Identifying priority areas for conservation: using ecosystem services hotspot mapping for land-use/land-cover planning in central of Iran

The modeling and mapping of hotspots and coldspots ecosystem services (ESs) is an essential factor in the decision-making process for ESs conservation. Moreover, spatial prioritization is a serious stage in conservation planning. In the present research, based on the InVEST software, Getis-Ord statistics (Gi*), and a set of GIS methods, we quantified and mapped the variation and overlapping among three ESs (carbon storage, soil retention, and habitat quality). Furthermore, an approach was proffered for detecting priority areas to protect multiple ecosystem services. Hotspots recognized via the Gi* statistics technique contain a higher capacity for supplying ESs than other areas. This means that protecting these areas with a bigger number of overlapped hotspots can provide more services. Results indicated that population growth accompanied by the increase in construction sites and low-yield agricultural lands in the Zayanderood dam watershed basin has resulted in ES losses. This situation is represented by increasing soil erosion, reduced carbon storage, reduced biodiversity, and fragmented habitat distribution due to land-use change. The statistically significant carbon storage, soil retention, and habitat quality hotspots with above 95% confidence level account for 21.5%, 39.3%, and 16.9% of the study area, respectively. Therefore, a clear framework was presented in this study for setting ES-based conservation priority. Decision makers and land-use planners can also combine this technique into their framework to identify and conserve ES hotspots to support their targeted ecosystem policies.

A mechanistic simulation of induced DNA damage in a bacterial cell by X- and gamma rays: a parameter study

Mechanistic Monte Carlo simulations calculating DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation are highly dependent on the simulation parameters. In the present study, using the Geant4-DNA toolkit, the impact of different parameters on DNA damage induced in a bacterial cell by X- and gamma-ray irradiation was investigated. Three geometry configurations, including the simple (without DNA details), the random (a random multiplication of identical DNA segments), and the fractal (a regular replication of DNA segments using fractal Hilbert curves), were simulated. Also, three physics constructors implemented in Geant4-DNA, i.e., G4EmDNAPhysics_option2, G4EmDNAPhysics_option4, and G4EmDNAPhysics_option6, with two energy thresholds of 17.5 eV and 5-37.5 eV were compared for direct DNA damage calculations. Finally, a previously developed mathematical model of cell repair called MEDRAS (Mechanistic DNA Repair and Survival) was employed to compare the impact of physics constructors on the cell survival curve. The simple geometry leads to undesirable results compared to the random and fractal ones, highlighting the importance of simulating complex DNA structures in mechanistic simulation studies. Under the same conditions, the DNA damage calculated in the fractal geometry was more consistent with the experimental data. All physics constructors can be used alternatively with the fractal geometry, provided that an energy threshold of 17.5 eV is considered for recording direct DNA damage. All physics constructors represent a similar behavior in generating cell survival curves, although the slopes of the curves are different. Since the inverse of the slope of a bacterial cell survival curve (i.e., the D10-value) is highly sensitive to the simulation parameters, it is not logical to determine an optimal set of parameters for calculating the D10-value by Monte Carlo simulation.

Retraction: High-performance sono/nano-catalytic system: CTSN/Fe3O4-Cu nanocomposite, a promising heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of N-arylimidazoles

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1039/C9RA08062G.].

A Non-Apoptotic Pattern of Caspase-9/Caspase-3 Activation During Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes

In vitro studies have demonstrated that the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into cardiomyocytes requires activation of caspases through the mitochondrial pathway. These studies have relied on synthetic substrates for activity measurements, which can be misleading due to potential none-specific hydrolysis of these substrates by proteases other than caspases. Hence, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation are investigated during the differentiation of human ESCs (hESCs) by directly assessing caspase-9 and -3 cleavage. Western blot reveals the presence of the cleaved caspase-9 prior to and during the differentiation of human ESCs (hESCs) into cardiomyocytes at early stages, which diminishes as the differentiation progresses, without cleavage and activation of endogenous procaspase-3. Activation of exogenous procaspase-3 by endogenous caspase-9 and subsequent cleavage of chromogenic caspase-3 substrate i.e. DEVD-pNA during the course of differentiation confirmes that endogenous caspase-9 has the potency to recognize and activate procaspase-3, but for reasons that are unknown to us fails to do so. These observations suggest the existence of distinct mechanisms of caspase regulation in differentiation as compared to apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis suggests the presence of caspase-9 regulators, which may influence proteolytic function under specific conditions.

Impacts of spatio-temporal change of landscape patterns on habitat quality across Zayanderud Dam watershed in central Iran

The biodiversity of an ecosystem is greatly influenced by the spatio-temporal pattern of the landscape. Understanding how landscape type affects habitat quality (HQ) is important for maintaining environmental and ecological sustainability, preserving biodiversity, and guaranteeing ecological health. This research examined the relationship between the HQ and landscape pattern. The study presented an interpretation of the biodiversity variation associated with the landscape pattern in the Zayanderud Dam watershed area by integrating the Land Change Modeler and the InVEST model. Landsat images and maximum likelihood classification were used to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of the landscape pattern in 1991 and 2021. The future landscape pattern in 2051 was simulated using a Land Change Modeler. Subsequently, the InVEST model and the landscape maps were used to identify the spatial distribution of HQ and its changes over three periods. The mean values of the HQ in the study area were 0.601, 0.489, and 0.391, respectively, demonstrating a decreasing trend. The effect of landscape pattern change on HQ was also assessed based on landscape metrics, including PD, NP, SHDI, and CONTAG. HQ had a significant positive correlation with the CONTAG parameter (R = 0.78). Additionally, it had a significant inverse correlation with NP (R = - 0.83), PD (R = - 0.61), and SHDI (R = - 0.42). The results showed that the habitats in the northern region had lower quality compared to those in the southern parts of the Zayanderud Dam watershed. The density, diversity, and connectivity of landscape patches significantly influence the HQ in the study area. This research has the potential to enhance understanding of the impacts of land change patterns on biodiversity and establish a scientific basis for the conservation of natural habitats. Additionally, it can facilitate efficient decision-making and planning related to biodiversity conservation and landscape management.

Photobiomodulation therapy in improvement of harmful neural plasticity in sodium salicylate-induced tinnitus

Tinnitus is a common annoying symptom without effective and accepted treatment. In this controlled experimental study, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), which uses light to modulate and repair target tissue, was used to treat sodium salicylate (SS)-induced tinnitus in a rat animal model. Here, PBMT was performed simultaneously on the peripheral and central regions involved in tinnitus. The results were evaluated using objective tests including gap pre-pulse inhibition of acoustic startle (GPIAS), auditory brainstem response (ABR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Harmful neural plasticity induced by tinnitus was detected by doublecortin (DCX) protein expression, a known marker of neural plasticity. PBMT parameters were 808 nm wavelength, 165 mW/cm2 power density, and 99 J/cm2 energy density. In the tinnitus group, the mean gap in noise (GIN) value of GPIAS test was significantly decreased indicated the occurrence of an additional perceived sound like tinnitus and also the mean ABR threshold and brainstem transmission time (BTT) were significantly increased. In addition, a significant increase in DCX expression in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), dentate gyrus (DG) and the parafloccular lobe (PFL) of cerebellum was observed in the tinnitus group. In PBMT group, a significant increase in the GIN value, a significant decrease in the ABR threshold and BTT, and also significant reduction of DCX expression in the DG were observed. Based on our findings, PBMT has the potential to be used in the management of SS-induced tinnitus.

Experimental study on a solar-powered cogeneration system for freshwater and electricity production

In this study, a photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) collector and a stepped solar still system were constructed and integrated. The PVT collector was used to improve the performance of a stepped solar still device. Saltwater enters into the PV-T system and the temperature of the solar panel declines, and then ultimately the efficiency of the PV-T collector increases. After leaving the PVT collector, the temperature of the saltwater increased and was used as a pre-heater for further evaporation in the solar still, which ultimately caused an increase in its efficiency. The more tremendous temperature difference generated between the stepped surface and the glass increases efficiency and produces more freshwater. A flow rate of 7.5 L/hour of saline water was used to study the efficiency of the solar still device and the PVT collector. The value of productivity of solar still system with photovoltaic/thermal collector was 0.76 kg/m2 more than that of conventional solar still. Despite the PVT collector, the daily efficiency of the solar still system increased to 34.8%, which shows an increase of 13.9% compared to the passive solar still device. Also, by cooling the PV-T system, the average electrical efficiency has increased from 13.1 to 13.7%. Production power reached 72.46 W from 65.96 W in two consecutive days at 11:15.

EZ-CDM: Fast, simple, robust, and accurate estimation of circular diffusion model parameters

The investigation of cognitive processes that form the basis of decision-making in paradigms involving continuous outcomes has gained the interest of modeling researchers who aim to develop a dynamic decision theory that accounts for both speed and accuracy. One of the most important of these continuous models is the circular diffusion model (CDM, Smith. Psychological Review, 123(4), 425. 2016), which posits a noisy accumulation process mathematically described as a stochastic two-dimensional Wiener process inside a disk. Despite the considerable benefits of this model, its mathematical intricacy has limited its utilization among scholars. Here, we propose a straightforward and user-friendly method for estimating the CDM parameters and fitting the model to continuous-scale data using simple formulas that can be readily computed and do not require theoretical knowledge of model fitting or extensive programming. Notwithstanding its simplicity, we demonstrate that the aforementioned method performs with a level of accuracy that is comparable to that of the maximum likelihood estimation method. Furthermore, a robust version of the method is presented, which maintains its simplicity while exhibiting a high degree of resistance to contaminant responses. Additionally, we show that the approach is capable of reliably measuring the key parameters of the CDM, even when these values are subject to across-trial variability. Finally, we demonstrate the practical application of the method on experimental data. Specifically, an illustrative example is presented wherein the method is employed along with estimating the probability of guessing. It is hoped that the straightforward methodology presented here will, on the one hand, help narrow the divide between theoretical constructs and empirical observations on continuous response tasks and, on the other hand, inspire cognitive psychology researchers to shift their laboratory investigations towards continuous response paradigms.

Reversing valproic acid-induced autism-like behaviors through a combination of low-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neurostimulation device used to modulate brain cortex activity. Our objective was to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of low-frequency repeated TMS (LF-rTMS) in a rat model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) induced by prenatal valproic acid (VPA) exposure through the injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). For the induction of ASD, we administered prenatal VPA (600 mg/kg, I.P.) on the 12.5th day of pregnancy. At postnatal day 30, SPIONs were injected directly into the lateral ventricle of the brain. Subsequently, LF-rTMS treatment was applied for 14 consecutive days. Following the treatment period, behavioral analyses were conducted. At postnatal day 60, brain tissue was extracted, and both biochemical and histological analyses were performed. Our data revealed that prenatal VPA exposure led to behavioral alterations, including changes in social interactions, increased anxiety, and repetitive behavior, along with dysfunction in stress coping strategies. Additionally, we observed reduced levels of SYN, MAP2, and BDNF. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in dendritic spine density in the hippocampal CA1 area. However, LF-rTMS treatment combined with SPIONs successfully reversed these dysfunctions at the behavioral, biochemical, and histological levels, introducing a successful approach for the treatment of ASD.

Machine learning-enhanced drug testing for simultaneous morphine and methadone detection in urinary biofluids

The simultaneous identification of drugs has considerable difficulties due to the intricate interplay of analytes and the interference present in biological matrices. In this study, we introduce an innovative electrochemical sensor that overcomes these hurdles, enabling the precise and simultaneous determination of morphine (MOR), methadone (MET), and uric acid (UA) in urine samples. The sensor harnesses the strategically adapted carbon nanotubes (CNT) modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets to ensure exceptional precision and sensitivity for the targeted analytes. Through systematic optimization of pivotal parameters, we attained accurate and quantitative measurements of the analytes within intricate matrices employing the fast Fourier transform (FFT) voltammetry technique. The sensor's performance was validated using 17 training and 12 test solutions, employing the widely acclaimed machine learning method, partial least squares (PLS), for predictive modeling. The root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) values for morphine, methadone, and uric acid were significantly low, measuring 0.1827 µM, 0.1951 µM, and 0.1584 µM, respectively, with corresponding root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 0.1925 µM, 0.2035 µM, and 0.1659 µM. These results showcased the robust resiliency and reliability of our predictive model. Our sensor's efficacy in real urine samples was demonstrated by the narrow range of relative standard deviation (RSD) values, ranging from 3.71 to 5.26%, and recovery percentages from 96 to 106%. This performance underscores the potential of the sensor for practical and clinical applications, offering precise measurements even in complex and variable biological matrices. The successful integration of g-C3N4-CNT nanocomposites and the robust PLS method has driven the evolution of sophisticated electrochemical sensors, initiating a transformative era in drug analysis.

The impact of hUC MSC-derived exosome-nanoliposome hybrids on α-synuclein fibrillation and neurotoxicity

Amyloid aggregation of α-synuclein (αSN) protein amplifies the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Consequently, blocking aggregation or redirecting self-assembly to less toxic aggregates could be therapeutic. Here, we improve brain-specific nanocarriers using a hybrid of exosomes (Ex) from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC MSCs) and nanoliposomes containing baicalein (Ex-NLP-Ba) and oleuropein (Ex-NLP-Ole). The hybrids contained both lipid membranes, Ex proteins, and baicalein or oleuropein. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis confirmed their proper integration. The hybrids reduced the extent of αSN fibrillation and interfered with secondary nucleation and disaggregation. They not only reduced αSN pathogenicity but also enhanced drug internalization into cells, surpassing the efficacy of NLP alone, and also crossed the blood-brain barrier in a cellular model. We conclude that Ex can be successfully extracted and efficiently merged with NLPs while retaining its original properties, demonstrating great potential as a theranostic drug delivery vehicle against NDs like PD.

Neuroprotective Therapeutic Potential of microRNA-149-5p against Murine Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke resulting from blockade of brain vessels lacks effective treatments, prompting exploration for potential therapies. Among promising candidates, microRNA-149 (miR-149) has been investigated for its role in alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurodegeneration associated with ischemic conditions. To evaluate its therapeutic effect, male Wistar rats were categorized into five groups, each consisting of 27 rats: sham, MCAO, lentiviral control, lentiviral miR-149, and miR149-5p mimic. Treatments were microinjected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) (right side), and ischemia was induced using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) procedure. Post-MCAO, neurological function, histopathological changes, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, cerebral edema, and mRNA levels of Fas ligand (Faslg) and glutamate ionotropic NMDA receptor 1 (GRIN1) were assessed, alongside biochemical assays. MiR-149 administration improved neurological function, reduced brain damage, preserved BBB integrity, and attenuated cerebral edema. Upregulation of miR149-5p decreased Faslg and GRIN1 expression in ischemic brain regions. MiR-149 also reduced oxidative stress, enhanced antioxidant activity, decreased caspase-1 and - 3 activity, and modulated inflammatory factors in ischemic brain regions. Moreover, DNA fragmentation as an index of cell death decreased following miR-149 treatment. In conclusion, the study underscores miR-149 potential as a neuroprotective agent against ischemic stroke, showcasing its efficacy in modulating various mechanisms and supporting its candidacy as a promising therapeutic target for innovative strategies in stroke treatment.

Natural resistance to cancer: A window of hope

As healthcare systems are improving and thereby the life expectancy of human populations is increasing, cancer is representing itself as the second leading cause of death. Although cancer biologists have put enormous effort on cancer research so far, we still have a long way to go before being able to treat cancers efficiently. One interesting approach in cancer biology is to learn from natural resistance and/or predisposition to cancer. Cancer-resistant species and tissues are thought-provoking models whose study shed light on the inherent cancer resistance mechanisms that arose during the course of evolution. On the other hand, there are some syndromes and factors that increase the risk of cancer development, and revealing their underlying mechanisms will increase our knowledge about the process of cancer formation. Here, we review natural resistance and predisposition to cancer and the known mechanisms at play. Further insights from these natural phenomena will help design future cancer research and could ultimately lead to the development of novel cancer therapeutic strategies.

Green synthesis of nanomaterials by using plant extracts as reducing and capping agents

An alternative method to conventional synthesis is examined in this review by the use of plant extracts as reducing and capping agents. The use of plant extracts represents an economically viable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional synthesis. In contrast to previous reviews, this review focuses on the synthesis of nano-compounds utilizing plant extracts, which lack comprehensive reports. In order to synthesize diverse nanostructures, researchers have discovered a sustainable and cost-effective method of harnessing functional groups in plant extracts. Each plant extract is discussed in detail, along with its potential applications, demonstrating the remarkable morphological diversity achieved by using these green synthesis approaches. A reduction and capping agent made from plant extracts is aligned with the principles of green chemistry and offers economic advantages as well as paving the way for industrial applications. In this review, it is discussed the significance of using plant extracts to synthesize nano-compounds, emphasizing their potential to shape the future of nanomaterials in a sustainable and ecologically friendly manner.

Combined toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and lead on Chlorella vulgaris growth, membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity, and morphological alterations

In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the utilization of amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH2). This surge in usage can be attributed to their exceptional characteristics, including a substantial specific surface area, high energy, and strong reactivity. These properties make them highly suitable for a wide range of industrial and medical applications. Nevertheless, there is a growing apprehension regarding their potential toxicity to aquatic organisms, particularly when considering the potential impact of heavy metals like lead (Pb) on the toxicity of PS-NH2. Herein, we examined the toxic effects of sole PS-NH2 (90 nm) at five concentrations (e.g., 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/L), as well as the simultaneous exposure of PS-NH2 and Pb2+ (using two environmental concentrations, e.g., 20 μg/L for Pb low (PbL) and 80 μg/L for Pb higher (PbH)) to the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. After a 96-h exposure, significant differences in chlorophyll a content and algal growth (biomass) were observed between the control group and other treatments (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The algae exposed to PS-NH2, PS-NH2 + PbL, and PS-NH2 + PbH treatment groups exhibited dose-dependent toxicity responses to chlorophyll a content and biomass. According to the Abbott toxicity model, the combined toxicity of treatment groups of PS-NH2 and PbL,H showed synergistic effects. The largest morphological changes such as C. vulgaris' size reduction and cellular aggregation were evident in the medium treated with elevated concentrations of both PS-NH2 and Pb2+. The toxicity of the treatment groups followed the sequence PS-NH2 < PS-NH2 + PbL < PS-NH2 + PbH. These results contribute novel insights into co-exposure toxicity to PS-NH2 and Pb2+ in algae communities.

Contribution of Soft Tissue Passive Forces in Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Distraction

Thumb carpometacarpal joint space changes when the surrounding soft tissues including the capsule, ligaments, and tendons are stretched or pulled away. When at rest, joint forces originate from passive contraction of muscles and the involvement of joint capsule and ligaments. Previous biomechanical models of hand and finger joints have mostly focused on the assessment of joint properties when muscles were active. This study aims to present an experimental-numerical biomechanical model of thumb carpometacarpal joint to explore the contribution of tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissues in the passive forces during distraction. Five fresh cadaveric specimens were tested using a distractor device to measure the applied forces upon gradual distraction of the intact joint. The subsequent step involved inserting a minuscule sensor into the joint capsule through a small incision, while preserving the integrity of tendons and ligaments, in order to accurately measure the fundamental intra-articular forces. A numerical model was also used to calculate the passive forces of tendons and ligaments. Before the separation of bones, the forces exerted by tendons and ligaments were relatively small compared to the capsule force, which accounted for approximately 92% of the total applied force. Contribution of tendons and ligaments, however, increased by further distraction. The passive force contribution by tendons at 2-mm distraction was determined less than 11%, whereas it reached up to 74% for the ligaments. The present study demonstrated that the ligament-capsule complex plays significant contribution in passive forces of thumb carpometacarpal joint during distraction.

Recent Advances in Controlled Production of Long-Chain Branched Polyolefins

Polyolefins, composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, dominate global polymer production. This stems from the wide range of physical and mechanical properties that various polyolefins can cover. Their versatile properties are largely tuned by chain microstructure, including molar mass distribution, comonomer content, and long-chain branching (LCB). Specifically, LCB imparts unique characteristics, notably enhances processability crucial for downstream applications. Tailoring LCB structural features has encouraged academic and industrial efforts, chronicle in this review from a chemistry standpoint. While encompassing post-reaction modification based traditional methods like peroxide grafting, ionizing beam irradiation, and coupling reactions, the main focus is given to catalyst-centric strategies and innovative polymerization schemes. The advent of single-site catalysts-metallocenes and late transition metals catalysts-amplifies interest in tailored chemical methods, but the progress in LCB formation flourishes via tandem catalytic systems and bimetallic catalysts under controlled reaction conditions. Specifically, the breakthrough in coordinative chain transfer polymerization unveils a novel avenue for controlled LCB synthesis by sequential chain propagation, transfer, liberation, and enchainment. This short review highlights recent approaches for the production of LCB polyolefins that can provide a roadmap crucial for researchers in academia and industry, steering their efforts toward further advancements in the production of tailored polyolefin.

Early nutritional programming in sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) with dietary soybean meal: Assessment of growth performance, body composition, and expression of GH, IGF-I, and Ghrelin genes

This study was performed to assess the impacts of introducing diets containing different levels of soybean meal (SBM) to sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) larvae on growth performance, body composition, and molecular responses in the juvenile stage. The sterlet larvae (57.68 ± 0.66 mg) were weaned onto the formulated diets as follows: a control diet containing 60% fishmeal (FM), and three experimental diets with replacement levels of 15% (SBM15), 30% (SBM30), and 45% (SBM45) of FM with SBM. Then, a total of 260 fish (initial weight: 323.33 ± 11.76 mg) were fed the four different diets for 28 days in triplicates (phase 1, nutritional programming, NP). All treatments were then fed with the FM diet in phase 2 (common phase), and in phase 3 (challenge phase), all experimental groups (6.14 ± 0.08 g) were transitioned to SBM45 for 28 days. At the end of phases 1 and 2, growth performance showed no significant differences among the groups (P > 0.05), while significantly improved in SBM45 than the control at the end of phase 3 (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found among the groups in any phases for whole body composition (P > 0.05). Additionally, the total saturated fatty acids were significantly higher in SBM-based diets than FM at the end of phase 3 (P < 0.05). The mRNA of GH, IGF-I was significantly affected by variation of FM replacement level (P < 0.05). The expression level of Ghrelin was up-regulated in fish fed SBM at the end of phase 3 (P < 0.05). Our findings revealed that NP can positively enhance the adaptation of juvenile sterlet sturgeon to 45% SBM when exposed to the same diets at the larval stage. Further research is being carried out to provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of digestive performance for this species.

Voltage-controlled two-dimensional Fresnel diffraction pattern in quantum dot molecules

This study explores the influence of inter-dot tunneling effects within a quantum dot molecule on the Fresnel diffraction phenomenon. Our findings indicate that the Fresnel diffraction of the output probe Gaussian field can be manipulated by adjusting the inter-dot tunneling parameter's strength and the characteristics of the coupling field. The inter-dot tunneling effect establishes a closed-loop system, setting conditions for the interference of the applied fields. We specifically examine a Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) coupling field, investigating how its properties-such as strength, value, and sign of the orbital angular momentum (OAM)-impact the Fresnel diffraction of the output probe field. Increasing the inter-dot tunneling parameter and the coupling LG field's strength allows for control over the spatial distribution of the Fresnel diffraction pattern. Notably, the inter-dot tunneling parameter can disturb the symmetry of the diffraction patterns. Additionally, considering a negative OAM for the coupling LG field transforms the diffraction pattern into its inverse shape. This suggests that, in the presence of the inter-dot tunneling effect, the Fresnel diffraction pattern is contingent on the direction of rotation of the helical phase front of the coupling LG field. Our results offer insights into quantum control of Fresnel diffraction patterns and the identification of OAM in LG beams, presenting potential applications in quantum technologies.

Genome-wide analysis of MADS-box transcription factor gene family in wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides)

The members of MADS-box gene family have important roles in regulating the growth and development of plants. MADS-box genes are highly regarded for their potential to enhance grain yield and quality under shifting global conditions. Wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides) is a progenitor of common wheat and harbors valuable traits for wheat improvement. Here, a total of 117 MADS-box genes were identified in the wild emmer wheat genome and classified to 90 MIKCC, 3 MIKC*, and 24 M-type. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling of the emmer wheat MADS-box gene family was presented. Although some MADS-box genes belonging to SOC1, SEP1, AGL17, and FLC groups have been expanded in wild emmer wheat, the number of MIKC-type MADS-box genes per subgenome is similar to that of rice and Arabidopsis. On the other hand, M-type genes of wild emmer wheat is less frequent than that of Arabidopsis. Gene expression patterns over different tissues and developmental stages agreed with the subfamily classification of MADS-box genes and was similar to common wheat and rice, indicating their conserved functionality. Some TdMADS-box genes are also differentially expressed under drought stress. The promoter region of each of the TdMADS-box genes harbored 6 to 48 responsive elements, mainly related to light, however hormone, drought, and low-temperature related cis-acting elements were also present. In conclusion, the results provide detailed information about the MADS-box genes of wild emmer wheat. The present work could be useful in the functional genomics efforts toward breeding for agronomically important traits in T. dicoccoides.

Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of model fuel over Pt-decorated carbon-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

Modification of photocatalysts to improve their adsorption and photocatalytic activity in the oxidative desulfurization of liquid fuels has been reported by many investigators. In this study, Pt-decorated carbon-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal and photo-deposition techniques and were subsequently used in photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in n-heptane as a simulated liquid fuel with methanol as the extracting solvent. Carbon-doped TiO2 was first synthesized by a simple self-doping method. Pt was then loaded by a photo-deposition technique. The synthesized photocatalysts (labeled as YPt-CT where Y is percent Pt loading) were characterized by of X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), N2-physisorption, UV-Vis diffusive reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), and nitrogen sorption measurements. The removal efficiency of DBT was 98% in the presence of 2 g/l of 0.5Pt-CT catalyst under visible-light irradiation (λ > 400 nm), ambient pressure, and reaction temperature of 40°C.

Evaluation of rabbit adipose derived stem cells fate in perfused multilayered silk fibroin composite scaffold for Osteochondral repair

Development of osteochondral tissue engineering approaches using scaffolds seeded with stem cells in association with mechanical stimulations has been recently considered as a promising technique for the repair of this tissue. In this study, an integrated and biomimetic trilayered silk fibroin (SF) scaffold containing SF nanofibers in each layer was fabricated. The osteogenesis and chondrogenesis of stem cells seeded on the fabricated scaffolds were investigated under a perfusion flow. 3-Dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that the perfusion flow significantly enhanced cell viability and proliferation. Analysis of gene expression by stem cells revealed that perfusion flow had significantly upregulated the expression of osteogenic and chondrogenic genes in the bone and cartilage layers and downregulated the hypertrophic gene expression in the intermediate layer of the scaffold. In conclusion, applying flow perfusion on the prepared integrated trilayered SF-based scaffold can support osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation for repairing osteochondral defects.

Production of a Ribosome-Displayed Mouse scFv Antibody Against CD133, Analysis of Its Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Their Interactions

The pentaspan transmembrane glycoprotein CD133, prominin-1, is expressed in cancer stem cells in many tumors and is promising as a novel target for the delivery of cytotoxic drugs to cancer-initiating cells. In this study, we prepared a mouse library of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies using mRNAs isolated from mice immunized with the third extracellular domain of a recombinant CD133 (D-EC3). First, the scFvs were directly exposed to D-EC3 to select a new specific scFv with high affinity against CD133 using the ribosome display method. Then, the selected scFv was characterized by the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunocytochemistry (ICC), and in silico analyses included molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Based on ELISA results, scFv 2 had a higher affinity for recombinant CD133, and it was considered for further analysis. Next, the immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry experiments confirmed that the obtained scFv could bind to the CD133 expressing HT-29 cells. Furthermore, the results of in silico analysis verified the ability of the scFv 2 antibody to bind and detect the D-EC3 antigen through key residues employed in antigen-antibody interactions. Our results suggest that ribosome display could be applied as a rapid and valid method for isolation of scFv with high affinity and specificity. Also, studying the mechanism of interaction between CD133's scFv and D-EC3 with two approaches of experimental and in silico analysis has potential importance for the design and development of antibody with improved properties.

The expression analysis of human endogenous retrovirus-K Env, Np9, and Rec transcripts in cervical cancer

While infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types is necessary for cervical cancer (CC) development, it is not enough, and other risk factors are required. Several studies have reported the activation of HERV-K in different cancers; however, the investigation of HERV-K expression levels in CC is scarce. In this study, it was hypothesized that activation of HERV-K could play an essential role in CC development. In this order, the expression levels of HERV-K Env, Np9, and Rec transcripts were investigated on 147 normal to CC uterine cervical tissues using quantitative real-time PCR. The significantly higher levels of HERV-K Env and Np9 transcripts were found in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II-III and CC groups compared to those in the normal/CIN I group. Expression of Rec transcript was also higher only in the CC group than normal/CIN I group. Among CC patients, meaningfully higher levels of HERV-K Env and Np9 transcripts were found in patients with squamous cell carcinoma rather than in adenocarcinoma. When only the HPV 16 positive samples were investigated, it was found that the mean difference in Env and Np9 mRNA levels was meaningfully higher among precancer lesions and the cancer group in comparison with the normal group. However, the Rec mRNA level showed no significant differences. The association between the expression of HERV-K genes was investigated, and a significant positive correlation of Env expression with Np9 transcript was found only in the group with precancer lesions (R = 0.6, p = 0.0037). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between Rec and Np9 transcripts in patients with normal cervix tissues (R = 0.26, p = 0.033). However, no correlations were observed between the expression of Env and Rec in the three groups. In conclusion, our results showed that HERV-K transcripts, especially Env and Np9, upregulated during cervical lesion progression. These findings highlight the potential use of HERV-K Env and Np9 as biomarkers for CC diagnosis and prognosis. Further investigation is needed to determine the clinical utility of these markers and whether targeting HERV-K oncogenes could be a viable therapeutic strategy for CC.

Epigenetic disruption of histone deacetylase-2 accelerated apoptotic signaling and retarded malignancy in gastric cells

Background: The objective of this research was to determine whether HDAC2 function is associated with gastric cancer progression. Methods: HDAC2 was knocked out in EPG85.257 cells using CRISPR/Cas9 and tumorigenesis pathways were evaluated. Results: Cell proliferation, colony formation, wound healing and transwell invasion were inhibited in ΔHDAC2:EPG85.257 cells. Quantitative analyses revealed a significant downregulation of MMP1, p53, Bax, MAPK1, MAPK3, pro-Caspase3, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, AKT1/2/3, p-AKT1/2/3, p-NF-κB (p65), Twist, Snail and p-FAK transcripts/proteins, while SIRT1, PTEN, p21 and Caspase3 were upregulated in ΔHDAC2:EPG85.257 cells. Conclusion: These results indicated that HDAC2 enhanced migration, colony formation and transmigration ability. HDAC2 inhibition may improve gastric cancer chemotherapy pathways.

Dietary sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Caulerpa sp. and Padina sp. modulated physiological performance, antibacterial activity and ammonia challenge test in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Nowadays, the use of seaweed derivatives in aquaculture has drawn attention for their potential as an immunostimulant and growth promotor. The sulfated polysaccharide extracted (SPE ) from green (Caulerpa sp.; SPC) and brown (Padina sp.; SPP) seaweeds with two concentrations (0.05% and 0.1%); nominated in four groups: SPC0.05 , SPC0.1 , SPP0.05 , SPP0.1 and control group (free of SPE ) were used for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet. Fish (N: 150; 8.5 ± 0.2 g) were selected aleatory distributed in 15 circular tanks (triplicate for the group) and fed test diets for 56 days. The outcomes revealed that the supplementation of SPE up to 1 g kg-1 failed to show significant differences in the organosomatic indices as compared to the control group. The most inferior protein value of dress-out fish composition was observed in the fish fed the control diet, which was statistically lower than the SCP0.1 group (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in other macronutrient composition among the treatments. Total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) had lower trend in the carcass of fish fed SPE supplemented diets, so that lowest MUFA were observed in SPC0.05 group (p < 0.05; 25.22 ± 4.29%). The lowest value of docosahexaenoic acid was observed in the control diet compared to the SPE -supplemented diets (p < 0.05). The serum alternative complement pathway levels in all treatments tend to promote compared to the control treatment. A similar trend was observed for lysozyme activity. According to the results, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) value were highest in SPC0.05 and SPC0.1 compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05), while a further elevation of the SPE Padina sp. extracted level (SPP0.1 ) leads to a decrease in SOD value. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of plasma was indicated not to influence by sulfated polysaccharide extracts in the refrigerated storage. The lowest serum stress indicators were observed in fish fed SPP0.05 group postchallenge test. Taken together, our outcomes revealed that SPE of two species of seaweeds bestows benefits in some of the immunity and antioxidant system. Also, notable elevations in HUFA were observed in juvenile rainbow trout fed supplemented with SPE .

The possible effects of the MTOR polymorphisms on preeclampsia susceptibility, severity, and onset: a case-control study and in silico analysis

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia (PE) is a gestational complication with developed hypertension and proteinuria. Evidence showed the role of mTOR in various cellular processes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of MTOR polymorphisms on susceptibility, severity, and onset of Preeclampsia (PE).

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 250 PE pregnant women and 258 age-matched control subjects were recruited in this study. To genotype MTOR polymorphisms, the PCR-RFLP method was used. The SpliceAid 2 and PROMO tools were used for in silico analysis. The maternal MTOR rs17036508T/C polymorphism was associated with PE risk in various genetic models. There was no relationship between rs2536T/C and rs2295080T/G polymorphisms and PE. The TTC and TGC haplotypes of rs2536/ rs2295080/ rs17036508 polymorphisms were significantly higher in PE women. Subgroup analysis revealed the association between the MTOR rs2295080 variant and an increased risk of Early-onset PE (EOPE). However, the MTOR rs17036508 was associated with a higher risk of EOPE and Late- Onset PE. In addition, the MTOR rs2295080 could increase the risk of severe PE. The results of the in silico analysis showed that rs17036508 disrupted several binding motifs in the mutant sequence. The PROMO database revealed that the T to C substitution leads to the loss of the TFII-I binding site in the mutant allele.

CONCLUSION

The MTOR rs17036508T/C polymorphism was associated with PE risk. There was an association between the MTOR rs2295080 variant and an increased risk of EOPE. The MTOR rs17036508T/C and rs2295080T/C variants could disrupt several binding motifs and TFII-I binding respectively.

Growth enhancement, metabolic profile improvement, and DXR and TPS2 gene expression changes in Thymus vulgaris L. by cyanobacterial inoculation

BACKGROUND

In recent decades cyanobacterial species have attracted research attention as potential sources of new biostimulants. In this study, the biostimulant effects of five cyanobacterial suspensions on the growth and essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris L. were evaluated. The expression of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of thymol and carvacrol, such as DXR and TPS2, were investigated.

RESULTS

A pot culture experiment revealed that cyanobacterial application significantly improved T. vulgaris L. growth indices, including plant height, dry and fresh weight, leaf and flower number, leaf area, and photosynthetic pigment content. Total phenol and flavonoid content in inoculated plants also showed a significant increase compared with the control. Anabaena torulosa ISB213 inoculation significantly increased root and shoot biomass by about 65.38% and 92.98% compared with the control, respectively. Nostoc calcicola ISB215 inoculation resulted in the highest amount of essential oil accumulation (18.08 ± 0.62) in T. vulgaris leaves, by about 72.19% compared with the control (10.5 ± 0.50%). Interestingly, the amount of limonene in the Nostoc ellipsosporum ISB217 treatment (1.67%) increased significantly compared with the control and other treatments. The highest expression rates of DXR and TPS2 genes were observed in the treatment of N. ellipsosporum ISB217, with 5.92-fold and 5.22-fold increases over the control, respectively.

CONCLUSION

This research revealed the potential of the cyanobacteria that were studied as promising biostimulants to increase the production of biomass and secondary metabolites of T. vulgaris L., which could be a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

MiR-320a upregulation contributes to the effectiveness of pemetrexed by inhibiting the growth and invasion of human lung cancer cell line (Calu-6)

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is a common and deadly disease. Chemotherapy is the most common treatment, which inhibits cancer cell growth. Pemetrexed (PMX) is often used with other drugs. Environmental stress can affect regulatory non-coding RNAs such as MicroRNAs that modify gene expression. This study investigates the effect of PMX on the hsa-miR-320a-3p expression in the Calu-6 lung cancer cell line.

METHODS AND RESULT

Calu-6 cells were cultured in an incubator with 37 °C, 5% CO2, and 98% humidity. The MTT test was performed to determine the concentration of PMX required to inhibit 50% of cell growth. To examine growth inhibition and apoptosis, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cell assays and caspase 3 and 7 enzyme activity were used. Finally, molecular studies were conducted to compare the expression of hsa-miR-320a-3p and genes including VDAC1, DHFR, STAT3, BAX and BCL2 before and after therapy.

RESULTS

According to a study, it has been observed that PMX therapy significantly increases LDH release after 24 h. The study found that PMX's IC50 on Calu-6 is 8.870 µM. In addition, the treated sample showed higher expression of hsa-miR-320a-3p and BAX, while the expression of VDAC1, STAT3, DHFR and BCL2 decreased compared to the control sample.

CONCLUSION

According to the findings of the current research, hsa-miR-320a-3p seems to have the potential to play an important role in the development of novel approaches to the treatment of lung cancer.

Equine brucellosis in Iran: serological, bacteriological and molecular analysis

Equine brucellosis significantly impacts the health and functionality of horses, leading to complications such as bursitis infection, septic tenosynovitis, septic arthritis, and non-specific lameness resulting from joint infections. In the present study, we used the Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT), serum agglutination test (SAT), and the 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) assays to find equine brucellosis. From June 2018 to September 2022, 876 blood samples were randomly taken from apparently healthy racing horses in certain parts of Iran, such as Kerman, Isfahan, Tehran, Qom, and Kurdistan. DNA extraction was carried out directly on all 63 serum samples identified as seropositive through RBPT. An additional 30 seronegative serum samples were also randomly chosen for study. Bacterial culture was also done on milk, blood, and vaginal swabs taken from seropositive horses.The bacteria that were found in the samples were then put through Bruce-ladder PCR. Our results indicated that 63 (7.1%), 21 (2.3%), and 2 (0.2%) of horses were seropositive using RBPT, SAT, and 2-ME, respectively. Also, none of the 30 DNA-extracted serum samples from seronegative horses tested positive for Brucella DNA, while 44.5% (28/63) of the DNA samples from seropositive horses yielded positive results for Brucella DNA. Out of the seropositive samples, 26 had DNA from Brucella abortus and 2 had DNA from Brucella melitensis. Also, B. melitensis biovar 1 was found in two milk samples from mares in the provinces of Kerman and Isfahan. It was identified using classical biotyping, and molecular assays. It was seen that some of healthy racing horses in some parts of Iran had antibodies against Brucella. The bacteriology and PCR methodologies provide a more comprehensive and reliable means of identifying Brucella spp. infections in horse, especially when the RBPT test came back positive. This underscores the imperative for employing molecular, bacterial, and serological methods in the diagnosis and monitoring of this zoonotic infection. Additionally, this finding suggests that Brucella is being transmitted to equine hosts as a result of its presence in ruminants. The mechanism of transmission may involve interactions between infected ruminants and susceptible equines. This discovery is significant as it underscores the potential cross-species transmission of Brucella and highlights the importance of understanding and managing the spread of the pathogen in both ruminant and equine populations.

Pb(ΙΙ), Cd(ΙΙ), and Mn(ΙΙ) adsorption onto pruning-derived biochar: physicochemical characterization, modeling and application in real landfill leachate

The aim of this study was to systemically evaluate how different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 550, and 700 °C) and particle sizes (1-2 mm and 63-75 µm) were influenced biochar evolution, made from urban pruning waste, during pyrolysis process and to establish their relationships with biochar potential for removal of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn) from real municipal solid waste landfill leachate. The effects of pH (2-7), contact time (30-300 min) and adsorbent dosage (0.1-5 g L-1) on heavy metals removal were also examined. The results showed that physicochemical properties of biochar were greatly influenced by pyrolysis temperature. Particle size, however, showed little influence on biochar characteristics (p > 0.05). The yield, volatile matter, hydrogen and oxygen contents, and surface functional groups decreased consistently with increasing pyrolysis temperature. An increase in the pH, electrical conductivity, ash, fixed carbon, and specific surface area values was also found. In biochar samples formed at high temperatures (i.e., 550 and 700 °C), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-FTIR studies confirmed the increase in aromaticity. Field emission scanning electron microscopy-FESEM images showed differences in the microporous structure and lower size pores at higher temperatures. Biochar pyrolyzed at 700 °C with a particle size of 63-75 µm (i.e., Lv700-63) showed the highest removal efficiency performance. Pb and Cd ions were completely removed (100%) by 0.2 g L-1 Lv700-63 at 7.0 pH and contact times of 120 and 90 min, respectively. The maximum percentage removal of Mn was 86.20% at optimum conditions of 0.2 g L-1 Lv700-63 dosage, 7.0 pH, and 180 min contact time. The findings suggests that the surface complexation, π-electron coordination, and cation exchange were the dominant mechanisms for the Pb, Cd, and Mn removal onto Lv700-63.

The antibacterial activity of three zeolitic-imidazolate frameworks and zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from them

Zinc has been widely studied for its antibacterial properties due to its low toxicity, availability, and low cost. This research focused on analysing the antibacterial effects of three types of MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) with zinc as the central metal: ZIF-4, ZIF-7, and ZIF-8. The study found that ZIF-8 had the strongest antibacterial effect, while ZIF-7 had the weakest among them. These findings were consistent with the results of the ICP (inductively coupled plasma) analysis, which measured the amount of zinc released. Additionally, the antibacterial effect of ZIF-8 was found to be higher than that of zinc oxide species obtained from calcination of the compounds. Among the zinc oxide samples, ZnO nanoparticles which derived from ZIF-4 showed the highest antibacterial activity.

Interplay between gut microbiota and the master iron regulator, hepcidin, in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis

INTRODUCTION

There is a proven role for hepcidin and the composition of gut microbiota and its derivatives in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis.

AREA COVERED

This review focuses on the literature search regarding the effect of hepcidin and gut microbiota on regulating liver physiology. We presented the regulating mechanisms of hepcidin expression and discussed the possible interaction between gut microbiota and hepcidin regulation. Furthermore, we investigated the importance of the hepcidin gene in biological processes and bacterial interactions using bioinformatics analysis.

EXPERT OPINION

One of the main features of liver fibrosis is iron accumulation in hepatic cells, including hepatocytes. This accumulation can induce an oxidative stress response, inflammation, and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Hepcidin is a crucial regulator of iron by targeting ferroportin expressed on hepatocytes, macrophages, and enterocytes. Various stimuli, such as iron load and inflammatory signals, control hepcidin regulation. Furthermore, a bidirectional relationship exists between iron and the composition and metabolic activity of gut microbiota. We explored the potential of gut microbiota to influence hepcidin expression and potentially manage liver fibrosis, as the regulation of iron metabolism plays a crucial role in this context.

Contribution of genetic variants in the development of familial premature coronary artery disease in a cohort of cardiac patients

Coronary artery disease (CAD), the most prevalent cardiovascular disease, is the leading cause of death worldwide. Heritable factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of CAD. It has been proposed that approximately one-third of patients with CAD have a positive family history, and individuals with such history are at ~1.5-fold increased risk of CAD in their lifespans. Accordingly, the long-recognized familial clustering of CAD is a strong risk factor for this disease. Our study aimed to identify candidate genetic variants contributing to CAD by studying a cohort of 60 large Iranian families with at least two members in different generations afflicted with premature CAD (PCAD), defined as established disease at ≤45 years in men and ≤55 years in women. Exome sequencing was performed for a subset of the affected individuals, followed by prioritization and Sanger sequencing of candidate variants in all available family members. Subsequently, apparently healthy carriers of potential risk variants underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), followed by co-segregation analysis of the combined data. Putative causal variants were identified in seven genes, ABCG8, CD36, CYP27A1, PIK3C2G, RASSF9, RYR2, and ZFYVE21, co-segregating with familial PCAD in seven unrelated families. Among these, PIK3C2G, RASSF9, and ZFYVE21 are novel candidate CAD susceptibility genes. Our findings indicate that rare variants in genes identified in this study are involved in CAD development.

Vitamin B5 copper conjugated triazine dendrimer improved the visible-light photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles for aerobic homocoupling reactions

In this work, Cu-vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) bonded to 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine produced a bioconjugated dendrimer giving rise to the visible-light photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO2. XPS spectra uncovered the coexistence of Cu(II)/Cu(I) oxidation states with a predominant contribution of Cu(I). The new heterogeneous bio-relevant Cu-photocatalyst (Cu(I) Cu(II) [PTAPA G2-B5] @TiO2) revealed a band gap value [Eg = (2.8 eV)] less than those of Cu free components [PTAPA G1-B5]@TiO2 (3.04) and [PTAPA G2-B5]@TiO2 (3.06) and particularly the bare TiO2 (3.15 eV). The reactions showed to be light-dependent with the best performance under room light bulbs. The photocatalytic efficiency of the as-prepared heterojunction photocatalyst was exploited in the aerobic Csp2-Csp2 homocoupling of phenylboronic acid and Csp-Csp homocoupling of phenyl acetylenes under visible-light irradiation to prepare structurally and electronically different biaryls. A radical pathway relying on the photogenerated e- and h+ and involving the Cu(I)-Cu(II) synergistic cooperation was postulated. The reusability and stability of the catalyst were verified by the recycling test, FT-IR spectra, and ICP-OES analysis.

Are there jumps in evidence accumulation, and what, if anything, do they reflect psychologically? An analysis of Lévy Flights models of decision-making

According to existing theories of simple decision-making, decisions are initiated by continuously sampling and accumulating perceptual evidence until a threshold value has been reached. Many models, such as the diffusion decision model, assume a noisy accumulation process, described mathematically as a stochastic Wiener process with Gaussian distributed noise. Recently, an alternative account of decision-making has been proposed in the Lévy Flights (LF) model, in which accumulation noise is characterized by a heavy-tailed power-law distribution, controlled by a parameter, [Formula: see text]. The LF model produces sudden large "jumps" in evidence accumulation that are not produced by the standard Wiener diffusion model, which some have argued provide better fits to data. It remains unclear, however, whether jumps in evidence accumulation have any real psychological meaning. Here, we investigate the conjecture by Voss et al. (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26(3), 813-832, 2019) that jumps might reflect sudden shifts in the source of evidence people rely on to make decisions. We reason that if jumps are psychologically real, we should observe systematic reductions in jumps as people become more practiced with a task (i.e., as people converge on a stable decision strategy with experience). We fitted five versions of the LF model to behavioral data from a study by Evans and Brown (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(2), 597-606, 2017), using a five-layer deep inference neural network for parameter estimation. The analysis revealed systematic reductions in jumps as a function of practice, such that the LF model more closely approximated the standard Wiener model over time. This trend could not be attributed to other sources of parameter variability, speaking against the possibility of trade-offs with other model parameters. Our analysis suggests that jumps in the LF model might be capturing strategy instability exhibited by relatively inexperienced observers early on in task performance. We conclude that further investigation of a potential psychological interpretation of jumps in evidence accumulation is warranted.

EMEMI: An interference-free mini-incubator with integrated electric and magnetic field exposure for real-time microscopic imaging of field effects

Uninterrupted microscopic observation and real-time imaging of cell behavior during exposure to the stimulus, for example, electric and/or magnetic fields, especially for periods of several days, has been a challenge in experimental bioelectromagnetics due to a lack of proper gas/temperature conditions outside the incubator. Conventional mini-incubators might suffer from stray fields produced by heating elements. We report an in vitro electric and magnetic fields (EMF) exposure system embedded inside a novel under-the-microscope mini-CO2 -incubator with a unique design to avoid electromagnetic interference from the heating and circulation functions while ensuring the requisite temperature. A unique, reconfigurable array of electrodes and/or coils excited by calculated current distributions among array elements is designed to provide excellent field uniformity and controllable linear or circular polarization (even at very low frequencies) of the EMF within the cell culture. Using standard biochemical assays, long-term cell viability has been verified and compared with a conventional incubator. Cell orientation/migration in three-dimensional culture made of collagen-hydrogels has been successfully observed in vitro, in long-term, and in real-time under the influence of DC electric fields with the device.

Sex-specific dendritic morphology of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the adolescent and young adult rats

CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons are the major sources of hippocampal efferents. The structural features of these neurons are presumed to be involved in various normal/abnormal cognitive and emotional outcomes by influencing the pattern of synaptic inputs and neuronal signal processing. Although many studies have described hippocampal structure differences between males and females, these reports mainly focused on gross anatomical features in adult or aged models, and such distinctions on neuronal morphology and dendritic spine density during adolescence, a period of high vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders, have received much less attention. In this work, we analyzed dendritic architecture and density of spines in CA1 and CA3 neurons of male and female rats in early adolescence (postnatal day, PND 40) and compared them with those in late adolescence/young adulthood (PND 60). On PND 40, CA1 neurons of male rats showed more Sholl intersections and spine density in apical and basal dendrites compared to those in females. The Sholl intersections in basal dendrites of CA3 neurons were also more in males, whereas the number of apical dendrite intersections was not significantly different between sexes. In male rats, there was a notable decrease in the number of branch and terminal points in the basal dendrite of CA1 neurons of young adults when compared to their sex-matched adolescent rats. On the other hand, CA1 neurons in young adult females also showed more Sholl intersections in apical and basal dendrites compared to adolescent females. Meanwhile, the total cable length, the number of branches, and terminal points of apical dendrites in CA3 neurons also exhibited a significant reduction in young adult male rats compared to their sex-matched adolescents. In young adult rats, both apical and basal dendrites of CA3 neurons in males showed fewer intersections with Sholl circles, but there were no significant differences in dendritic spine density or count estimation between males and females. On the other hand, young adult female rats had more Sholl intersections and dendritic spine count on the basal dendrites of CA3 neurons compared to adolescent females. Although no significant sex- and age-dependent difference in neuronal density was detected in CA1 and CA3 subareas, CA3 pyramidal neurons of both male and female rats showed reduced soma area compared to adolescent rats. Our findings show that the sex differences in the dendritic structure of CA1 and CA3 neurons vary by age and also by the compartments of dendritic arbors. Such variations in the morphology of hippocampal pyramidal neurons may take part as a basis for normal cognitive and affective differences between the sexes, as well as distinct sensitivity to interfering factors and the prevalence of neuropsychological diseases.

Enhancing resistance and cell survival in Acipenser ruthenus liver, gill, and kidney cells: The potential of heat shock protein inducers against PAH-benzo[a]pyrene stress

The Caspian Sea has faced many environmental challenges, such as oil pollution. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a critical role in stress conditions and physiological changes caused by disease or injury. By evaluating the effects of various HSP inducers (HSPi), including Pro-Tex® (NOP: 800 mM), amygdalin (AMG: 80 mM), and a novel synthetic compound derived from pirano piranazole (SZ: 80 µm) on isolated cells from Sterlet Sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) treated with 75% IC50 PAH-benzo[a]pyrene (BaP; B75). This study examines whether there is a correlation between exposure to the BaP pollutant and HSPs in fish. In vitro, after culturing cells from the liver, kidney, and gills, they were treated with HSPi compounds in the presence and absence of BaP. Western blotting was used to assess HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 expression patterns. A variety of enzyme activities were measured before (without treatment) and after treatment with HSPis and HSPi + B75, including cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity, specific enzyme activity for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), antioxidant capacity, liver indicator enzymes, cortisol levels, and immunity parameters. When compared to the control group, cells treated with B75 showed the lowest AChE enzyme activity (p < 0.0001). CYP450 activity was highest in group B75, while HSPi caused the opposite effect (p < 0.0001). HSPi + B75 increased HSP levels and antioxidant parameters while decreasing cortisol and liver indicator enzymes (p < 0.0001). HSPi may be a powerful and reliable method for enhancing the resistance of A. ruthenus to BaP stresses before exposure. Treating cells with HSP-inducing compounds, such as NOP, AMG, and SZ, can assist them in managing stress and increase HSP (27, 70, and 90) protein expression. Furthermore, the study findings suggest that HSPis can also mitigate the adverse effects of stress, ultimately increasing cell survival and resistance.

Efficient Expression in the Prokaryotic Host System, Purification and Structural Analyses of the Recombinant Human ACE2 Catalytic Subunit as a Hybrid Protein with the B Subunit of Cholera Toxin (CTB-ACE2)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has a specific interaction with the coronavirus spike protein, enabling its entry into human cells. This membrane enzyme converts angiotensin II into angiotensin 1-7, which has an essential role in protecting the heart and improving lung function. Many therapeutic properties have been attributed to the human recombinant ACE2 (hrACE2), especially in combating complications related to diabetes mellitus and hypertension, as well as, preventing the coronavirus from entering the target tissues. In the current study, we designed an appropriate gene construct for the hybrid protein containing the ACE2 catalytic subunit and the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB-ACE2). This structural feature will probably help the recombinant hybrid protein enter the mucosal tissues, including the lung tissue. Optimization of this hybrid protein expression was investigated in BL21 bacterial host cells. Also, the hybrid protein was identified with an appropriate antibody using the ELISA method. A large amount of the hybrid protein (molecular weight of ~ 100 kDa) was expressed as the inclusion body when the induction was performed in the presence of 0.25 mM IPTG and 1% sucrose for 10 h. Finally, the protein structural features were assessed using several biophysical methods. The fluorescence emission intensity and oligomeric size distribution of the CTB-ACE2 suggested a temperature-dependent alteration. The β-sheet and α-helix were also dominant in the hybrid protein structure, and this protein also displays acceptable chemical stability. In overall, according to our results, the efficient expression and successful purification of the CTB-ACE2 protein may pave the path for its therapeutic applications against diseases such as covid-19, diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

Antioxidant flavonoid-loaded nano-bioactive glass bone paste: in vitro apatite formation and flow behavior

Non-cement pastes in the form of injectable materials have gained considerable attention in non-invasive regenerative medicine. Different osteoconductive bioceramics have been used as the solid phase of these bone pastes. Mesoporous bioactive glass can be used as an alternative bioceramic for paste preparation because of its osteogenic qualities. Plant-derived osteogenic agents can also be used in paste formulation to improve osteogenesis; however, their side effects on physical and physicochemical properties should be investigated. In this study, nano-bioactive glass powder was synthesized by a sol-gel method, loaded with different amounts of quercetin (0, 100, 150, and 200 μM), an antioxidant flavonoid with osteogenesis capacity. The loaded powder was then homogenized with a mixture of hyaluronic acid and sodium alginate solution to form a paste. We subsequently evaluated the rheological behavior, injectability, washout resistance, and in vitro bioactivity of the quercetin-loaded pastes. The washout resistance was found to be more than 96% after 14 days of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) as well as tris-buffered and citric acid-buffered solutions at 25 °C and 37 °C. All pastes exhibited viscoelastic behavior, in which the elastic modulus exceeded the viscous modulus. The pastes displayed shear-thinning behavior, in which viscosity was more influenced by angular frequency when the quercetin content increased. Results indicated that injectability was much improved using quercetin and the injection force was in the range 20-150 N. Following 14 days of SBF soaking, the formation of a nano-structured apatite phase on the surfaces of quercetin-loaded pastes was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Overall, quercetin, an antioxidant flavonoid osteogenic agent, can be loaded onto the nano-bioactive glass/hyaluronic acid/sodium alginate paste system to enhance injectability, rheological properties, and bioactivity.

A Highly Efficient Strategy for One-Pot and Pseudo-Six-Component Synthesis of Hexahydroquinolines

In this study, a homogeneous acid-catalyzed reaction of a series of benzaldehydes, benzylamines, and Meldrum's acid was presented, allowing the novel one-pot and multicomponent synthesis of hexahydroquinolines with high stereoselectivity. The current strategy has advantages including high regioselectivity, good efficiency, reasonable diversity, utilization of an inexpensive and safe catalyst, and easy purification of products by simple recrystallization. The current reaction utilizes 2 equiv of Meldrum's acid, 3 equiv of benzaldehyde derivatives, and one equiv of amine derivatives to yield (4'S,5'S,7'S)-1'-benzyl-2,2-dimethyl-4',5',7'-triphenyl-3',4',7',8'-tetrahydro-1'H-spiro[[1,3]dioxane-5,6'-quinoline]-2',4,6(5'H)-trione derivatives.

A novel approach toward optimal workflow selection for DNA methylation biomarker discovery

DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification involved in many physiological processes. Normal methylation patterns are disrupted in many diseases and methylation-based biomarkers have shown promise in several contexts. Marker discovery typically involves the analysis of publicly available DNA methylation data from high-throughput assays. Numerous methods for identification of differentially methylated biomarkers have been developed, making the need for best practices guidelines and context-specific analyses workflows exceedingly high. To this end, here we propose TASA, a novel method for simulating methylation array data in various scenarios. We then comprehensively assess different data analysis workflows using real and simulated data and suggest optimal start-to-finish analysis workflows. Our study demonstrates that the choice of analysis pipeline for DNA methylation-based marker discovery is crucial and different across different contexts.

Production of eco friendly DME fuel over sonochemically synthesized UiO66 catalyst

The ultrasound-assisted preparation of UiO-66 was carried out at T = 80-220 °C, and the catalytic performances were evaluated in methanol conversion. Also, physicochemical properties were assessed by XRD, SEM, PSD, FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption, TG-DTG, and NH3-TPD analysis. The characterization proved that increasing the synthesis temperature positively affected the crystallinity, specific surface area, thermal stability, and acidity of the catalysts. Besides, the catalysts' performance was investigated in the methanol conversion reaction (T = 350-450 °C, P = 1 atm, and WHSV = 5 h-1), leading to the DME (Dimethyl Ether) production. Rising reaction temperature increased the methanol conversion and DME yield. The synthesized sample at 220 °C had the best properties and performance with conversion and yield of about 38% and 51%, respectively. The stability test for the UiO-66-220 (University of Oslo 66) catalyst was performed at 450 °C for 12 h, and the activity remained stable for about 5 h. Furthermore, the used catalyst was characterized via XRD and TG analysis.

Self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator sensor for detecting humidity level and monitoring ethanol variation in a simulated exhalation environment

Respiration stands as a vital process reflecting physiological and pathological human health status. Exhaled breath analysis offers a facile, non-invasive, swift, and cost-effective approach for diagnosing and monitoring diseases by detecting concentration changes of specific biomarkers. In this study, we employed Polyethylene oxide/copper (I) oxide composite nanofibers (PCNFs), synthesized via the electrospinning method as the sensing material to measure ethanol levels (1-200 ppm) in an exhaled breath simulator environment. The integrated contact-separation triboelectric nanogenerator was utilized to power the self-powered PCNFs exhaled breath sensor. The PCNFs-based gas sensor demonstrates promising results with values of 0.9 and 3.2 for detecting 5 ppm and 200 ppm ethanol, respectively, in the presence of interfering gas at 90% relative humidity (RH). Notably, the sensor displayed remarkable ethanol selectivity, with ratios of 10:1 to methanol and 25:1 to acetone. Response and recovery times for 200 ppm ethanol at 90 RH% were rapid, at 2.7 s and 5.8 s, respectively. The PCNFs-based exhaled breath sensor demonstrated consistent and stable performance in practical conditions, showcasing its potential for integration into wearable devices. This self-powered breath sensor enabling continuous monitoring of lung cancer symptoms and facilitating compliance checks with legal alcohol consumption limits.

Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence in Radiotheranostics: A Review of Applications for Radioligands Targeting Somatostatin Receptors and Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigens

Radiotheranostics refers to the pairing of radioactive imaging biomarkers with radioactive therapeutic compounds that deliver ionizing radiation. Given the introduction of very promising radiopharmaceuticals, the radiotheranostics approach is creating a novel paradigm in personalized, targeted radionuclide therapies (TRTs), also known as radiopharmaceuticals (RPTs). Radiotherapeutic pairs targeting somatostatin receptors (SSTR) and prostate-specific membrane antigens (PSMA) are increasingly being used to diagnose and treat patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and prostate cancer. In parallel, radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI), as important areas in quantitative image analysis, are paving the way for significantly enhanced workflows in diagnostic and theranostic fields, from data and image processing to clinical decision support, improving patient selection, personalized treatment strategies, response prediction, and prognostication. Furthermore, AI has the potential for tremendous effectiveness in patient dosimetry which copes with complex and time-consuming tasks in the RPT workflow. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of radiomics and AI application in radiotheranostics, focusing on pairs of SSTR- or PSMA-targeting radioligands, describing the fundamental concepts and specific imaging/treatment features. Our review includes ligands radiolabeled by 68Ga, 18F, 177Lu, 64Cu, 90Y, and 225Ac. Specifically, contributions via radiomics and AI towards improved image acquisition, reconstruction, treatment response, segmentation, restaging, lesion classification, dose prediction, and estimation as well as ongoing developments and future directions are discussed.

Information content and temporal structure of face selective local field potentials frequency bands in IT cortex

Sensory stimulation triggers synchronized bioelectrical activity in the brain across various frequencies. This study delves into network-level activities, specifically focusing on local field potentials as a neural signature of visual category representation. Specifically, we studied the role of different local field potential frequency oscillation bands in visual stimulus category representation by presenting images of faces and objects to three monkeys while recording local field potential from inferior temporal cortex. We found category selective local field potential responses mainly for animate, but not inanimate, objects. Notably, face-selective local field potential responses were evident across all tested frequency bands, manifesting in both enhanced (above mean baseline activity) and suppressed (below mean baseline activity) local field potential powers. We observed four different local field potential response profiles based on frequency bands and face selective excitatory and suppressive responses. Low-frequency local field potential bands (1-30 Hz) were more prodominstaly suppressed by face stimulation than the high-frequency (30-170 Hz) local field potential bands. Furthermore, the low-frequency local field potentials conveyed less face category informtion than the high-frequency local field potential in both enhansive and suppressive conditions. Furthermore, we observed a negative correlation between face/object d-prime values in all the tested local field potential frequency bands and the anterior-posterior position of the recording sites. In addition, the power of low-frequency local field potential systematically declined across inferior temporal anterior-posterior positions, whereas high-frequency local field potential did not exhibit such a pattern. In general, for most of the above-mentioned findings somewhat similar results were observed for body, but not, other stimulus categories. The observed findings suggest that a balance of face selective excitation and inhibition across time and cortical space shape face category selectivity in inferior temporal cortex.

Oxali-palladium nanoparticle synthesis, characterization, protein binding, and apoptosis induction in colorectal cancer cells

This paper focuses on the synthesis of nano-oxali-palladium coated with turmeric extract (PdNPs) using a green chemistry technique based on the reduction in the Pd (II) complex by phytochemicals inherent in turmeric extract. PdNPs were examined and characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Using different spectroscopic and molecular dynamics simulations, a protein-binding analysis of the produced nanoparticle was conducted by observing its interaction with human serum albumin (HSA). Lastly, the cytotoxic effects and apoptotic processes of PdNPs were studied against the HCT116 human colorectal cell line using the MTT assay and flow cytometry tests. According to the findings, PdNPs with spherical and homogenous morphology and a size smaller than 100 nm were generated. In addition, they can induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with a lower Cc50 (78 µL) than cisplatin and free oxali-palladium against HCT116 cells. The thermodynamic characteristics of protein binding of nanoparticles with HSA demonstrated that PdNPs had a great capacity for quenching and interacting with HSA through hydrophobic forces. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that free oxali-palladium and PdNP attach to the same area of HSA via non-covalent interactions. It is conceivable to indicate that the synthesized PdNPs are a potential candidate for the construction of novel, nature-based anticancer treatments with fewer side effects and a high level of eco-friendliness.

Optimizing the QuEChERS method for efficient monitoring of fipronil, thiobencarb, and cartap residues in paddy soils with varying properties

This study aims to optimize the QuEChERS methodology for extracting three pesticides (fipronil, thiobencarb, and cartap) from two paddy soils with distinct characteristics. Various modifications were explored to enhance extraction efficiency, employing acetonitrile (MeCN) or ethyl acetate (EtOAc) for extraction and primary-secondary amine (PSA) and graphitized carbon black (GCB) for the clean-up. Assessment criteria included accuracy, precision, linearity, detection limits, uncertainty, and matrix effects. Results revealed that the clayey soil with lower organic carbon (OC) content (1.26%) and 100% moisture yielded the highest pesticide recoveries (113.72%, 115.73%, and 116.41% for FIP, THIO, and CART, respectively). In contrast, the silty clayey soil with higher OC content (2.91%) and 20% water content exhibited poor recoveries (< 60%). FIP and CART demonstrated better recoveries with MeCN, while THIO performed better with EtOAc under specific moisture conditions. Clean-up sorbents significantly reduced FIP and CART recoveries, with THIO recoveries less affected. Acidifying with HCl substantially improved CART recovery. EtOAc introduced a moderate to strong matrix effect for FIP and THIO, while MeCN in soils with 100% moisture resulted in a strong matrix effect for CART. The study highlighted the substantial impact of extraction conditions, pesticide properties, and soil conditions on the outcomes of the QuEChERS method. A comprehensive understanding of these interplays was deemed crucial for accurately quantifying pesticide residues in agricultural soils.

In Vitro Targeted Delivery of Simvastatin and Niacin to Macrophages Using Mannan-Grafted Magnetite Nanoparticles

Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of mortality worldwide, involves various subsets of macrophages that contribute to its initiation and progression. Current treatment approaches focus on systemic, long-term administration of cholesterol-lowering antioxidants such as statins and certain vitamins, which unfortunately come with prolonged side effects. To overcome these drawbacks, a mannose-containing magnetic nanoparticle (NP) is introduced as a drug delivery system to specifically target macrophages in vitro using simvastatin or niacin and a combinational therapy approach that reduces local inflammation while avoiding unwanted side effects. The synthesized NPs exhibited superparamagnetic behavior, neutrally charged thin coating with a hydrodynamic size of 77.23 ± 13.90 nm, and a metallic core ranging from 15 to 25 nm. Efficient loading of niacin (87.21%) and simvastatin (75.36%) on the NPs was achieved at respective weights of 20.13 and 5.03 (w/w). In the presence of a mannan hydrolyzing enzyme, 79.51% of simvastatin and 67.23% of niacin were released from the NPs within 90 min, with a leakage rate below 19.22%. Additionally, the coated NPs showed no destructive effect on J774A macrophages up to a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Simvastatin-loaded NPs exhibited a minimal increase in IL-6 expression. The low dosage of simvastatin decreased both IL-6 and ARG1 expressions, while niacin and combined simvastatin/niacin increased the level of ARG1 expression significantly. Toxicity evaluations on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and murine liver cells revealed that free simvastatin administration caused significant toxicity, whereas the encapsulated forms of simvastatin, niacin, and a combination of simvastatin/niacin at equivalent concentrations exhibited no significant toxicity. Hence, the controlled release of the encapsulated form of simvastatin and niacin resulted in the effective modulation of macrophage polarization. The delivery system showed suitability for targeting macrophages to atherosclerotic plaque.