment, where the molecules are rather dynamic, has been widely appreciated. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is an excellent method to study structure and dynamics of membrane proteins in their native lipid environment. We developed a reconstitution protocol for the uniformly (15)N labeled Y(2) receptor into a bicelle-like lipid structure with high yields suitable for NMR studies. Milligram quantities of target protein were expressed in Escherichia coli using an optimized fermentation process in defined medium yielding in over 10mg/L medium of purified Y(2) receptor solubilized in SDS micelles. The structural integrity of the receptor molecules was strongly increased through refolding and subsequent reconstitution into phospholipid membranes. Specific ligand binding to the integrated receptor was determined using radioligand affinity assay. Further, by NMR measurement a dispersion of the (15)N signals comparable to native rhodopsin was shown. The efficiency of the reconstitution could also be inferred from the fact that reasonable (13)C NMR spectra at natural abundance could be acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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Schmidt P, Lindner D, Montag C, Berndt S, Beck-Sickinger AG, Rudolph R, Huster D. Prokaryotic expression, in vitro folding, and molecular pharmacological characterization of the neuropeptide Y receptor type 2. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 25:1732-9. [PMID: 19725122 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a class of membrane proteins that represent a major target for pharmacological developments. However, there is still little knowledge about GPCR structure and dynamics since high-level expression and characterization of active GPCRs in vitro is extremely complicated. Here, we describe the recombinant expression and functional folding of the human Y(2) receptor from inclusion bodies of E. coli cultures. Milligram protein quantities were produced using high density fermentation and isolated in a single step purification with a yield of over 20 mg/L culture. Extensive studies were carried out on in vitro refolding and stabilization of the isolated receptor in detergent solution. The specific binding of the ligand, the 36 residue neuropeptide Y (NPY), to the recombinant Y(2) receptors in micellar form was shown by several radioligand affinity assays. In competition experiments, an IC(50) value in low nanomolar range could be determined. Further, a K(D) value of 1.9 nM was determined from a saturation assay, where NPY was titrated to the recombinant Y(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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Hori T, Sato Y, Takahashi N, Takio K, Yokomizo T, Nakamura M, Shimizu T, Miyano M. Expression, purification and characterization of leukotriene B(4) receptor, BLT1 in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 72:66-74. [PMID: 20188179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The high yield expression of BLT1, a G-protein coupled receptor for leukotriene B(4), was established in Pichia pastoris for structural studies. Guinea pig BLT1 was expressed in a functional form without post-translational modifications for the rapid purification and the crystallization. Among the BLT1s from four species, only guinea pig BLT1 was successfully expressed with the comparable binding affinity to BLT1 of native guinea pig tissues for several ligands. Only Asn4 of the two putative N-glycosylation sites was glycosylated, and the mutation to Ala to avoid glycosylation did not affect the ligand binding affinity. However, the N-terminal region of the mutant was digested at the carboxyl ends of Arg3 and Arg8, as detected by N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and Ser309 in the C-terminal region was partially phosphorylated, as identified in the micro-sequencing by Q-TOF-MS/MS. To avoid chemical heterogeneity, the N-terminal peptide (1-14) truncated and the C-terminal phosphorylation-site eliminated mutant was generated. The binding affinity of the mutant's membrane fraction for LTB(4) was K(d)=6.6 nM and B(max)=50.0 pmol/mg membrane protein. The yield of purified mutant was approximately 0.3-0.4 mg from 1L culture, and the protein showed a single peak at molecular weight of 100 kDa in gel-filtration and no glycosylation or phosphorylation in MALDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hori
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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