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Aceves-Serrano L, Neva JL, Munro J, Vavasour IM, Parent M, Boyd LA, Doudet DJ. Evaluation of microglia activation related markers following a clinical course of TBS: A non-human primate study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301118. [PMID: 38753646 PMCID: PMC11098425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
While the applicability and popularity of theta burst stimulation (TBS) paradigms remain, current knowledge of their neurobiological effects is still limited, especially with respect to their impact on glial cells and neuroinflammatory processes. We used a multimodal imaging approach to assess the effects of a clinical course of TBS on markers for microglia activation and tissue injury as an indirect assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Healthy non-human primates received continuous TBS (cTBS), intermittent TBS (iTBS), or sham stimulation over the motor cortex at 90% of resting motor threshold. Stimulation was delivered to the awake subjects 5 times a week for 3-4 weeks. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression was evaluated using Positron Emission Tomography and [11C]PBR28, and myo-inositol (mI) and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) concentrations were assessed with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Animals were then euthanized, and immunofluorescence staining was performed using antibodies against TSPO. Paired t-tests showed no significant changes in [11C]PBR28 measurements after stimulation. Similarly, no significant changes in mI and NAA concentrations were found. Post-mortem TSPO evaluation showed comparable mean immunofluorescence intensity after active TBS and sham delivery. The current study suggests that in healthy brains a clinical course of TBS, as evaluated with in-vivo imaging techniques (PET and MRS), did not measurably modulate the expression of glia related markers and metabolite associated with neural viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Aceves-Serrano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason L. Neva
- Faculté de Médecine, École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Munro
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irene M. Vavasour
- Faculty of Medicine, UBC MRI Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lara A. Boyd
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Doris J. Doudet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Afshari M, Gharibzadeh S, Pouretemad H, Roghani M. Reversing valproic acid-induced autism-like behaviors through a combination of low-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8082. [PMID: 38582936 PMCID: PMC10998842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neurostimulation device used to modulate brain cortex activity. Our objective was to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of low-frequency repeated TMS (LF-rTMS) in a rat model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) induced by prenatal valproic acid (VPA) exposure through the injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). For the induction of ASD, we administered prenatal VPA (600 mg/kg, I.P.) on the 12.5th day of pregnancy. At postnatal day 30, SPIONs were injected directly into the lateral ventricle of the brain. Subsequently, LF-rTMS treatment was applied for 14 consecutive days. Following the treatment period, behavioral analyses were conducted. At postnatal day 60, brain tissue was extracted, and both biochemical and histological analyses were performed. Our data revealed that prenatal VPA exposure led to behavioral alterations, including changes in social interactions, increased anxiety, and repetitive behavior, along with dysfunction in stress coping strategies. Additionally, we observed reduced levels of SYN, MAP2, and BDNF. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in dendritic spine density in the hippocampal CA1 area. However, LF-rTMS treatment combined with SPIONs successfully reversed these dysfunctions at the behavioral, biochemical, and histological levels, introducing a successful approach for the treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Afshari
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Gharibzadeh
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Pouretemad
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Ferreira SA, Pinto N, Serrenho I, Pato MV, Baltazar G. Contribution of glial cells to the neuroprotective effects triggered by repetitive magnetic stimulation: a systematic review. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:116-123. [PMID: 37488852 PMCID: PMC10479834 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.374140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been increasingly studied in different neurological diseases, and although most studies focus on its effects on neuronal cells, the contribution of non-neuronal cells to the improvement triggered by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in these diseases has been increasingly suggested. To systematically review the effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells two online databases, Web of Science and PubMed were searched for the effects of high-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, low-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, intermittent theta-burst stimulation, continuous theta-burst stimulation, or repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells in models of disease and in unlesioned animals or cells. A total of 52 studies were included. The protocol more frequently used was high-frequency-repetitive magnetic stimulation, and in models of disease, most studies report that high-frequency-repetitive magnetic stimulation led to a decrease in astrocyte and microglial reactivity, a decrease in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and an increase of oligodendrocyte proliferation. The trend towards decreased microglial and astrocyte reactivity as well as increased oligodendrocyte proliferation occurred with intermittent theta-burst stimulation and continuous theta-burst stimulation. Few papers analyzed the low-frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol, and the parameters evaluated were restricted to the study of astrocyte reactivity and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reporting the absence of effects on these parameters. In what concerns the use of magnetic stimulation in unlesioned animals or cells, most articles on all four types of stimulation reported a lack of effects. It is also important to point out that the studies were developed mostly in male rodents, not evaluating possible differential effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation between sexes. This systematic review supports that through modulation of glial cells repetitive magnetic stimulation contributes to the neuroprotection or repair in various neurological disease models. However, it should be noted that there are still few articles focusing on the impact of repetitive magnetic stimulation on non-neuronal cells and most studies did not perform in-depth analyses of the effects, emphasizing the need for more studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana A. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Nuno Pinto
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- GRUBI-Systematic Reviews Group, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Inês Serrenho
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria Vaz Pato
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- GRUBI-Systematic Reviews Group, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Graça Baltazar
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Sheng R, Chen C, Chen H, Yu P. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for stroke rehabilitation: insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197422. [PMID: 37283739 PMCID: PMC10239808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, with most survivors reporting dysfunctions of motor, sensation, deglutition, cognition, emotion, and speech, etc. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), one of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, is able to modulate neural excitability of brain regions and has been utilized in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Moreover, a large number of studies have shown that the rTMS presents positive effects on function recovery of stroke patients. In this review, we would like to summarized the clinical benefits of rTMS for stroke rehabilitation, including improvements of motor impairment, dysphagia, depression, cognitive function, and central post-stroke pain. In addition, this review will also discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying rTMS-mediated stroke rehabilitation, especially immune regulatory mechanisms, such as regulation of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the neuroimaging technique as an important tool in rTMS-mediated stroke rehabilitation has been discussed, to better understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of rTMS. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of rTMS-mediated stroke rehabilitation are also elucidated with the intention to accelerate its widespread clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Sheng
- Department of Radiology, The First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changchun Chen
- Department of Radiology, The People’s Hospital of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Radiology, The People’s Hospital of Longyou, Quzhou, China
| | - Peipei Yu
- Department of Radiology, Sanmen People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
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Aceves-Serrano L, Andrushko JW, Neva JL, Boyd LA, Doudet DJ. Letter to the editor: Chronic theta burst stimulation does not significantly modulate glial activity in the healthy non-human primate brain. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:815-816. [PMID: 37169284 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Aceves-Serrano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Justin W Andrushko
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jason L Neva
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Doris J Doudet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Hong Y, Lyu J, Zhu L, Wang X, Peng M, Chen X, Deng Q, Gao J, Yuan Z, Wang D, Xu G, Xu M. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protects against ischemic stroke by inhibiting M1 microglia polarization through let-7b-5p/HMGA2/NF-κB signaling pathway. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:49. [PMID: 35927640 PMCID: PMC9351069 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia assume opposite phenotypes in response to ischemic brain injury, exerting neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects under different ischemic stages. Modulating M1/M2 polarization is a potential therapy for treating ischemic stroke. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) held the capacity to regulate neuroinflammation and astrocytic polarization, but little is known about rTMS effects on microglia. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the rTMS influence on microglia polarization and the underlying possible molecular mechanisms in ischemic stroke models. Methods Previously reported 10 Hz rTMS protocol that regulated astrocytic polarization was used to stimulate transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats and oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injured BV2 cells. Specific expression levels of M1 marker iNOS and M2 marker CD206 were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence. MicroRNA expression changes detected by high-throughput second-generation sequencing were validated by RT-PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Dual-luciferase report assay and miRNA knock-down were applied to verify the possible mechanisms regulated by rTMS. Microglia culture medium (MCM) from different groups were collected to measure the TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations, and detect the influence on neuronal survival. Finally, TTC staining and modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) were used to determine the effects of MCM on ischemic stroke volume and neurological functions. Results The 10 Hz rTMS inhibited ischemia/reperfusion induced M1 microglia and significantly increased let-7b-5p level in microglia. HMGA2 was predicted and proved to be the target protein of let-7b-5p. HMGA2 and its downstream NF-κB signaling pathway were inhibited by rTMS. Microglia culture medium (MCM) collected from rTMS treated microglia contained lower TNF-α concentration but higher IL-10 concentration than no rTMS treated MCM, reducing ischemic volumes and neurological deficits of MCAO mice. However, knockdown of let-7b-5p by antagomir reversed rTMS effects on microglia phenotype and associated HMGA/NF-κB activation and neurological recovery. Conclusion High-frequency rTMS could alleviate ischemic stroke injury through inhibiting M1 microglia polarization via regulating let-7b-5p/HMGA2/NF-κB signaling pathway in MCAO models. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-022-00735-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinfeng Lyu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengna Peng
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangliang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenhua Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68# Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Michel-Flutot P, Vinit S. La stimulation magnétique répétée pour le traitement des traumas spinaux. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:679-685. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Les traumas spinaux induisent des déficits moteurs et sensoriels. La mise au point de thérapies visant à rétablir les fonctions altérées à la suite d’une lésion de la moelle épinière est donc nécessaire. La stimulation magnétique répétée (SMr) est une thérapie innovante et non invasive utilisée pour moduler l’activité de réseaux neuronaux dans diverses maladies neurologiques, telles que la maladie de Parkinson, ou psychiatriques, telles que le trouble bipolaire. Son utilisation chez les personnes atteintes de traumas spinaux pourrait avoir des effets fonctionnels bénéfiques. Des études réalisées in vitro, in vivo et ex vivo ont permis de comprendre en partie les mécanismes sous-jacents à la modulation de l’activité neuronale induite par les protocoles de SMr. Son utilisation dans des modèles précliniques de lésion médullaire a de plus montré des effets bénéfiques fonctionnels. Ainsi, la SMr pourrait potentialiser la récupération des fonctions perdues après un trauma spinal.
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Montemurro N, Aliaga N, Graff P, Escribano A, Lizana J. New Targets and New Technologies in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8799. [PMID: 35886651 PMCID: PMC9321220 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, whose main neuropathological finding is pars compacta degeneration due to the accumulation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, and subsequent dopamine depletion. This leads to an increase in the activity of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi). Understanding functional anatomy is the key to understanding and developing new targets and new technologies that could potentially improve motor and non-motor symptoms in PD. Currently, the classical targets are insufficient to improve the entire wide spectrum of symptoms in PD (especially non-dopaminergic ones) and none are free of the side effects which are not only associated with the procedure, but with the targets themselves. The objective of this narrative review is to show new targets in DBS surgery as well as new technologies that are under study and have shown promising results to date. The aim is to give an overview of these new targets, as well as their limitations, and describe the current studies in this research field in order to review ongoing research that will probably become effective and routine treatments for PD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Montemurro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nelida Aliaga
- Medicine Faculty, Austral University, Buenos Aires B1406, Argentina; (N.A.); (A.E.)
| | - Pablo Graff
- Functional Neurosurgery Program, Department of Neurosurgery, San Miguel Arcángel Hospital, Buenos Aires B1406, Argentina;
| | - Amanda Escribano
- Medicine Faculty, Austral University, Buenos Aires B1406, Argentina; (N.A.); (A.E.)
| | - Jafeth Lizana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima 07035, Peru;
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 07035, Peru
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Heimbuch IS, Fan TK, Wu AD, Faas GC, Charles AC, Iacoboni M. Ultrasound stimulation of the motor cortex during tonic muscle contraction. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267268. [PMID: 35442956 PMCID: PMC9020726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (tUS) shows potential as a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique, offering increased spatial precision compared to other NIBS techniques. However, its reported effects on primary motor cortex (M1) are limited. We aimed to better understand tUS effects in human M1 by performing tUS of the hand area of M1 (M1hand) during tonic muscle contraction of the index finger. Stimulation during muscle contraction was chosen because of the transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced phenomenon known as cortical silent period (cSP), in which transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1hand involuntarily suppresses voluntary motor activity. Since cSP is widely considered an inhibitory phenomenon, it presents an ideal parallel for tUS, which has often been proposed to preferentially influence inhibitory interneurons. Recording electromyography (EMG) of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle, we investigated effects on muscle activity both during and after tUS. We found no change in FDI EMG activity concurrent with tUS stimulation. Using single-pulse TMS, we found no difference in M1 excitability before versus after sparsely repetitive tUS exposure. Using acoustic simulations in models made from structural MRI of the participants that matched the experimental setups, we estimated in-brain pressures and generated an estimate of cumulative tUS exposure experienced by M1hand for each subject. We were unable to find any correlation between cumulative M1hand exposure and M1 excitability change. We also present data that suggest a TMS-induced MEP always preceded a near-threshold cSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Heimbuch
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tiffany K. Fan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Allan D. Wu
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guido C. Faas
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Charles
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marco Iacoboni
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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10
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Effects of Chronic High-Frequency rTMS Protocol on Respiratory Neuroplasticity Following C2 Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030473. [PMID: 35336846 PMCID: PMC8945729 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are known to lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis, and to induce deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes following cervical spinal cord injury. We used a noninvasive therapeutic tool (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)), to harness plasticity in spared descending respiratory circuit and reduce the inflammatory processes. Briefly, the results obtained in this present study suggest that chronic high-frequency rTMS can ameliorate respiratory dysfunction and elicit neuronal plasticity with a reduction in deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes in the cervical spinal cord post-SCI. Thus, this therapeutic tool could be adopted and/or combined with other therapeutic interventions in order to further enhance beneficial outcomes. Abstract High spinal cord injuries (SCIs) lead to permanent diaphragmatic paralysis. The search for therapeutics to induce functional motor recovery is essential. One promising noninvasive therapeutic tool that could harness plasticity in a spared descending respiratory circuit is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Here, we tested the effect of chronic high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS above the cortical areas in C2 hemisected rats when applied for 7 days, 1 month, or 2 months. An increase in intact hemidiaphragm electromyogram (EMG) activity and excitability (diaphragm motor evoked potentials) was observed after 1 month of rTMS application. Interestingly, despite no real functional effects of rTMS treatment on the injured hemidiaphragm activity during eupnea, 2 months of rTMS treatment strengthened the existing crossed phrenic pathways, allowing the injured hemidiaphragm to increase its activity during the respiratory challenge (i.e., asphyxia). This effect could be explained by a strengthening of respiratory descending fibers in the ventrolateral funiculi (an increase in GAP-43 positive fibers), sustained by a reduction in inflammation in the C1–C3 spinal cord (reduction in CD68 and Iba1 labeling), and acceleration of intracellular plasticity processes in phrenic motoneurons after chronic rTMS treatment. These results suggest that chronic high-frequency rTMS can ameliorate respiratory dysfunction and elicit neuronal plasticity with a reduction in deleterious post-traumatic inflammatory processes in the cervical spinal cord post-SCI. Thus, this therapeutic tool could be adopted and/or combined with other therapeutic interventions in order to further enhance beneficial outcomes.
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11
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Saha R, Wu K, Bloom RP, Liang S, Tonini D, Wang JP. A review on magnetic and spintronic neurostimulation: challenges and prospects. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:182004. [PMID: 35013010 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac49be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of neurodegenerative, sensory and cardiovascular diseases, electrical probes and arrays have shown quite a promising success rate. However, despite the outstanding clinical outcomes, their operation is significantly hindered by non-selective control of electric fields. A promising alternative is micromagnetic stimulation (μMS) due to the high permeability of magnetic field through biological tissues. The induced electric field from the time-varying magnetic field generated by magnetic neurostimulators is used to remotely stimulate neighboring neurons. Due to the spatial asymmetry of the induced electric field, high spatial selectivity of neurostimulation has been realized. Herein, some popular choices of magnetic neurostimulators such as microcoils (μcoils) and spintronic nanodevices are reviewed. The neurostimulator features such as power consumption and resolution (aiming at cellular level) are discussed. In addition, the chronic stability and biocompatibility of these implantable neurostimulator are commented in favor of further translation to clinical settings. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), as another invaluable neurostimulation material, has emerged in recent years. Thus, in this review we have also included MNPs as a remote neurostimulation solution that overcomes physical limitations of invasive implants. Overall, this review provides peers with the recent development of ultra-low power, cellular-level, spatially selective magnetic neurostimulators of dimensions within micro- to nano-range for treating chronic neurological disorders. At the end of this review, some potential applications of next generation neuro-devices have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Robert P Bloom
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Denis Tonini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
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12
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Muri L, Oberhänsli S, Buri M, Le ND, Grandgirard D, Bruggmann R, Müri RM, Leib SL. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates glial cells and inhibits neurogenesis after pneumococcal meningitis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232863. [PMID: 32915781 PMCID: PMC7485822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal meningitis (PM) causes damage to the hippocampus, a brain structure critically involved in learning and memory. Hippocampal injury-which compromises neurofunctional outcome-occurs as apoptosis of progenitor cells and immature neurons of the hippocampal dentate granule cell layer thereby impairing the regenerative capacity of the hippocampal stem cell niche. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) harbours the potential to modulate the proliferative activity of this neuronal stem cell niche. In this study, specific rTMS protocols-namely continuous and intermittent theta burst stimulation (cTBS and iTBS)-were applied on infant rats microbiologically cured from PM by five days of antibiotic treatment. Following two days of exposure to TBS, differential gene expression was analysed by whole transcriptome analysis using RNAseq. cTBS provoked a prominent effect in inducing differential gene expression in the cortex and the hippocampus, whereas iTBS only affect gene expression in the cortex. TBS induced polarisation of microglia and astrocytes towards an inflammatory phenotype, while reducing neurogenesis, neuroplasticity and regeneration. cTBS was further found to induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. We conclude that cTBS intensified neuroinflammation after PM, which translated into increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators thereby inhibiting neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Muri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Oberhänsli
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Buri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ngoc Dung Le
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René M. Müri
- Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L. Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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13
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Dragic M, Zeljkovic M, Stevanovic I, Ilic T, Ilic N, Nedeljkovic N, Ninkovic M. Theta burst stimulation ameliorates symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and attenuates reactive gliosis. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:208-217. [PMID: 32599126 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease caused by inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS). Decades of research led to discovery of several disease-modifying therapeutics strategies with moderate success. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is currently the most commonly used experimental model for MS and for studying various therapeutic approaches. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulation technique with multiple beneficial effects on healthy as well as CNS with pathology. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of rTMS on acute EAE are scarce. Our study demonstrated beneficial effects of theta-burst stimulation (TBS), an experimental paradigm of rTMS, on disease course of acute EAE. TBS treatment attenuated reactive gliosis, restored myelin sheet and down-regulated expression of vimentin in EAE rats. These effects were reflected through reduced clinical parameters, shorter duration of illness and days spent in paralysis. Based on our research, rTMS deserves further considerations for its neuroprotective effect on EAE, and is an excellent candidate for further research and points that it could be used for more than for simple symptomatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Dragic
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milica Zeljkovic
- Institute for Biological Research"Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Institute of Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Serbia
| | - Tihomir Ilic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Serbia
| | - Nela Ilic
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ninkovic
- Institute of Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Serbia
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Cai Y, Qiu B, Liao M, Liu X, Lin J, Lan L, Xu G, Fan Y. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Improves the Spatial Cognitive Function of Rats with Chronic Hypertension-induced Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 437:98-106. [PMID: 32353458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) can improve the spatial cognitive function of rats with hypertension-induced cerebral small vessel disease. To prove our hypothesis, stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats (RHRSPs) were treated with iTBS beginning at postoperative week 22. The Morris water maze was performed to assess spatial cognitive function. The expression of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits NR1, NR2A and NR2B, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα), p-CaMKIIα and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunit 1 (GluR1) in the hippocampus were evaluated by western blot analysis. The distribution of GluR1, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBa-1) in the CA1 and CA3 regions and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus were evaluated by immunofluorescence analysis. Treatment with iTBS significantly improved the spatial cognitive function of RHRSPs, increased the expression of NR2B, p-CaMKIIα and GluR1 in the hippocampus, and decreased the proliferation of astrocytes and microglia. Our results showed that iTBS treatment had a beneficial effect on the cognitive impairments induced by cerebral small vessel disease, potentially through the activation of the NR2B-CaMKII pathway, an increase in GluR1 expression and the suppression of astrocyte and microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Baoshan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mengshi Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Linfang Lan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guangqing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No. 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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15
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Ye H, Kaszuba S. Neuromodulation with electromagnetic stimulation for seizure suppression: From electrode to magnetic coil. IBRO Rep 2019; 7:26-33. [PMID: 31360792 PMCID: PMC6639724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive brain tissue stimulation with a magnetic coil provides several irreplaceable advantages over that with an implanted electrode, in altering neural activities under pathological situations. We reviewed clinical cases that utilized time-varying magnetic fields for the treatment of epilepsy, and the safety issues related to this practice. Animal models have been developed to foster understanding of the cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying magnetic control of epileptic activity. These mechanisms include (but are not limited to) (1) direct membrane polarization by the magnetic field, (2) depolarization blockade by the deactivation of ion channels, (3) alteration in synaptic transmission, and (4) interruption of ephaptic interaction and cellular synchronization. Clinical translation of this technology could be improved through the advancement of magnetic design, optimization of stimulation protocols, and evaluation of the long-term safety. Cellular and molecular studies focusing on the mechanisms of magnetic stimulation are of great value in facilitating this translation.
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Key Words
- 4-AP, 4-aminopyridine
- Animal models
- CD50, convulsant dose
- Cellular mechanisms
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- EEG, electroencephalography
- ELF-MF, extremely low frequency magnetic fields
- EcoG, electrocorticography
- Epilepsy
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- HFS, high frequency stimulation
- KA, kainic acid
- LD50, lethal dose
- LTD, long-term depression
- LTP, long-term potential
- MEG, magnetoencephalography
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- Magnetic stimulation
- NMDAR, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor
- PTZ, pentylenetetrazol
- REM, rapid eye movement
- SMF, static magnetic field
- TES, transcranial electrical stimulation
- TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- tDCS, transcranial direct-current stimulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd., IL, 60660, United States
| | - Stephanie Kaszuba
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States
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16
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Zorzo C, Higarza SG, Méndez M, Martínez JA, Pernía AM, Arias JL. High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves neuronal activity without affecting astrocytes and microglia density. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:13-20. [PMID: 31082456 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique capable of producing changes in the electrical potential of neurons. Currently, the application of rTMS in clinical practice and as a neurophysiological tool is increasing. However, the exact cellular mechanisms underlying rTMS-based therapies are not completely clear. Additionally, glial cells have been studied less. Our aim was to investigate the effect of three days of high-frequency rTMS on neuronal metabolism and neuronal activation, in addition to its effect on glial cells. For this purpose, we performed histochemistry and immunohistochemistry procedures: the histochemistry of cytochrome oxidase (COx) to assess neuronal metabolic activity, and the immunohistochemistry of c-Fos (marker of neuronal activity), GFAP (marker of astrocytic reactivity), and Iba1 (selective marker of reactive microglia). Our results showed enhanced metabolic activity after rTMS in the retrosplenial and parietal cortex and CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. Moreover, higher c-Fos activity was found in the agranular retrosplenial cortex. Finally, we did not find changes between groups in the induction of astrocyte and microglia reactivity in any of the immunostained regions. In conclusion, we can assume that three days of high-frequency rTMS applied in healthy rats does not alter astroglia reactivity or inflammatory responses, such as microglia proliferation. Because we have shown an upregulation of neuronal metabolic activity in many limbic brain structures, in addition to higher c-Fos levels in the nearest cortical area to the rTMS, our work provides novel insight into the effectiveness and safety of rTMS as a brain modulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Zorzo
- Departamento de Psicología, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain.
| | - Sara G Higarza
- Departamento de Psicología, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain.
| | - Marta Méndez
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain.
| | - Juan A Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain; Electronic Technology Area, University of Oviedo, 33203 Gijón, Spain.
| | - Alberto M Pernía
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain; Electronic Technology Area, University of Oviedo, 33203 Gijón, Spain.
| | - Jorge L Arias
- Departamento de Psicología, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Spain.
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17
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Duan X, Yao G, Liu Z, Cui R, Yang W. Mechanisms of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treating on Post-stroke Depression. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:215. [PMID: 29899693 PMCID: PMC5988869 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a neuropsychiatric affective disorder that can develop after stroke. Patients with PSD show poorer functional and recovery outcomes than patients with stroke who do not suffer from depression. The risk of suicide is also higher in patients with PSD. PSD appears to be associated with complex pathophysiological mechanisms involving both psychological and psychiatric problems that are associated with functional deficits and neurochemical changes secondary to brain damage. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive way to investigate cortical excitability via magnetic stimulation of the brain. TMS is currently a valuable tool that can help us understand the pathophysiology of PSD. Although repetitive TMS (rTMS) is an effective treatment for patients with PSD, its mechanism of action remains unknown. Here, we review the known mechanisms underlying rTMS as a tool for better understanding PSD pathophysiology. It should be helpful when considering using rTMS as a therapeutic strategy for PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Duan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Yao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongliang Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Bridges NR, McKinley RA, Boeke D, Sherwood MS, Parker JG, McIntire LK, Nelson JM, Fletchall C, Alexander N, McConnell A, Goodyear C, Nelson JT. Single Session Low Frequency Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Changes Neurometabolite Relationships in Healthy Humans. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:77. [PMID: 29632477 PMCID: PMC5879132 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) has shown promise as a treatment and investigative tool in the medical and research communities. Researchers have made significant progress elucidating DLPFC LF-rTMS effects—primarily in individuals with psychiatric disorders. However, more efforts investigating underlying molecular changes and establishing links to functional and behavioral outcomes in healthy humans are needed. Objective: We aimed to quantify neuromolecular changes and relate these to functional changes following a single session of DLPFC LF-rTMS in healthy participants. Methods: Eleven participants received sham-controlled neuronavigated 1 Hz rTMS to the region most activated by a 7-letter Sternberg working memory task (SWMT) within the left DLPFC. We quantified SWMT performance, functional magnetic resonance activation and proton Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) neurometabolite measure changes before and after stimulation. Results: A single LF-rTMS session was not sufficient to change DLPFC neurometabolite levels and these changes did not correlate with DLPFC activation changes. Real rTMS, however, significantly altered neurometabolite correlations (compared to sham rTMS), both with baseline levels and between the metabolites themselves. Additionally, real rTMS was associated with diminished reaction time (RT) performance improvements and increased activation within the motor, somatosensory and lateral occipital cortices. Conclusion: These results show that a single session of LF-rTMS is sufficient to influence metabolite relationships and causes widespread activation in healthy humans. Investigating correlational relationships may provide insight into mechanisms underlying LF-rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A McKinley
- Warfighter Interfaces Division, Applied Neuroscience Branch, Wright-Patterson AFB (WPAFB), Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Danielle Boeke
- Warfighter Interfaces Division, Applied Neuroscience Branch, Wright-Patterson AFB (WPAFB), Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Matthew S Sherwood
- Wright State Research Institute, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jason G Parker
- Kettering Health Network Innovation Center, Kettering, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Catherine Fletchall
- Grandview Medical Center, Kettering Health Network, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Natasha Alexander
- Grandview Medical Center, Kettering Health Network, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Amanda McConnell
- Grandview Medical Center, Kettering Health Network, Dayton, OH, United States
| | | | - Jeremy T Nelson
- Research Imaging Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Tan T, Wang W, Xu H, Huang Z, Wang YT, Dong Z. Low-Frequency rTMS Ameliorates Autistic-Like Behaviors in Rats Induced by Neonatal Isolation Through Regulating the Synaptic GABA Transmission. Front Cell Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29541022 PMCID: PMC5835518 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display abnormalities in neuronal development, synaptic function and neural circuits. The imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) synaptic transmission has been proposed to cause the main behavioral characteristics of ASD. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can directly or indirectly induce excitability and synaptic plasticity changes in the brain noninvasively. However, whether rTMS can ameliorate autistic-like behaviors in animal model via regulating the balance of E/I synaptic transmission is unknown. By using our recent reported animal model with autistic-like behaviors induced by neonatal isolation (postnatal days 1-9), we found that low-frequency rTMS (LF-rTMS, 1 Hz) treatment for 2 weeks effectively alleviated the acquired autistic-like symptoms, as reflected by an increase in social interaction and decrease in self-grooming, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in young adult rats compared to those in untreated animals. Furthermore, the amelioration in autistic-like behavior was accompanied by a restoration of the balance between E/I activity, especially at the level of synaptic transmission and receptors in synaptosomes. These findings indicated that LF-rTMS may alleviate the symptoms of ASD-like behaviors caused by neonatal isolation through regulating the synaptic GABA transmission, suggesting that LF-rTMS may be a potential therapeutic technique to treat ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Wuhan Yiruide Medical Equipment Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Zhilin Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Brain Research Center, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Baeken C, Lefaucheur JP, Van Schuerbeek P. The impact of accelerated high frequency rTMS on brain neurochemicals in treatment-resistant depression: Insights from 1 H MR spectroscopy. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1664-1672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Low intensity rTMS has sex-dependent effects on the local response of glia following a penetrating cortical stab injury. Exp Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28624361 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive form of brain stimulation, has shown experimental and clinical efficacy in a range of neuromodulatory models, even when delivered at low intensity (i.e. subthreshold for action potential generation). After central nervous system (CNS) injury, studies suggest that reactive astrocytes and microglia can have detrimental but also beneficial effects; thus modulating glial activity, for example through application of rTMS, could potentially be a useful therapeutic tool following neurotrauma. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the effect of low intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) on GFAP (astrocyte), IBA1 (microglial), and CS56 (proteoglycan) expression in a unilateral penetrating cortical stab injury model of glial scarring in young adult and aged male and female C57BL6/J mice. Mice received contralateral low frequency, ipsilateral low frequency, ipsilateral high frequency or sham LI-rTMS (4-5mT intensity), for two weeks following injury. There was no significant difference in the overall volume of tissue containing GFAP positive (+) astrocytes, IBA1+ microglia, or proteoglycan expression, between sham and LI-rTMS-treated mice of all ages and sex. Importantly however, the density of GFAP+ astrocytes and IBA1+ microglia immediately adjacent to the injury was significantly reduced following ipsilateral low and high frequency stimulation in adult and aged females (p≤0.05), but was significantly increased in adult and aged males (p≤0.05). LI-rTMS effects were generally of greater magnitude in aged mice compared to young adult mice. These results suggest that sex differences need to be factored into therapeutic rTMS protocols. In particular, more work analyzing frequency and intensity specific effects, especially in relation to age and sex, is required to determine how rTMS can best be used to modify glial reactivity and phenotype following neurotrauma.
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Kirton A. Advancing non-invasive neuromodulation clinical trials in children: Lessons from perinatal stroke. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2017; 21:75-103. [PMID: 27470654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Applications of non-invasive brain stimulation including therapeutic neuromodulation are expanding at an alarming rate. Increasingly established scientific principles, including directional modulation of well-informed cortical targets, are advancing clinical trial development. However, high levels of disease burden coupled with zealous enthusiasm may be getting ahead of rational research and evidence. Experience is limited in the developing brain where additional issues must be considered. Properly designed and meticulously executed clinical trials are essential and required to advance and optimize the potential of non-invasive neuromodulation without risking the well-being of children and families. Perinatal stroke causes most hemiplegic cerebral palsy and, as a focal injury of defined timing in an otherwise healthy brain, is an ideal human model of developmental plasticity. Advanced models of how the motor systems of young brains develop following early stroke are affording novel windows of opportunity for neuromodulation clinical trials, possibly directing neuroplasticity toward better outcomes. Reviewing the principles of clinical trial design relevant to neuromodulation and using perinatal stroke as a model, this article reviews the current and future issues of advancing such trials in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kirton
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB T3B6A8, Canada.
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23
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Mancic B, Stevanovic I, Ilic TV, Djuric A, Stojanovic I, Milanovic S, Ninkovic M. Transcranial theta-burst stimulation alters GLT-1 and vGluT1 expression in rat cerebellar cortex. Neurochem Int 2016; 100:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Cullen CL, Young KM. How Does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Influence Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System? Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:26. [PMID: 27092058 PMCID: PMC4820444 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in the clinic, and while it has a direct effect on neuronal excitability, the beneficial effects experienced by patients are likely to include the indirect activation of other cell types. Research conducted over the past two decades has made it increasingly clear that a population of non-neuronal cells, collectively known as glia, respond to and facilitate neuronal signaling. Each glial cell type has the ability to respond to electrical activity directly or indirectly, making them likely cellular effectors of TMS. TMS has been shown to enhance adult neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation, but the effect on cell survival and differentiation is less certain. Furthermore there is limited information regarding the response of astrocytes and microglia to TMS, and a complete paucity of data relating to the response of oligodendrocyte-lineage cells to this treatment. However, due to the critical and yet multifaceted role of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), the influence that TMS has on glial cells is certainly an area that warrants careful examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie L. Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of TasmaniaHobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kaylene M. Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of TasmaniaHobart, TAS, Australia
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Parthoens J, Verhaeghe J, Servaes S, Miranda A, Stroobants S, Staelens S. Performance Characterization of an Actively Cooled Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil for the Rat. Neuromodulation 2016; 19:459-68. [PMID: 26846605 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study characterizes and validates a recently developed dedicated circular rat coil for small animal repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS The electric (E) field distribution was calculated in a three-dimensional (3D) spherical rat head model and coil cooling performance was characterized. Motor threshold (MT) in rats (n = 12) was determined using two current directions, MT variability (n = 16) and laterality (n = 11) of the stimulation was assessed. Finally, 2-deoxy-2-((18) F)fluoro-D-glucose ([(18) F]-FDG) small animal Positron Emission Tomography (µPET) after sham and 1, 10, and 50 Hz rTMS stimulation (n = 9) with the new Cool-40 Rat Coil (MagVenture, Denmark) was performed. RESULTS The coil could produce high E-fields of maximum 220 V/m and more than 100 V/m at depths up to 5.3 mm in a ring-shaped distribution. No lateralization of stimulation was observed. Independent of the current direction, reproducible MT measurements were obtained at low percentages (27 ± 6%) of the maximum machine output (MO, MagPro X100 [MagVenture, Denmark]). At this intensity, rTMS with long pulse trains is feasible (1 Hz: continuous stimulation; 5 Hz: 1000 pulses; 10 Hz and 50 Hz: 272 pulses). When compared to sham, rTMS at different frequencies induced decreases in [(18) F]-FDG-uptake bilaterally mainly in dorsal cortical regions (visual, retrosplenial, and somatosensory cortices) and increases mainly in ventral regions (entorhinal cortex and amygdala). CONCLUSION The coil is suitable for rTMS in rats and achieves unprecedented high E-fields at high stimulation frequencies and long durations with however a rather unfocal rat brain stimulation. Reproducible MEPs as well as alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism following rTMS were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Parthoens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 - 2610 Wilrijk, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 - 2610 Wilrijk, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stijn Servaes
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 - 2610 Wilrijk, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alan Miranda
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 - 2610 Wilrijk, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 - 2610 Wilrijk, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wilrijkstraat 10 - 2650 Edegem, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 - 2610 Wilrijk, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Auriat AM, Neva JL, Peters S, Ferris JK, Boyd LA. A Review of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Multimodal Neuroimaging to Characterize Post-Stroke Neuroplasticity. Front Neurol 2015; 6:226. [PMID: 26579069 PMCID: PMC4625082 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Following stroke, the brain undergoes various stages of recovery where the central nervous system can reorganize neural circuitry (neuroplasticity) both spontaneously and with the aid of behavioral rehabilitation and non-invasive brain stimulation. Multiple neuroimaging techniques can characterize common structural and functional stroke-related deficits, and importantly, help predict recovery of function. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) typically reveals increased overall diffusivity throughout the brain following stroke, and is capable of indexing the extent of white matter damage. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides an index of metabolic changes in surviving neural tissue after stroke, serving as a marker of brain function. The neural correlates of altered brain activity after stroke have been demonstrated by abnormal activation of sensorimotor cortices during task performance, and at rest, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Electroencephalography (EEG) has been used to characterize motor dysfunction in terms of increased cortical amplitude in the sensorimotor regions when performing upper limb movement, indicating abnormally increased cognitive effort and planning in individuals with stroke. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) work reveals changes in ipsilesional and contralesional cortical excitability in the sensorimotor cortices. The severity of motor deficits indexed using TMS has been linked to the magnitude of activity imbalance between the sensorimotor cortices. In this paper, we will provide a narrative review of data from studies utilizing DTI, MRS, fMRI, EEG, and brain stimulation techniques focusing on TMS and its combination with uni- and multimodal neuroimaging methods to assess recovery after stroke. Approaches that delineate the best measures with which to predict or positively alter outcomes will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Auriat
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jason L Neva
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Sue Peters
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jennifer K Ferris
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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SATO E, YAMANISHI T, IMAI Y, KOBAYASHI M, SAKAMOTO T, ONO Y, FUJII A, YAMAGUCHI T, NAKAMURA T, UEDA Y. High-Frequency Continuous Pulsed Magnetic Stimulation Does Not Adversely Affect Development on Whole Body Organs in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2015; 9:102-106. [DOI: 10.1111/luts.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi SATO
- Department of Pathology; Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Tomonori YAMANISHI
- Department of Urology; Continence Center, Dokkyo Medical University; Tochigi Japan
| | - Yasuo IMAI
- Department of Pathology; Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Masashi KOBAYASHI
- Department of Pathology; Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Taku SAKAMOTO
- Department of Pathology; Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Yuko ONO
- Department of Pathology; Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Akiko FUJII
- Department of Pathology; Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Takehiko YAMAGUCHI
- Department of Pathology; Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Tsukasa NAKAMURA
- Department of Pathology; Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Yoshihiko UEDA
- Department of Pathology; Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University; Saitama Japan
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Frequency-dependent effects of contralateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on penicillin-induced seizures. Brain Res 2014; 1581:103-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Low-frequency (1Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) reverses Aβ1–42-mediated memory deficits in rats. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:786-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kirton A. Can noninvasive brain stimulation measure and modulate developmental plasticity to improve function in stroke-induced cerebral palsy? Semin Pediatr Neurol 2013; 20:116-26. [PMID: 23948686 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The permanent nature of motor deficits is a consistent cornerstone of cerebral palsy definitions. Such pessimism is disheartening to children, families, and researchers alike and may no longer be appropriate for it ignores the fantastic plastic potential of the developing brain. Perinatal stroke is presented as the ideal human model of developmental neuroplasticity following distinct, well-defined, focal perinatal brain injury. Elegant animal models are merging with human applied technology methods, including noninvasive brain stimulation for increasingly sophisticated models of plastic motor development following perinatal stroke. In this article, how potential central therapeutic targets are identified and potentially modulated to enhance motor function within these models is discussed. Also, future directions and emerging clinical trials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kirton
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Kirton A. Modeling developmental plasticity after perinatal stroke: defining central therapeutic targets in cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurol 2013; 48:81-94. [PMID: 23337000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal stroke is presented as the ideal human model of developmental neuroplasticity. The precise timing, mechanisms, and locations of specific perinatal stroke diseases provide common examples of well defined, focal, perinatal brain injuries. Motor disability (hemiparetic cerebral palsy) constitutes the primary adverse outcome and the focus of models explaining how motor systems develop in health and after early injury. Combining basic science animal work with human applied technology (functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and transcranial magnetic stimulation), a model of plastic motor development after perinatal stroke is presented. Potential central therapeutic targets are revealed. The means to measure and modulate these targets, including evidence-based rehabilitation therapies and noninvasive brain stimulation, are suggested. Implications for clinical trials and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kirton
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neurostimulation and neuromodulation technique that has provided over two decades of data in focal, non-invasive brain stimulation based on the principles of electromagnetic induction. Its minimal risk, excellent tolerability and increasingly sophisticated ability to interrogate neurophysiology and plasticity make it an enviable technology for use in pediatric research with future extension into therapeutic trials. While adult trials show promise in using TMS as a novel, non-invasive, non-pharmacologic diagnostic and therapeutic tool in a variety of nervous system disorders, its use in children is only just emerging. TMS represents an exciting advancement to better understand and improve outcomes from disorders of the developing brain.
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Vahabzadeh-Hagh AM, Muller PA, Gersner R, Zangen A, Rotenberg A. Translational neuromodulation: approximating human transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols in rats. Neuromodulation 2012; 15:296-305. [PMID: 22780329 PMCID: PMC5764706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a well-established clinical protocol with numerous potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Yet, much work remains in the elucidation of TMS mechanisms, optimization of protocols, and in development of novel therapeutic applications. As with many technologies, the key to these issues lies in the proper experimentation and translation of TMS methods to animal models, among which rat models have proven popular. A significant increase in the number of rat TMS publications has necessitated analysis of their relevance to human work. We therefore review the essential principles for the approximation of human TMS protocols in rats as well as specific methods that addressed these issues in published studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed an English language literature search combined with our own experience and data. We address issues that we see as important in the translation of human TMS methods to rat models and provide a summary of key accomplishments in these areas. RESULTS An extensive literature review illustrated the growth of rodent TMS studies in recent years. Current advances in the translation of single, paired-pulse, and repetitive stimulation paradigms to rodent models are presented. The importance of TMS in the generation of data for preclinical trials is also highlighted. CONCLUSIONS Rat TMS has several limitations when considering parallels between animal and human stimulation. However, it has proven to be a useful tool in the field of translational brain stimulation and will likely continue to aid in the design and implementation of stimulation protocols for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Vahabzadeh-Hagh
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul A. Muller
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Roman Gersner
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Abraham Zangen
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Valero-Cabre A, Wattiez N, Monfort M, François C, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Gaymard B, Pouget P. Frontal non-invasive neurostimulation modulates antisaccade preparation in non-human primates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38674. [PMID: 22701691 PMCID: PMC3368878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of oculometric measurements, invasive electrophysiological recordings and microstimulation have proven instrumental to study the role of the Frontal Eye Field (FEF) in saccadic activity. We hereby gauged the ability of a non-invasive neurostimulation technology, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), to causally interfere with frontal activity in two macaque rhesus monkeys trained to perform a saccadic antisaccade task. We show that online single pulse TMS significantly modulated antisaccade latencies. Such effects proved dependent on TMS site (effects on FEF but not on an actively stimulated control site), TMS modality (present under active but not sham TMS on the FEF area), TMS intensity (intensities of at least 40% of the TMS machine maximal output required), TMS timing (more robust for pulses delivered at 150 ms than at 100 post target onset) and visual hemifield (relative latency decreases mainly for ipsilateral AS). Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using TMS to causally modulate antisaccade-associated computations in the non-human primate brain and support the use of this approach in monkeys to study brain function and its non-invasive neuromodulation for exploratory and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Valero-Cabre
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, Institut du Cerveau et la Möelle (ICM), Paris, France
- Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics Plasticity and Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Information Technology Research Program, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (PP); (AVC)
| | - Nicolas Wattiez
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, Institut du Cerveau et la Möelle (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Morgane Monfort
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, Institut du Cerveau et la Möelle (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Chantal François
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, Institut du Cerveau et la Möelle (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Sophie Rivaud-Péchoux
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, Institut du Cerveau et la Möelle (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Gaymard
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, Institut du Cerveau et la Möelle (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, Institut du Cerveau et la Möelle (ICM), Paris, France
- * E-mail: (PP); (AVC)
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Short-term low intensity PMF does not improve functional or histological outcomes in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2012; 1458:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lefaucheur JP, André-Obadia N, Poulet E, Devanne H, Haffen E, Londero A, Cretin B, Leroi AM, Radtchenko A, Saba G, Thai-Van H, Litré CF, Vercueil L, Bouhassira D, Ayache SS, Farhat WH, Zouari HG, Mylius V, Nicolier M, Garcia-Larrea L. [French guidelines on the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): safety and therapeutic indications]. Neurophysiol Clin 2011; 41:221-95. [PMID: 22153574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2011.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, a large amount of work on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been performed, including the development of new paradigms of stimulation, the integration of imaging data, and the coupling of TMS techniques with electroencephalography or neuroimaging. These accumulating data being difficult to synthesize, several French scientific societies commissioned a group of experts to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on TMS. This text contains all the consensual findings of the expert group on the mechanisms of action, safety rules and indications of TMS, including repetitive TMS (rTMS). TMS sessions have been conducted in thousands of healthy subjects or patients with various neurological or psychiatric diseases, allowing a better assessment of risks associated with this technique. The number of reported side effects is extremely low, the most serious complication being the occurrence of seizures. In most reported seizures, the stimulation parameters did not follow the previously published recommendations (Wassermann, 1998) [430] and rTMS was associated to medication that could lower the seizure threshold. Recommendations on the safe use of TMS / rTMS were recently updated (Rossi et al., 2009) [348], establishing new limits for stimulation parameters and fixing the contraindications. The recommendations we propose regarding safety are largely based on this previous report with some modifications. By contrast, the issue of therapeutic indications of rTMS has never been addressed before, the present work being the first attempt of a synthesis and expert consensus on this topic. The use of TMS/rTMS is discussed in the context of chronic pain, movement disorders, stroke, epilepsy, tinnitus and psychiatric disorders. There is already a sufficient level of evidence of published data to retain a therapeutic indication of rTMS in clinical practice (grade A) in chronic neuropathic pain, major depressive episodes, and auditory hallucinations. The number of therapeutic indications of rTMS is expected to increase in coming years, in parallel with the optimisation of stimulation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Lefaucheur
- EA 4391, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Est-Créteil, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
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Règles de sécurité concernant la pratique de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne en clinique et en recherche. Texte de consensus. Neurophysiol Clin 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Sato E, Ueda Y, Imai Y, Suda S, Nakamura T, Yamanishi T, Shinoda M. Pulsed magnetic stimulation with a high-frequency continuous magnetic stimulator (SMN-X) does not exert an adverse effect on genital organs and the estrous cycle in female Iar:Wistar-Imamichi rats. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30:1675-80. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.21126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dodick DW, Schembri CT, Helmuth M, Aurora SK. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Migraine: A Safety Review. Headache 2010; 50:1153-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hao Y, Yang X, Chen C, Yuan-Wang, Wang X, Li M, Yu Z. STAT3 signalling pathway is involved in the activation of microglia induced by 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:27-36. [PMID: 20070213 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903264507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microglia activation plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of central nervous system (CNS) insult. The aim of the present work was to investigate the activation of microglia and involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in microglia activation after 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, murine N9 microglial cells were exposed to 2.45 GHz EMF, the protein expressions of STAT3, Janus Tyrosine kinase 1 and 2(JAK1 and JAK2), phosphor-(Try705)STAT3 and DNA binding activity of STAT3 were examined by Western blot analysis and electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). Levels of the nitric oxide (NO) derivative nitrite were determined in the culture medium by the Griess reaction. The mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were detected by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS A significant increase of STAT3 DNA-binding ability was noted after exposure. Consistent with this, EMF rapidly induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and activated JAK1 and JAK2. In addition, EMF exposure increased transcription levels of the inflammation-associated genes, iNOS and TNF-alpha, which are reported to contain STAT-binding elements in their promoter region. P6, a JAK inhibitor, reduced induction of iNOS and TNF-alpha, nuclear factor binding activity, and activation of STAT3 in EMF-stimulated microglia. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that EMF exposure can initiate the activation of microglia cells and STAT3 signalling involves in EMF-induced microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Hao
- Key laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic radiation Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Rotenberg A, Muller PA, Vahabzadeh-Hagh AM, Navarro X, López-Vales R, Pascual-Leone A, Jensen F. Lateralization of forelimb motor evoked potentials by transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:104-8. [PMID: 19900839 PMCID: PMC2818443 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To approximate methods for human transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in rats, we tested whether lateralized cortical stimulation resulting in selective activation of one forelimb contralateral to the site of stimulation could be achieved by TMS in the rat. METHODS Motor evoked potentials (MEP) were recorded from the brachioradialis muscle bilaterally in adult male anesthetized rats (n=13). A figure-of-eight TMS coil was positioned lateral to midline. TMS intensity was increased stepwise from subthreshold intensities to maximal machine output in order to generate input-output curves and to determine the motor threshold (MT) for brachioradialis activation. RESULTS In 100% of the animals, selective activation of the contralateral brachioradialis, in the absence of ipsilateral brachioradialis activation was achieved, and the ipsilateral brachioradialis was activated only at TMS intensities exceeding contralateral forelimb MT. With increasing TMS intensity, the amplitudes of both the ipsilateral and contralateral signals increased in proportion to TMS strength. However, the input-output curves for the contralateral and ipsilateral brachioradialis were significantly different (p<0.001) such that amplitude of the ipsilateral MEP was reliably lower than the contralateral signal. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that lateralized TMS leading to asymmetric brachioradialis activation is feasible with conventional TMS equipment in anesthetized rats. SIGNIFICANCE These data show that TMS can be used to assess the unilateral excitability of the forelimb descending motor pathway in the rat, and suggest that rat TMS protocols analogous to human TMS may be applied in future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:2008-2039. [PMID: 19833552 PMCID: PMC3260536 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3619] [Impact Index Per Article: 241.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article is based on a consensus conference, which took place in Certosa di Pontignano, Siena (Italy) on March 7-9, 2008, intended to update the previous safety guidelines for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical settings. Over the past decade the scientific and medical community has had the opportunity to evaluate the safety record of research studies and clinical applications of TMS and repetitive TMS (rTMS). In these years the number of applications of conventional TMS has grown impressively, new paradigms of stimulation have been developed (e.g., patterned repetitive TMS) and technical advances have led to new device designs and to the real-time integration of TMS with electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Thousands of healthy subjects and patients with various neurological and psychiatric diseases have undergone TMS allowing a better assessment of relative risks. The occurrence of seizures (i.e., the most serious TMS-related acute adverse effect) has been extremely rare, with most of the few new cases receiving rTMS exceeding previous guidelines, often in patients under treatment with drugs which potentially lower the seizure threshold. The present updated guidelines review issues of risk and safety of conventional TMS protocols, address the undesired effects and risks of emerging TMS interventions, the applications of TMS in patients with implanted electrodes in the central nervous system, and safety aspects of TMS in neuroimaging environments. We cover recommended limits of stimulation parameters and other important precautions, monitoring of subjects, expertise of the rTMS team, and ethical issues. While all the recommendations here are expert based, they utilize published data to the extent possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rossi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione Neurologia, Università di Siena, Italy.
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Paolo M Rossini
- Università Campus Biomedico, Roma, Italy; Casa di Cura S. Raffaele, Cassino, Italy
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Prospects for Clinical Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Real-Time EEG in Epilepsy. Brain Topogr 2009; 22:257-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-009-0116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Priori A, Hallett M, Rothwell JC. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation? Brain Stimul 2009; 2:241-5. [PMID: 20633424 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Alagona G, Coco M, Rapisarda G, Costanzo E, Maci T, Restivo D, Maugeri A, Perciavalle V. Changes of blood lactate levels after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2008; 450:111-3. [PMID: 19084051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to study whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the motor cortex could induce modification of peripheral blood lactate values. Nineteen young healthy volunteers were included; during the study, all subjects were at rest, sitting on a comfortable armchair. The muscular activation was evaluated by continuous electromyographic record. TMS was performed by using a circular coil at the vertex. Resting motor threshold (rMT) was defined as the lowest TMS intensity able to induce motor responses of an amplitude >50 microV in the relaxed contralateral target muscle in approximately 50% of 20 consecutive stimuli. Venous blood lactate values were measured before, immediately after and 10 min after a single session of low frequencies (1Hz for 15 min) rTMS (LF rTMS) or high frequency (20 Hz for 15 min) rTMS (HF rTMS). As expected, LF rTMS induced a decrease of motor cortex excitability, whereas HF rTMS evoked an increase of motor cortex excitability. However, in the present investigation we observed that both conditions are associated to a significant increase of blood lactate. Since in our experimental conditions we can exclude a muscular production of lactate, the significant increment of peripheral blood lactate values, observed 10 min after the end of the rTMS session, is probably due to the crossing by brain-produced lactate of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Alagona
- Unità Operativa di Neurologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Cannizzaro, Catania, Italy
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Rotenberg A, Muller P, Birnbaum D, Harrington M, Riviello JJ, Pascual-Leone A, Jensen FE. Seizure suppression by EEG-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the rat. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:2697-702. [PMID: 18977170 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the anticonvulsive potential of a range of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) frequencies by novel methods for simultaneous EEG and rTMS in a rat seizure model. METHODS Seizures were triggered by intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA; 10mg/kg). Rats (n=21) were divided into three groups in which individual seizures were treated with rTMS trains at one of three frequencies: 0.25, 0.5 or 0.75 Hz. EEG was continuously viewed by an operator who identified each seizure onset. Consecutive seizures in each animal were (1) treated with active rTMS, (2) treated with sham rTMS, or (3) were untreated. EEG was re-analyzed post hoc by visual inspection, and seizure durations were compared within and between treatment groups. RESULTS KA-induced seizures were abbreviated by 0.75 Hz (P=0.019) and 0.5 Hz (P=0.033) active EEG-guided rTMS. In contrast, neither active 0.25 Hz rTMS nor the control conditions affected seizure duration (P>0.2). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that EEG-guided rTMS can suppress seizures in the rat KA epilepsy model, and that the effect is frequency dependent, with 0.75 and 0.5 Hz rTMS being superior to 0.25 Hz rTMS. SIGNIFICANCE These data support the use of rat seizure models in translational research aimed at evaluation and development of effective rTMS anticonvulsive protocols. We also offer a proof of principle that real-time analysis of EEG can be used to guide rTMS to suppress individual seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue Fegan 9, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a remarkable tool for neuroscience research, with a multitude of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Surprisingly, application of the same magnetic stimulation directly to neurons that are dissected from the brain and grown in vitro was not reported to activate them to date. Here we report that central nervous system neurons patterned on large enough one-dimensional rings can be magnetically stimulated in vitro. In contrast, two-dimensional cultures with comparable size do not respond to excitation. This happens because the one-dimensional pattern enforces an ordering of the axons along the ring, which is designed to follow the lines of the magnetically induced electric field. A small group of sensitive (i.e., initiating) neurons respond even when the network is disconnected, and are presumed to excite the entire network when it is connected. This implies that morphological and electrophysiological properties of single neurons are crucial for magnetic stimulation. We conjecture that the existence of a select group of neurons with higher sensitivity may occur in the brain in vivo as well, with consequences for transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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de Sauvage RC, Lagroye I, Billaudel B, Veyret B. Evaluation of the potential genotoxic effects of rTMS on the rat brain and current density mapping. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:482-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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May A, Hajak G, Gänssbauer S, Steffens T, Langguth B, Kleinjung T, Eichhammer P. Structural Brain Alterations following 5 Days of Intervention: Dynamic Aspects of Neuroplasticity. Cereb Cortex 2006; 17:205-10. [PMID: 16481564 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhj138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-dependent brain plasticity in humans on a structural level has been demonstrated in adults after 3 months of training a visio-motor skill. The exact timescale of usage-dependent structural changes, whether days, months, or years, is, however, still debated. A better understanding of the temporal parameters may help elucidate to what extent this type of cortical plasticity contributes to fast adapting cortical processes that may be relevant to learning and effects of treatments. Using voxel-based morphometry, we are able to show that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the superior temporal cortex causes macroscopic cortical changes in gray matter (GM) in the auditory cortex as early as within 5 days of continuous intervention. These structural alterations are mirrored by changes in cortical evoked potentials attributed to the GM changes and demonstrate the rapid dynamics of these processes, which occur within a time range characteristic for the onset of behavioral effects induced by a variety of treatment methods for neuropsychiatric diseases. Our finding suggests that cortical plasticity on a structural level in adult humans is already detectable after 1 week, which provides support for fast adjusting neuronal systems, such as spine and synapse turnover, and contradicts slow evolving mechanisms, such as neuronal or glial cell genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A May
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University of Hamburg, Martinist. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Huang CC, Su TP, Shan IK, Wei IH. Effect of 5 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognition during a Go/NoGo task. J Psychiatr Res 2004; 38:513-20. [PMID: 15380402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been developed as a novel tool for modulating cognition by delivering stimulation in the brain. However, the effects of rTMS on cognition are still controversial. This randomized, sham-controlled, crossover study was designed to determine whether rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) interferes with the Go/NoGo task and whether personal parameters such as age affect rTMS. A total of 24 healthy subjects (12 male and 12 female, aged 20-37 years) underwent one session of active rTMS followed by sham rTMS (total of 1600 pulses, 100% of motor threshold, 5 Hz, 8 s), or vice versa. The results did not show any differences between active and sham rTMS stimulation in terms of performance accuracy, response speed, or choice reaction time (cRT) implicating that short-term rTMS will not enhance or deteriorate cognition. However, percentage cRT shortening induced by active rTMS was negatively correlated with age (r = -0.57, P = 0.005), whereas that induced by sham rTMS was not (r = -0.23, P > 0.05), suggesting that cognition of younger subjects might have greater modulation by active stimulation than older ones. This finding may help explain some of the controversies or paradoxical results observed in studies of the effect of left DLPFC rTMS on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, No. 201, Sec 2, Shih-Pai Rd, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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