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Medeiros de Morais MS, Macêdo SGGF, do Nascimento RA, Vieira MCA, Moreira MA, da Câmara SMA, Almeida MDG, Maciel ÁCC. Dissatisfaction with body image and weight gain in middle-aged women: A cross sectional study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0290380. [PMID: 38206926 PMCID: PMC10783740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between weight gain and body image perception in in middle-aged women. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 453 women. Body image was assessed using the Stunkard scale, in which women were classified as: satisfied or dissatisfied (general, thinness or obesity). The identification of possible factors associated with body image dissatisfaction was performed using binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The mean age was 55.7 (±9.6) years; 80.8% were classified as dissatisfied with body image. As for body composition, women satisfied with their body image had lower values of body fat and higher values of lean mass. In the logistic regression, for general dissatisfaction and obesity, the associated variables were BMI, education and physical activity. As for "dissatisfaction with thinness", only BMI was associated. CONCLUSION Thus, the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction is high in women and part of associated factors are linked to lifestyle behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mayle Andrade Moreira
- Department of Federal University of Ceará, Physiotherapy Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Effects of bothersome symptoms during the late reproductive stage and menopausal transition: observations from the Women Living Better Survey. Menopause 2023; 30:45-55. [PMID: 36576442 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bothersome symptoms during the late reproductive stage and menopausal transition sometimes interfere with women's activities of daily living and relationships, yet little is known about the specific effects of different groups of symptoms. Aims of these analyses were to examine the effects of bother related to 5 symptom groups on participant's assessment of 4 outcomes: interference with everyday activities, interference with relationships, "not feeling like myself," and self-ratings of health. METHODS Participants (N = 1,539 meeting eligibility and inclusion criteria) aged 35 to 60 years responded to the online Women Living Better Survey during March to August of 2020. In addition to rating 61 symptoms as bothersome on a scale from not at all bothered (0) to extremely bothered (6), they also indicated the degree to which their symptoms interfered with their activities and relationships indicating not at all (0) to a great deal (4). They indicated the extent to which they did not "feel like myself" choosing none of the time (0) to all of the time (4) and rated their health from poor (1) to excellent (5). Symptoms were grouped using results of principal components analysis. Five symptom groups with the highest bother ratings were analyzed for this report, including the following: brain fog, volatile mood, fatigue/pain, vasomotor symptoms (VMS)/sleep onset, and anxiety/vigilance symptoms. Two-stage hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine personal characteristics of the participants such as education, menopause-related factors, roles and stressors (stage 1), and effects of 5 symptom group bother ratings on interference with daily activities and relationships, "not feeling like myself," and health ratings (stage 2). RESULTS Interference with daily activities was related to difficulty paying for basic items and bother associated with the brain fog, anxiety/vigilance, fatigue/pain, and VMS/sleep onset symptom groups. Interference with relationships was correlated with being in a committed relationship and bother related to all 5 symptom groups. "Not feeling like myself" was related to having completed less education, reporting greater overall stress, brain fog, anxiety/vigilance, volatile mood, and fatigue/pain symptoms. More positive health ratings were related to having completed more education, having responsibility for children or dependents, experiencing greater satisfaction with roles, and less fatigue/pain symptom bother. Bother related to all 5 symptom groups was associated with increased interference with relationships, but bother related to interference with daily activities was related to only 4 of the 5 symptom groups, but not volatile mood symptoms. The phrase "not feeling like myself" was related to more bothersome anxiety/vigilance, volatile mood, brain fog, and fatigue/pain symptoms. Of interest was that VMS/sleep symptoms, often attributed to the menopausal transition, were not related to either "not feeling like myself" or to self-ratings of health. Moreover, self-rated health was related only to fatigue/pain symptom bother. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the experience of symptoms typically attributed to a developmental event, in this case perimenopause, may be viewed as unrelated to one's health. Further clarification of which symptoms can be attributed to perimenopause rather than other factors, such as aging, will improve anticipatory guidance about perimenopause. Similarly, additional investigation of the meaning of the phrase "not feeling like myself" could help clarify why bothersome symptoms, such as mood, fatigue, and cognitive symptoms, but not vasomotor/insomnia symptoms, are associated with this descriptor. Setting accurate expectations about what is typical can influence anticipations, understanding the spectrum of experiences, and attributions of symptoms. Further investigation on these fronts will contribute to timely, accurate anticipatory guidance and strategic symptom management for patients and providers.
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Fernandes SGG, Pirkle CM, Sentell T, Costa JV, Maciel ACC, da Câmara SMA. Association between self-rated health and physical performance in middle-aged and older women from Northeast Brazil. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8876. [PMID: 32309044 PMCID: PMC7153554 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-rated Health (SRH) is regarded as a simple and valid measure of a person’s health status, given its association to adverse health outcomes, including low physical performance in older populations. However, studies investigating these associations in low- and middle-income settings are scarce, especially for middle-aged populations. Understanding the validity of SRH in relation to objective health measures in low-income populations could assist in decision making about health policy and strategies, especially in under-resourced settings. Objective Assess the relationship between SRH and physical performance measures in middle-aged and older women in a low-income setting of Brazil. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of 571 middle-aged (40–59 years old) and older (60–80 years old) women living in Parnamirim and Santa Cruz in the Northeast region of Brazil. Participants reported their health status and were allocated to the “SRH good” or “SRH poor” groups. The physical performance evaluation included: handgrip strength, one-legged balance with eyes open and closed and chair stand test. The relationship between SRH and physical performance for middle-aged and older women was assessed by quantile regression (modeling medians) adjusted for potential confounders (age, socioeconomic variables, body mass index, menopause status, age at first birth, parity, chronic conditions and physical activity). Results Middle-aged women from the “SRH good” group presented better physical performance with 1.75 kgf stronger handgrip strength (95% CI [0.47–3.02]; p = 0.004), 1.31 s longer balance with eyes closed ([0.00–2.61]; p = 0.030), and they were 0.56 s faster in the chair stand test ([0.18–0.94]; p = 0.009) than those who reported “SRH poor”. No association was found for balance with eyes open. For older women, there was no evidence of associations between physical performance and SRH. Conclusion This study showed that SRH is significantly associated with objective measures of physical performance in a sample of low-income middle-aged women. SRH can be an important tool to indicate the need for further evaluation of physical performance among middle-aged women and can be particularly useful for low-income communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gabrielle Gomes Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Catherine M Pirkle
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tetine Sentell
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - José Vilton Costa
- Department of Demography and Actuarial Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Saionara Maria Aires da Câmara
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Hulman A, Ibsen DB, Laursen ASD, Dahm CC. Body mass index trajectories preceding first report of poor self-rated health: A longitudinal case-control analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212862. [PMID: 30794702 PMCID: PMC6386346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have consistently found that obesity is associated with poor self-rated health, but how body mass index (BMI) developed in the lead up to poor self-rated health is unknown. Methods We nested a longitudinal case-control study in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (1998–2015) to investigate BMI trajectories in the years preceding a first self-report of poor health. Participants rated their health at each data collection; every other collection included a BMI assessment by a nurse. Case status was defined as a first report of poor health during follow-up. Three age- and sex-matched controls were identified per case using density sampling. BMI trajectories were fitted to time backwards prior to first report of poor health using mixed-effects models. Age and sex were potential modifiers. We conducted subgroup analyses of those not reporting certain chronic diseases or smoking. Results We identified 732 cases and 2195 controls. Age, but not sex, modified the association between BMI and self-rated health. Participants reporting poor health at age 60 had a 1.5 kg/m2 (95%CI: 0.8 to 2.1) higher BMI at the time of reporting than controls, and their BMI had previously increased markedly (1.3 kg/m2 95%CI: 0.9 to 1.8 over ten years). After age 75, cases no longer had higher BMI than controls, and their BMI had decreased sharply prior to reporting poor health (e.g. -2.0 kg/m2 95%CI: -2.6 to -1.5 per decade on average for those reporting poor health at age 90). Age was also an effect modifier among those without diabetes, however BMI trajectories were more similar among the middle-aged. The subgroup analysis of those without cardiovascular disease, cancer and chronic lung disease showed similar results to the main findings. Conclusion Development of BMI was associated with poor self-rated health; however, the nature of the association depended markedly on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hulman
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel B. Ibsen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Szoeke C, Coulson M, Campbell S, Dennerstein L. Cohort profile: Women's Healthy Ageing Project (WHAP) - a longitudinal prospective study of Australian women since 1990. Womens Midlife Health 2016; 2:5. [PMID: 30766701 PMCID: PMC6300017 DOI: 10.1186/s40695-016-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cohort was commenced to examine women’s health from midlife (45–55 years) before the menopausal transition and into ageing. Methods Randomised selection and assessment of 2,001 women living in the Melbourne metropolitan area was conducted by the Roy Morgan Centre in 1990/91. Of the 779 women who met the entry criteria for the longitudinal follow-up (aged 45–55 years, menstruating, having a uterus and at least one ovary and not taking hormone therapy) 438 agreed to be seen annually across the menopausal transition from 1992 to 1999. Longitudinal prospective follow-up since 2000 has continued intermittently (2002/03, 2004/05, 2012/13, 2014/15). Data collection has included fasting biomarkers in each year since 1992, clinical assessment, lifestyle and quality of life data, physical measures and validated questionnaire data. Participants have consented to data linkage and, to date, mammogram and BioGrid data have been accessed. Biobank storage including serum, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) storage and PAXgene tubes are maintained. Discussion The WHAP has contributed to over 200 published research findings, several books, and book chapters in a variety of areas, including: health and wellbeing; mental and cognitive health; bone health; lifestyle, vascular risk and prevention; women’s health and hormonal transition; and cross-cultural research. With all participants now aged over 70 years, the cohort is ideally placed to answer key questions of healthy ageing in women. With more than 25 years of longitudinal prospective follow-up this Australian dataset is unique in its duration, breadth and detail of measures including clinical review and specialized disease-specific testing and biomarkers. Ongoing follow-up into older ages for this long-running cohort will enable the association between mid to late-life factors and healthy ageing to be determined. This is particularly valuable for the examination of chronic diseases which have a 20–30 year prodrome and to provide knowledge on multiple morbidities. The dataset has a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of temporal relationships and the interactions between risk factors and comorbidities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40695-016-0018-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Szoeke
- 1Department of Medicine-Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | - Melissa Coulson
- 1Department of Medicine-Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
| | | | - Lorraine Dennerstein
- 1Department of Medicine-Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050 Australia
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Ko Y, Chee W, Im EO. Factors Associated With Perceived Health Status of Multiracial/Ethnic Midlife Women in the United States. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2016; 45:378-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Twelve-week exercise training and the quality of life in menopausal women - clinical trial. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2016; 15:20-5. [PMID: 27095954 PMCID: PMC4828504 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2016.58769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The menopause transition is associated with decreased health functioning. About 80-90% of women experience mild to severe physical or physiological menopause-related complaints per year when approaching menopause. Physical activity may reduce some climacteric symptoms and improve the quality of life. AIM OF THE STUDY Aim of the study was to investigate the influence of a 12-week training programme on the quality of life (QoL) in menopausal-aged women living in a rural area. MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants were 80 women aged 40-65 years and divided into two randomly selected groups in training sessions (exercising group, n = 40 and control group, n = 40). SF36 was used to assess the quality of life in both groups before and after 12 weeks. Exercising women participated in training session 3 times a week. Each 60-minute exercise session included warming-up exercises, walking, stretching, strengthening exercises with an elastic band and cooling down exercises. RESULTS A non-significant positive difference in all SF36 domains in the exercising group was observed. The results of the study showed a statistically significant higher QoL in the exercising group compared to the control group after 12-week training in two domains: vitality and mental health. The improvement in the quality of life in the study group was 0.19 points (role limits - physical domain, least change) and 4.96 (vitality domain, most change). CONCLUSIONS Controlled and regular exercise for 12 weeks was significantly correlated with a positive change in vitality and mental health. Sedentary women should consider modification of their lifestyle to include physical activity as it leads to improvement of their quality of life.
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Chandwani KD, Heckler CE, Mohile SG, Mustian KM, Janelsins M, Peppone LJ, Bushunow P, Flynn PJ, Morrow GR. Hot flashes severity, complementary and alternative medicine use, and self-rated health in women with breast cancer. Explore (NY) 2014; 10:241-7. [PMID: 25037667 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hot flashes (HF) are a common distressing symptom in women with breast cancer (BC). Current pharmacologic options are moderately effective and are associated with bothersome side effects. Complementary and alternative medicine is commonly used by cancer patients. However, information on the association of hot flashes severity with such use and self-rated health is lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine the hot flashes severity in women with breast cancer and its association with complementary and alternative medicine use and self-rated health (SRH). DESIGN Longitudinal multicenter study to assess information needs of cancer outpatients. PARTICIPANTS Patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer who were scheduled to undergo chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. OUTCOME MEASURES Hot flashes severity (0 = not present and 10 = as bad as you can imagine), use of complementary and alternative medicine (yes/no), and self-rating of health (SRH) status post-treatment and six-months thereafter (1-5, higher score = better SRH). RESULTS The majority of women with HF (mean age = 54.4 years) were Caucasian and married, with higher education, and 93% had received surgical treatment for BC. At the end of treatment, 79% women reported experiencing HF [mean severity = 5.87, standard deviation (SD) = 2.9]; significantly more severe HF were reported by younger women with poor SRH, poor performance status, and those reporting doing spiritual practices. At follow-up, 73% had HF (mean severity = 4.86, SD = 3.0), and more severe HF were reported by younger women with poor self-rated health who had undergone chemotherapy plus radiotherapy, used vitamins, and did not exercise. CONCLUSIONS A high percentage of women experienced hot flashes at the end of treatment and at six-month follow-up. A significant association of hot flashes severity with spiritual practice, increased vitamin use, and reduced exercise emphasize the need for future studies to confirm the results. This can facilitate safe use of complementary and alternative medicine and favorable outcomes while managing cancer-related hot flashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita D Chandwani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
| | - Charles E Heckler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Supriya G Mohile
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Karen M Mustian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Michelle Janelsins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Luke J Peppone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | | | - Gary R Morrow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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Abdelrahman RY, Abushaikha LA, al-Motlaq MA. Predictors of psychological well-being and stress among Jordanian menopausal women. Qual Life Res 2013; 23:167-73. [PMID: 23812907 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-013-0464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate purpose in life, self-acceptance, perceived stress levels, and menopausal symptoms among Jordanian women. METHODS A descriptive, correlational design with a convenience sample of 193 women aged 40-55 years was employed. RESULTS The average age at menopause for the current sample was 47.4 years, and menopausal status did not significantly affect purpose in life, self-acceptance, or perceived stress levels. Negative correlations were found between purpose in life and perceived stress, and between self-acceptance and perceived stress (r = -0.49; p = 0.01 and r = -0.58; p = 0.01, respectively). Menopausal symptoms were found to be a strong negative predictor of purpose in life, self-acceptance, and perceived stress levels. In addition, higher health rating was significantly associated with higher psychological well-being and lower perceived stress levels. Perimenopause was found to be a vulnerable stage for severe menopausal symptoms particularly psychological complaints. However, vasomotor symptoms and loss of sexual interest became more intense among postmenopausal women. Although women in the current study had low psychological well-being and high perceived stress, these were not affected by their menopausal status. CONCLUSION The study showed the importance of including both physical and psychological symptoms during encounters with health professionals, besides considering women's expectations about menopause to help ease their menopausal transition and improve their well-being.
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Menopausal symptoms: do life events predict severity of symptoms in peri- and post-menopause? Maturitas 2012; 72:324-31. [PMID: 22607812 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hormonal changes during menopausal transition are linked to physical and psychological symptoms' emergence. This study aims to explore if life events predict menopausal symptoms. METHODS This cross-sectional research encompasses a community sample of 992 women who answered to socio-demographic, health, menopause-related and lifestyle questionnaires; menopausal symptoms and life events were assessed with validated instruments. Structural equation modeling was used to build a causal model. RESULTS Menopausal status predicted only three symptoms: skin/facial hair changes (β=.136; p=.020), sexual (β=.157; p=.004) and, marginally, vasomotor symptoms (β=.094; p=.054). Life events predicted depressive mood (β=-.391; p=.002), anxiety (β=-.271; p=.003), perceived cognitive impairment (β=-.295; p=.003), body shape changes (β=-.136; p=.031), aches/pain (β=-.212; p=.007), skin/facial hair changes (β=-.171; p=.021), numbness (β=-.169; p=.015), perceived loss of control (β=-.234; p=.008), mouth, nails and hair changes (β=-.290; p=.004), vasomotor (β=-.113; p=.044) and sexual symptoms (β=-.208; p=.009). CONCLUSIONS Although women in peri- and post-menopausal manifested higher symptoms' severity than their pre-menopausal counterparts, only three of the menopausal symptoms assessed were predicted by menopausal status. Since the vast majority of menopausal symptoms' severity was significantly influenced by the way women perceived their recent life events, it is concluded that the symptomatology exacerbation, in peri- and post-menopausal women, might be due to life conditions and events, rather than hormonal changes (nonetheless, the inverse influence should be investigated in future studies). Therefore, these should be accounted for in menopause-related clinical and research settings.
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Negative affect and vasomotor symptoms in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Daily Hormone Study. Menopause 2012; 18:1270-7. [PMID: 21900850 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182230e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are common during the menopausal transition. Negative affect is consistently associated with self-reported VMS, but the interpretation of this relationship is limited by the infrequent measurement and retrospective recall of VMS. Using prospective data from daily diaries, we examined the daily association between negative affect and reported VMS, as well as the temporal associations between negative affect and next-day VMS and between VMS and next-day negative affect. METHODS Data were derived from the third wave of the Daily Hormone Study (N = 625). The Daily Hormone Study is a substudy of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a multisite community-based prospective cohort study of the menopausal transition. Participants reported VMS and affect in daily diaries for 12 to 50 days. Multilevel mixed models were used to determine the associations between reported VMS and negative affect, adjusted by antidepressant use, age, education, menopause status, self-reported health, and race/ethnicity, drawn from annual Study of Women's Health Across the Nation visits. RESULTS VMS were reported by 327 women (52.3%). Negative affect was positively associated with VMS (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% CI, 1.43-2.17; P < 0.001) in cross-sectional analyses. Negative affect, adjusted by same-day VMS, was not predictive of next-day VMS (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.85-1.35; P = 0.55), whereas VMS, adjusted by same-day negative affect, was predictive of negative affect for the next day (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.03-1.58; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Negative affect is more likely to be reported on the same day and the day after VMS. Potential mechanisms underlying this relationship include negative cognitive appraisal, sleep disruption, and unmeasured third factors.
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Moilanen JM, Aalto AM, Raitanen J, Hemminki E, Aro AR, Luoto R. Physical activity and change in quality of life during menopause--an 8-year follow-up study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012; 10:8. [PMID: 22269072 PMCID: PMC3311608 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The aim of this study was to study the role of menopausal status and physical activity on quality of life. Methods A total of 1,165 Finnish women aged 45-64 years from a national representative population-based study were followed up for 8 years. Study participants completed the Health 2000 study questionnaire and follow-up questionnaire in 2008. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to measure the effect of menopausal status on global quality of life (QoL). Other variables included in the analyses were age, education, change of physical activity as assessed with metabolic equivalents, change of weight and hormone therapy (HRT) use. Results Peri- and postmenopausal women increased their physical activity (28% and 27%) during the eight-year follow up period slightly more often than premenopausal (18%) women (p = 0.070). Menopausal status was not significantly correlated with change of QoL. QoL of the most highly educated women was more likely to improve than among the less educated (eb = 1.28, 95%CI 1.08 to 1.51 p = 0.002). Women whose physical activity increased or remained stable had greater chances for improved QoL than women whose physical activity decreased (eb = 1.49, 95%CI 1.23 p < 0.001 to 1.80, eb = 1.46, 95%CI 1.24 to 1.73 p < 0.001 respectively). Women whose weight remained stable during follow-up also improved their QoL compared to women who gained weight (eb = 1.26, 95%CI 1.07 to 1.50 p > 0.01). Women who had never used HRT had 1.26 greater odds for improved QoL (95%CI 1.02 to 1.56 p = < 0.05). Conclusion Improvement of global QoL is correlated with stable or increased physical activity, stable weight and high education, but not with change in menopausal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana M Moilanen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Sirola J, Tuppurainen M, Rikkonen T, Honkanen R, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Kröger H. Correlates and predictors of self-rated health and ambulatory status among elderly women - Cross-sectional and 10 years population-based cohort study. Maturitas 2009; 65:244-52. [PMID: 20018468 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the correlates and predictors of self-rated health (SRH) and self-reported ambulatory status (AMB) among elderly women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A random sample of 1620 postmenopausal women aged 53-66 years in 1994 was selected from Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention (OSTPRE) - study cohort in Finland. SRH and AMB were assessed in baseline (1994) and after 10-year follow-up (2004). A prognostic model was developed to predict the probability of good 10-year SRH and AMB. RESULTS Full AMB was correlated with and predicted by good SRH (OR=4.3, p<0.001). Good quality of life (QoL) was both correlate and predictor of good 10-year SRH (OR=2.0, p<0.001) and full AMB (OR=2.6, p<0.001). Low BMI was associated with good SRH (OR=0.97, p<0.049) and full AMB (OR=0.92, p<0.001), good grip strength with good SRH (OR=2.7, p<0.001) and ability to squat down with full AMB (OR=1.7, p=0.002). Cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and back pain were common significant negative correlates (p<0.001) of baseline AMB and SRH out of variety of chronic diseases with significant association with either one. The significant (p<0.05) baseline predictors in final prognostic model for good 10-year SRH included baseline AMB and SRH, QoL, age, BMI, grip strength and psychiatric diseases (C-index=0.81) and for full 10-year AMB ability to squat, baseline AMB and SRH, QoL, BMI, hypertension and arthritis (C-index=0.81). These risk scores had better predictive power in comparison to that of baseline SRH and AMB alone (p<0.001 in univariate Z-score test). CONCLUSIONS Among elderly women AMB is strongly linked to SRH. SRH and AMB are affected mostly by musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and psychiatric diseases as well as body anthropometry, muscle strength and subjective QoL. The present study provides a novel algorithm for predicting probability of full AMB and good SRH in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Sirola
- University of Kuopio, Bone and Cartilage Research Unit (BCRU), OSTPRE Study Group, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Suka M, Taniuchi A, Kudo Y, Sato S, Yoshida K, Ishizuka B. Self-assessed health and menopausal symptoms among 50-year-old Japanese women: cross-sectional surveys in Northern Kawasaki in 1998 and 2008. Menopause 2009; 17:166-73. [PMID: 19724241 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181b6683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether self-assessed health changed over the last decade in association with menopausal symptoms among community-dwelling Japanese women. METHODS Cross-sectional surveys of 50-year-old women living in Northern Kawasaki were conducted in 1998 (n = 1,492) and 2008 (n = 1,274). Data obtained from a questionnaire were self-assessed health, menopause awareness, 1-year recall of 10 subjective symptoms (Simplified Menopausal Index), and sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics. The prevalence of poor self-assessed health, menopause awareness, and subjective symptoms was compared between the surveys. RESULTS The percentage of premenopausal women increased from 51.7% in the 1998 survey to 64.8% in the 2008 survey (P < 0.001). The prevalence of menopause awareness decreased from 36.8% in the 1998 survey to 31.7% in the 2008 survey (P = 0.006). The prevalence of poor self-assessed health decreased from 13.9% in the 1998 survey to 10.8% in the 2008 survey (P = 0.013). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that participants of the 2008 survey had a significantly lower risk for having poor self-assessed health than did participants of the 1998 survey. Menopause awareness, comorbidity, and body mass index of 18.5 kg/m2 or lower or 25.0 kg/m2 or greater were significantly associated with increased risk for having poor self-assessed health. The impact of menopause awareness on self-assessed health was 2.2 to 2.4 times greater in participants without comorbidity than in those with comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant improvement in self-assessed health in parallel with a significant downward secular trend in the prevalence of menopause awareness among community-dwelling Japanese women. Women who felt themselves affected by menopause tended to perceive their own health as poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machi Suka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Well-being during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: a longitudinal analysis. Menopause 2009; 15:1095-102. [PMID: 18665042 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181728451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine relationships between well-being and the menopausal transition (MT) to determine (1) whether women's well-being varies over the course of the MT and early postmenopause (PM) and (2) whether any observed variation is predicted by MT variables, other midlife transitions, or personal resources. DESIGN Women from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study (N = 334) provided data for these analyses from at least one annual health questionnaire and a menstrual calendar. A subset of women provided a first morning voided urine specimen from 1997 through 2005. Urine samples were assayed for estrone glucuronide and follicle-stimulating hormone. Mixed-effects modeling using the R library was used to investigate whether MT-related factors, including MT stage, presence of hot flashes, hot flash severity and levels of estrone glucuronide and follicle-stimulating hormone, number of negative life events, or personal resources of mastery and satisfaction with social support are significant predictors of well-being. RESULTS The model that best fit the data showed that mastery and satisfaction with social support predicted increases in well-being, whereas negative life events predicted decreases in well-being. None of the MT-related factors predicted change in well-being. CONCLUSION The variability in women's well-being in this study was more affected by life events other than the MT and early PM and by the personal resources available to meet transition demands. These findings suggest that for most women, the MT is not a predictor of level of well-being when considered in a broader life context.
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Well-Being During the Menopausal Transition and Early Postmenopause. Womens Health Issues 2008; 18:310-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cheng MH, Lee SJ, Wang SJ, Wang PH, Fuh JL. Does menopausal transition affect the quality of life? A longitudinal study of middle-aged women in Kinmen. Menopause 2007; 14:885-90. [PMID: 17429333 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3180333a58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of menopausal transition and menopausal symptoms in relation to quality of life in a cohort of middle-aged women in Kinmen. DESIGN A total of 734 premenopausal women participated in the baseline study, and 579 women (78.9%) completed a follow-up 2 years later. Quality of life was assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36. Participating women were asked for demographic data, about vasomotor symptoms, and to complete the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS There was no demographic difference between women who remained premenopausal and those who entered perimenopause except for age. Vitality deteriorated no matter whether the women stayed in premenopause or entered perimenopause. In multivariate analysis, only vasomotor symptoms had an adverse influence on role limitation of emotion after adjusting for age, education, menopausal status, baseline cognitive score, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score. The menopausal transition did not influence the eight domains of the Short Form-36 in the multivariate regression model. CONCLUSION This longitudinal study found no significant effect of menopausal transition on quality of life among Taiwanese women. The decline in the role limitations due to emotional problems was related to vasomotor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huei Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Dennerstein L, Lehert P, Burger HG, Guthrie JR. New findings from non-linear longitudinal modelling of menopausal hormone changes. Hum Reprod Update 2007; 13:551-7. [PMID: 17616552 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmm022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in FSH and estradiol (E2) across the menopausal transition are clearly not linear. The present study utilizes data from 204 women who completed the 13-year prospective Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project. E2, FSH, symptoms, self-rated health, mood, sexual function and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk were measured longitudinally. We presumed an s-shaped curve for each hormone and estimated five parameters for each hormone curve for each woman: baseline, final value, range, slope at inflexion point and age at inflexion point. These parameters were found to adequately estimate the curve for each hormone. The median age of transition observed for E2 occurs >1 year later than the median age of transition observed for FSH. FSH parameters did not affect any of the health outcomes analysed. Hot flushes, night sweats, sleeping problems, vaginal dryness and to a lesser extent self-rated health were highly significantly associated with E2 range and slope. Sexual response and CHD risk were highly significantly associated with final E2 level (post-menopausally). These findings have clinical relevance in identifying which symptoms will be triggered by steep transitions of E2 such as sudden withdrawal and which health parameters may require a maintenance level of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Dennerstein
- Office for Gender and Health, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Factors affecting change over time in self-reported health. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2007. [PMID: 17441542 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-reported health status has become a conventional measure of health status at the population level. Further, the literature supports its use as a valid indicator of morbidity and mortality. However, relatively little attention has been paid to how self-reported health status changes over time or the factors affecting change. This paper explores the factors affecting health status change over time using data from a neighbourhood health survey. METHODS Two rounds (2001; 2003) of health survey data (n=671) were collected across 4 distinct neighbourhoods in Hamilton, Ontario. Logistic regression analysis is used to predict change in self-reported health status between the two time periods as well as determinants of change using a range of compositional, contextual and collective characteristics of individuals as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS Results reveal that approximately one third of participants experienced a change in health status between the two survey years. Interestingly, the key factors affecting change in health status are compositional characteristics of individuals (e.g., smoking, health care use) as opposed to contextual (e.g., neighbourhood of residence) or collective (e.g., marital status). Contrary to published literature, the current study does not reveal any significant links between a change in health status and either gender or age. CONCLUSION These results inform our understanding of both the stability of health ratings over time and the determinants of health status change. Further research should be undertaken to enhance this understanding; in particular, studies with larger sample sizes, longer time frames and more sensitive indicators of composition, context and collective are needed.
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Wood JM, Mansfield PK, Koch PB. Negotiating sexual agency: postmenopausal women's meaning and experience of sexual desire. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2007; 17:189-200. [PMID: 17220390 DOI: 10.1177/1049732306297415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this feminist grounded theory study was to understand the meaning and experience of postmenopausal women's sexual desire. Data collection from 22 postmenopausal women who were ongoing participants of the TREMIN Research Program on Women's Health occurred via audiotaped, telephone-based, semistructured interviews. Women's descriptions of their sexual needs and desires led to the discovery of the core category, negotiating sexual agency, which refers to women's ability to act on behalf of their sexual needs, desires, and wishes. Women negotiated their sexual agency within three main domains (or axial codes): their own sexual self, their partners, and the medical system. An important finding was women's internalization of sociocultural assumptions that privilege their male partners' sexual needs over their own. The findings of this study, especially the contexts in which women negotiate their sexual agency, are important for women, women's health care providers, and women's life partners to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Wood
- Women's Studies Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been controversy about the relative effects on various health outcomes of hormonal, psychosocial, and lifestyle changes during the menopausal transition. In previous studies the risk factors for one particular health endpoint have been analyzed separately. Separate analyses do not provide an overall view of the relationships between all the variables or the relative importance of different factors. Thus, the objective of this study was to provide an overall analysis of the influence of hormonal changes during the menopausal transition on a range of health outcomes while simultaneously considering all the available predictors and all the endpoints and to test the hypothesis that prior health status predicts current health status. DESIGN This was a 9-year prospective observational study of 438 Australian-born women, who at baseline were aged 45 to 55 years and had menstruated in the prior 3 months. Interviews were conducted and fasting blood and physical measurements were performed annually. RESULTS Main outcome measures were hormone levels, sociodemographic variables, attitudes and lifestyle variables, self-rated health and well-being, bothersome symptoms, coronary heart disease risk, bone mineral density, and sexuality. Data from 336 women, 77% of the original sample, were analyzed. Statistical modeling using structural equations showed that for all health endpoints, the prior level of that variable was the most important predictor. Declining levels of estradiol during the menopausal transition affected certain health outcomes: bone mineral density, coronary heart disease risk, vasomotor symptoms, vaginal dryness, and sexual response. Well-being is negatively affected by symptoms, hassles, and stress. Exercise has beneficial effects on hot flushes, well-being, body mass index, and coronary heart disease risk. Relationship factors and mood affect sexual response. CONCLUSIONS This observational study provides a conceptual data-based framework for understanding changes in women's health during the natural menopausal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Dennerstein
- Office for Gender and Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
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Ojanlatva A, Mäkinen J, Helenius H, Korkeila K, Sundell J, Rautava P. Sexual activity and perceived health among Finnish middle-aged women. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006; 4:29. [PMID: 16686959 PMCID: PMC1513197 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-4-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing awareness of the need to address sexual and orgasm experiences as part of life quality and an understanding of the great individual differences between women play roles in women's health and medical care across the specialities. Information is lacking as to how negative attitude toward self (NATS) and performance impairment (PI) are associated with sexual activity of middle-aged women. We examined the associations of sexual experience, orgasm experience, and lack of sexual desire with perceived health and potential explanatory variables of NATS and PI. Methods Questionnaire was mailed to 2 population-based random samples of menopausal or soon-to-be menopausal women (n = 5510, 70% response) stratified according to age (42–46 and 52–56 years). In multivariate analyses of the associations with the outcome variables, perceived health, NATS, and PI were used as covariates in 6 models in which exercise, menstrual symptoms, and illness indicators were taken into account as well. Results Sexual activity variables were associated with perceived health. When present, NATS formed associations with sexual and orgasm experiences, whereas strenuous exercise formed associations with orgasm among 42–46-year-old women alone. Strenuous exercise was not associated with orgasm experience among older women. Conclusion NATS and PI are closely tied to orgasm experiences and the meaning of the roles needs to be exposed. Sexual activity deserves to be addressed more actively in patient contact at least with perimenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansa Ojanlatva
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Center for Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku City Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Mäkinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hans Helenius
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jari Sundell
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
We address whether the menopausal transition affects health-related quality of life (HRQOL). To do this, we review how HRQOL is defined and measured, present HRQOL findings from the large, population-based studies of menopause, and identify key gaps in knowledge. HRQOL is defined as the value assigned to duration of life as modified by impairments, functional states, perceptions, and social opportunities that are influenced by disease, injury, treatment, or policy. The specific domains of HRQOL include resilience or the capacity to respond to stress, health perceptions, physical functioning, and symptoms. The majority of menopause studies have operationalized HRQOL as frequency and severity of symptoms. Taken together, the findings from 12 cross-sectional reports and 3 longitudinal studies suggest that the perimenopause is associated with higher levels of somatic symptoms. It is unclear whether the perimenopause is related to other domains of HRQOL. Only 1 longitudinal study reported an association between reduced physical functioning and perimenopause. Studies typically compare premenopausal women with women of other menopausal transition status separately, thereby not addressing the question of further change in HRQOL after the cessation of menses. There is a clear need for understanding the effects of the menopause beyond the domain of symptoms and to consider whether some domains of HRQOL may improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Matthews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Asplund R, Aberg HE. Development of nocturia in relation to health, age and the menopause. Maturitas 2005; 51:358-62. [PMID: 16039408 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the relationship between nocturia, age, the menopausal transition, parturition and hormone replacement treatment (HRT) in women. MATERIAL AND METHODS A questionnaire study was carried out in 3669 randomly selected women (out of 6000 invited) in the County of Jämtland, Sweden. Questions were asked about health, the occurrence of somatic diseases and symptoms, habits, health care and medication. RESULTS In univariate analyses age, menopausal state and HRT, but not parturition, were associated with increased nocturia. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, independent correlates for two or more nocturnal micturition episodes versus no more than one episode were: health, poor versus good 2.9 (2.1-3.8); <5 years after the menopause versus before 1.8 (1.3-2.5); 5-9 years after the menopause versus before 2.1 (1.5-3.0); > or =10 years after the menopause versus before 3.1 (2.3-4.2). Age and HRT were deleted by the logistic regression model. CONCLUSION The present data indicate that menopausal state, but not age, parturition and HRT are independent correlates of nocturia in 40-64-year-old women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnar Asplund
- Family Medicine Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, SE 14183 Huddinge, Sweden; The Research and Development Unit, Jämtland County Council, SE 83125 Ostersund, Sweden.
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Clark MS, Dennerstein L, Elkadi S, Guthrie JR, Bowden SC, Henderson VW. Normative verbal and non-verbal memory test scores for Australian women aged 56-67. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2004; 38:532-40. [PMID: 15255826 DOI: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish normative data for tests of verbal and non-verbal memory for midlife Australian-born women, and in so doing investigate factors which contribute to variation in test performance. METHOD Two hundred and fifty-seven healthy women aged 56-67 years (mean age 60), who are participating in the Melbourne Women's Midlife Longitudinal Health Project, were administered two word list learning tasks, a story recall task (the East Boston Memory Test) and the Faces subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale III as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Word list learning tasks consisted of either 16 semantically related words, derived from the California Verbal Learning Test II, or a list of 10 unrelated words. Mood was assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression questionnaire. RESULTS Education was significantly related to memory performance and there was a non-significant trend for test scores to decline with age. Mood was unrelated to test performance. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated a clear distinction between verbal and non-verbal memory performances. Mean scores were stratified by education (less than 12 years vs. 12 or more years) and age (56-59 vs. 60-67 years), and scaled normative data were constructed for all the tests. CONCLUSION This study provides education-based normative data for tests of verbal and non-verbal memory for midlife Australian women. The establishment of population-based normative data will facilitate future investigations of ageing and dementia in Australian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Clark
- Office for Gender and Health, Charles Connibere Building, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, 3050, Australia.
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