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Stalder T, Krischer F, Steinert H, Neigenfind P, Däschlein-Gessner VH. Ylide-stabilized phosphenium cations: Impact of the substitution pattern on the coordination chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104074. [PMID: 34890085 PMCID: PMC9303317 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although N‐heterocyclic phosphenium (NHP) cations have received considerable research interest due to their application in organocatalysis, including asymmetric synthesis, phosphenium cations with other substitution patterns have hardly been explored. Herein, the preparation of a series of ylide‐substituted cations of type [YPR]+ (with Y=Ph3PC(Ph), R=Ph, Cy or Y) and their structural and coordination properties are reported. Although the diylide‐substituted cation forms spontaneous from the chlorophosphine precursor, the monoylidylphosphenium ions required the addition of a halide‐abstraction reagent. The molecular structures of the cations reflected the different degrees of electron donation from the ylide to the phosphorus center depending on the second substituent. Molecular orbital analysis confirmed the stronger donor properties of the ylide systems compared to NHPs with the mono‐ylide substituted cations featuring a more pronounced electrophilicity. This was mirrored by the reaction of the cations towards gold chloride, in which only the diylide‐substituted cation [Y2P]+ formed the expected LAuCl]+ complex, while the monoylide‐substituted compounds reacted to the chlorophosphine ligands by transfer of the chloride from gold to the phosphorus center. These results demonstrate the tunability of ylide‐functionalized phosphorus cations, which should allow for further applications in coordination chemistry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stalder
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Felix Krischer
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Henning Steinert
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Philipp Neigenfind
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
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Steinert H, Löffler J, Gessner VH. Single‐Site and Cooperative Bond Activation Reactions with Ylide‐Functionalized Tetrylenes: A Computational Study. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021; 2021:5004-5013. [PMID: 35874088 PMCID: PMC9298247 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to their transition metal‐like behavior divalent group 14 compounds bear huge potential for their application in bond activation reactions and catalysis. Here we report on detailed computational studies on the use of ylide‐substituted tetrylenes in the activation of dihydrogen and phenol. A series of acyclic and cyclic ylidyltetrylenes featuring various α‐substituents with different σ‐ and π‐donating capabilities have been investigated which demonstrate that particularly π‐accepting boryl groups lead to beneficial properties and low barriers for single‐site activation reactions, above all in the case of silylenes. In contrast, for the thermodynamically more stable germylenes and stannylenes an alternative mechanism involving the active participation of the ylide ligand in the E−H bond (E=H or PhO) activation process by addition across the element carbon linkage was found to be energetically favored. Furthermore, the boryl substituted tetrylenes allowed for a further activation pathway involving the active participation of the boron element bond. These cooperative mechanisms are especially attractive for the heavier cyclic ylidyltetrylenes in which the loss of the protonated ylide group is prevented due to the cyclic framework. Overall, the present studies suggest that cyclic ylide‐substituted germylenes and stannylenes bear huge potential for cooperative bond activations at mild conditions which should be experimentally addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Steinert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Julian Löffler
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
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Sarbajna A, Swamy VSVSN, Gessner VH. Phosphorus-ylides: powerful substituents for the stabilization of reactive main group compounds. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2016-2024. [PMID: 34163963 PMCID: PMC8179322 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus ylides are 1,2-dipolar compounds with a negative charge on the carbon atom. This charge is stabilized by the neighbouring onium moiety, but can also be shifted towards other substituents thus making ylides strong π donor ligands and hence ideal substituents to stabilize reactive compounds such as cations and low-valent main group species. Furthermore, the donor strength and the steric properties can easily be tuned to meet different requirements for stabilizing reactive compounds and for tailoring the properties and reactivities of the main group element. Although the use of ylide substituents in main group chemistry is still in its infancy, the first examples of isolated compounds impressively demonstrate the potential of these ligands. This review summarizes the most important discoveries also in comparison to other substituents, thus outlining avenues for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Sarbajna
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - V S V S N Swamy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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Burgoyne MM, MacDougall TM, Haines ZN, Conrad JW, Calhoun LA, Decken A, Dyker CA. A strong organic electron donor incorporating highly π-donating triphenylphosphonium ylidyl substituents. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9726-9733. [PMID: 31701988 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The π-electron donor strength of a triphenylphosphonium ylidyl group (Ph3P[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-) was explored through its substitution onto a bispyridinylidene (BPY) scaffold. Electrochemical studies revealed that the new triphenylphosphonium ylidyl-substituted BPY is the most reducing di-substituted derivative reported to date (E1/2 = -1.55 V vs. SCE). By using a previously established correlation between the redox potential of the substituted BPYs and the corresponding substituent, a Hammett constant for the Ph3P[double bond, length as m-dash]CH- group was determined (σp+ = -2.33), establishing it as the most donating neutral substituent currently quantified. The BPY is readily oxidized by hexachloroethane to produce the corresponding dicationic bipyridinium salt as a mixture of isomers owing to hindered Cylidyl-Cpyridyl bond rotation. In preliminary tests of the BPY as a reductant, dichlorotricyclohexylphosphorane and chlorodiphenylphosphine were reduced to the corresponding phosphine and diphosphine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Burgoyne
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Thomas M MacDougall
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Zachary N Haines
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Jordan W Conrad
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Larry A Calhoun
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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Fustier-Boutignon M, Nebra N, Mézailles N. Geminal Dianions Stabilized by Main Group Elements. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8555-8700. [PMID: 31194516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is dedicated to the chemistry of stable and isolable species that bear two lone pairs at the same C center, i.e., geminal dianions, stabilized by main group elements. Three cases can thus be considered: the geminal-dilithio derivative, for which the two substituents at C are neutral, the yldiide derivatives, for which one substituent is neutral while the other is charged, and finally the geminal bisylides, for which the two substituents are positively charged. In this review, the syntheses and electronic structures of the geminal dianions are presented, followed by the studies dedicated to their reactivity toward organic substrates and finally to their coordination chemistry and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fustier-Boutignon
- UPS, CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069 , Université de Toulouse , 118 Route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France
| | - Noel Nebra
- UPS, CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069 , Université de Toulouse , 118 Route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- UPS, CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069 , Université de Toulouse , 118 Route de Narbonne , 31062 Toulouse , France
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Kornev AN, Galperin VE, Panova YS, Sushev VV, Arapova AV, Fukin GK, Baranov EV, Abakumov GA. Reaction of benzylidenetriphenylphosphorane with 1,4-dichloro-3а,6а-diaza-1,4-diphosphapentalene. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Scharf LT, Gessner VH. Metalated Ylides: A New Class of Strong Donor Ligands with Unique Electronic Properties. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8599-8607. [PMID: 28240888 PMCID: PMC5549244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development and design of new ligand systems with special donor properties has been essential for crucial advances made in main-group-element and transition-metal chemistry over the years. This Forum Article focuses on metalated ylides as novel ligand systems. These anionic congeners of bisylides possess likewise two lone pairs of electrons at the central carbon atom and can thus function as X,L-type ligands with strong donor abilities. This article highlights recent efforts in the isolation and application of metalated ylides with a focus on work from this laboratory. We summarize structural and electronic properties and their use in organic synthesis as well as main-group-element and transition-metal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart T. Scharf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Majhi PK, Koner A, Schnakenburg G, Kelemen Z, Nyulászi L, Streubel R. Application of Imidazole-2-thione Substituents in Low-Coordinate Phosphorus Chemistry - Probing the Scope. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Kumar Majhi
- Institut fur Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Abhishek Koner
- Institut fur Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut fur Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Zsolt Kelemen
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Szt Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - László Nyulászi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Szt Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut fur Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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Holthausen MH, Feldmann KO, Schulz S, Hepp A, Weigand JJ. Formation of cationic [RP5Cl](+)-cages via insertion of [RPCl](+)-cations into a P-P bond of the P4 tetrahedron. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:3374-87. [PMID: 22372487 DOI: 10.1021/ic2013304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorobenzene solutions of RPCl(2) and a Lewis acid such as ECl(3) (E = Al, Ga) in a 1:1 ratio are used as reactive sources of chlorophosphenium cations [RPCl](+), which insert into P-P bonds of dissolved P(4). This general protocol represents a powerful strategy for the synthesis of new cationic chloro-substituted organophosphorus [RP(5)Cl](+)-cages as illustrated by the isolation of several monocations (21a-g(+)) in good to excellent yields. For singular reaction two possible reaction mechanisms are proposed on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. The intriguing NMR spectra and structures of the obtained cationic [RP(5)Cl](+)-cages are discussed. Furthermore, the reactions of dichlorophosphanes and the Lewis acid GaCl(3) in various stoichiometries are investigated to obtain a deeper understanding of the species involved in these reactions. The formation of intermediates such as RPCl(2)·GaCl(3) (14) adducts, dichlorophosphanylchlorophosphonium cations [RPCl(2)-RPCl](+) (16(+)) and [RPCl(2)-RPCl-GaCl(3)](+) (17(+)) in reaction mixtures of RPCl(2) and GaCl(3) in fluorobenzene strongly depends on the basicity of the dichlorophosphane RPCl(2) (R = tBu, Cy, iPr, Et, Me, Ph, C(6)F(5)) and the reaction stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische and Analytische Chemie, Westfaelische Wilhelms Universitaet Muenster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Abdalilah M, Canac Y, Lepetit C, Chauvin R. Towards the stability limit of cyclic diphosphonium bis-ylides. CR CHIM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Breher F. Stretching bonds in main group element compounds—Borderlines between biradicals and closed-shell species. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans‐Peter Schrödel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität München, Meiserstraße 1, D‐80333 München, Germany Fax: (internat.) +49(0)895902249
| | - Alfred Schmidpeter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität München, Meiserstraße 1, D‐80333 München, Germany Fax: (internat.) +49(0)895902249
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Sebastian M, Hoskin A, Nieger M, Nyulászi L, Niecke E. Cyclic Bis(phosphanyl)carbenium Ion by Protonation of a 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1405-8. [PMID: 15674990 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sebastian
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Deutschland
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Sebastian M, Hoskin A, Nieger M, Nyulászi L, Niecke E. Cyclisches Bis(phosphanyl)carbenium-Ion durch Protonierung eines 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutan-2,4-diyls. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Experimental and theoretical examinations of n→σ* negative hyperconjugation in pyridinium dichlorophosphinomethylide. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Loss S, Widauer C, Rüegger H, Fleischer U, Marchand CM, Grützmacher H, Frenking G. Exploration of isomeric bis(phosphanyl)-substituted carbenium ions: identification and synthesis of the most stable isomer. Dalton Trans 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b207749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Osman FH, El-Samahy FA. Reactions of alpha-diketones and omicron-quinones with phosphorus compounds. Chem Rev 2002; 102:629-77. [PMID: 11890753 DOI: 10.1021/cr0000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayez H Osman
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
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Schrödel HP, Breitsameter F, Karaghiosoff K, Nöth H, Schmidpeter A. Rings and Cages from Ph 3PC and PCl or AsCl Units. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500108546590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Schrödel
- a Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- b Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- c Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- d Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- e Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Florian Breitsameter
- a Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- b Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- c Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- d Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- e Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- a Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- b Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- c Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- d Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- e Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Heinrich Nöth
- a Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- b Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- c Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- d Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- e Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Alfred Schmidpeter
- a Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- b Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- c Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- d Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
- e Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Butenandtstr. 9, D-81377 München, Germany
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Bansal RK, Gupta N, Baweja M, Hemrajani L, Jain VK. Pyridinium dichlorophosphinomethylides. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Fritz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Karlsruhe (TH), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Breitsameter F, Polborn K, Schmidpeter A. 1,2-Diphosphole and 1,4,7,10-Tetraphosphaphenalene Derivatives from the Reaction of Allylidenetriphenylphosphorane and PCl3. Eur J Inorg Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0682(199812)1998:12<1907::aid-ejic1907>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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