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Liu C, Fetterman JL, Qian Y, Sun X, Blackwell TW, Pitsillides A, Cade BE, Wang H, Raffield LM, Lange LA, Anugu P, Abecasis G, Adrienne Cupples L, Redline S, Correa A, Vasan RS, Wilson JG, Ding J, Levy D. Presence and transmission of mitochondrial heteroplasmic mutations in human populations of European and African ancestry. Mitochondrion 2021; 60:33-42. [PMID: 34303007 PMCID: PMC8464516 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the concordance of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmic mutations (heteroplasmies) in 6745 maternal pairs of European (EA, n = 4718 pairs) and African (AA, n = 2027 pairs) Americans in whole blood. Mother-offspring pairs displayed the highest concordance rate, followed by sibling-sibling and more distantly-related maternal pairs. The allele fractions of concordant heteroplasmies exhibited high correlation (R2 = 0.8) between paired individuals. Discordant heteroplasmies were more likely to be in coding regions, be nonsynonymous or nonsynonymous-deleterious (p < 0.001). The number of deleterious heteroplasmies was significantly correlated with advancing age (20-44, 45-64, and ≥65 years, p-trend = 0.01). One standard deviation increase in heteroplasmic burden (i.e., the number of heteroplasmies carried by an individual) was associated with 0.17 to 0.26 (p < 1e - 23) standard deviation decrease in mtDNA copy number, independent of age. White blood cell count and differential count jointly explained 0.5% to 1.3% (p ≤ 0.001) variance in heteroplasmic burden. A genome-wide association and meta-analysis identified a region at 11p11.12 (top signal rs779031139, p = 2.0e - 18, minor allele frequency = 0.38) associated with the heteroplasmic burden. However, the 11p11.12 region is adjacent to a nuclear mitochondrial DNA (NUMT) corresponding to a 542 bp area of the D-loop. This region was no longer significant after excluding heteroplasmies within the 542 bp from the heteroplasmic burden. The discovery that blood mtDNA heteroplasmies were both inherited and somatic origins and that an increase in heteroplasmic burden was strongly associated with a decrease in average number of mtDNA copy number in blood are important findings to be considered in association studies of mtDNA with disease traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Jessica L Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 20118, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xianbang Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Thomas W Blackwell
- TOPMed Informatics Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Achilleas Pitsillides
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Brian E Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Leslie A Lange
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Pramod Anugu
- Coordinating Center, University of Mississippi of Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- TOPMed Informatics Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Sections of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Population Sciences Branch, NHLBI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Nido GS, Dölle C, Flønes I, Tuppen HA, Alves G, Tysnes OB, Haugarvoll K, Tzoulis C. Ultradeep mapping of neuronal mitochondrial deletions in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 63:120-127. [PMID: 29257976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions accumulate with age in postmitotic cells and are associated with aging and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Although the exact mechanisms by which deletions form remain elusive, the dominant theory is that they arise spontaneously at microhomologous sites and undergo clonal expansion. We characterize mtDNA deletions at unprecedented resolution in individual substantia nigra neurons from individuals with Parkinson's disease, using ultradeep sequencing. We show that the number of deleted mtDNA species per neuron is substantially higher than previously reported. Moreover, each deleted mtDNA species shows significant differences in sequence composition compared with the remaining mtDNA population, which is highly consistent with independent segregation and clonal expansion. Deletion breakpoints occur consistently in regions of sequence homology, which may be direct or interrupted stretches of tandem repeats. While our results support a crucial role for misannealing in deletion generation, we find no overrepresentation of the 3'-repeat sequence, an observation that is difficult to reconcile with the current view of replication errors as the source of mtDNA deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo S Nido
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Dölle
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Irene Flønes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helen A Tuppen
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders and Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Haugarvoll
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Charalampos Tzoulis
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Pitceathly R, Rahman S, Hanna M. Single deletions in mitochondrial DNA – Molecular mechanisms and disease phenotypes in clinical practice. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:577-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations in normal and tumour cells. Nature 2010; 464:610-4. [PMID: 20200521 PMCID: PMC3176451 DOI: 10.1038/nature08802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of hundreds of copies of mitochondrial (mt) DNA in each human cell poses a challenge for complete characterization of mtDNA genomes by conventional sequencing technologies1. Here, we describe digital sequencing of mtDNA genomes using massively parallel sequencing-by-synthesis. Though the mtDNA of human cells is considered to be homogeneous, we found widespread heterogeneity (heteroplasmy) in the mtDNA of normal human cells. Moreover, the frequency of heteroplasmic variants among different tissues of the same individual varied considerably. In addition to the variants identified in normal tissues, cancer cells harbored additional homoplasmic and heteroplasmic mutations that could also be detected in patient plasma. These studies provide new insights into the nature and variability of mtDNA sequences and have intriguing implications for mitochondrial processes during embryogenesis, cancer biomarker development, and forensic analysis. In particular, they demonstrate that individual humans are characterized by a complex mixture of related mitochondrial genotypes rather than a single genotype.
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Yamashita S, Nishino I, Nonaka I, Goto YI. Genotype and phenotype analyses in 136 patients with single large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions. J Hum Genet 2008; 53:598. [PMID: 18414780 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-008-0289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined 136 patients with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion. Clinical diagnoses included chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (94 patients); Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS; 33 patients); Pearson's marrow-pancreas syndrome (six patients); and Leigh syndrome, Reye-like syndrome, and mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (one patient). The length and location of deletion were highly variable. Only one patient had deletion within the so-called shorter arc between the two origins of mtDNA replication. The length of deletion and the number of deleted transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAs) showed a significant relationship with age at onset. Furthermore, KSS patients had longer and larger numbers of deleted tRNAs, which could be risk factors for the systemic involvement of single mtDNA deletion diseases. We found 81 patterns of deletion. Direct repeats of 4 bp or longer flanking the breakpoints were found in 96 patients (70.5%) and those of 10 bp or longer in 49 patients (36.0%). We found two other common deletions besides the most common deletion (34 patients: 25.0%): the 2,310-bp deletion from nt 12113 to nt 14421 (11 patients: 8.0%) and the 7,664-bp deletion from nt 6330 to nt 13993 (ten patients: 7.3%). These deletions had incomplete direct repeats longer than 13 bp with one base mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Yamashita
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuya Nonaka
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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Abstract
It is generally assumed that somatic mtDNA mutations are originally created in the cells where these mutations are currently found. Accumulating data indicate, however, that cells with a particular mtDNA mutation tend to "cluster," that is, occur repeatedly within a given sample, but not in the others. Clusters likely are clonal, which implies that mtDNA mutations do not originate in the cells that currently carry them, but rather in those cells' progenitors, such as stem or satellite cells, or even earlier in the development. Importantly, a majority of mtDNA mutations appear to belong to such clusters, and thus mutational events in progenitor cells may be one of the major sources of mtDNA mutations in healthy aging tissue. More research including the analysis of multiple samples per individual is needed to confirm the existence of clustering and to distinguish between the possible clustering mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Khrapko
- Gerontology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Burlington Ave. 21-27, Room 554E, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Thyagarajan D, Byrne E. Mitochondrial disorders of the nervous system: clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic features. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 53:93-144. [PMID: 12512338 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)53005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Thyagarajan
- Department of Neurology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Khrapko K, Nekhaeva E, Kraytsberg Y, Kunz W. Clonal expansions of mitochondrial genomes: implications for in vivo mutational spectra. Mutat Res 2003; 522:13-9. [PMID: 12517407 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is often assumed mutant frequencies, as measured in a DNA sample, faithfully represent basic mutation rates associated with these mutations. This paradigm was extremely helpful for in vitro studies of the mechanisms of mutagenesis/repair and causes of mutations. However, in vivo, mutant fractions appear to vary dramatically and randomly from sample to sample. It's unlikely that basic mutational rates vary so much. Such variations are probably caused by clonal expansions of mutants within tissue. Whether a particular tissue sample includes an expansion or not, is a matter of chance, which explains the observed random fluctuations of mutant fractions. Well-known examples of clonal expansions involve pathological conditions such as cancer or mitochondrial disease. It is less appreciated that even in normal tissue, expansions of somatic mutants create local deviations from the "expected" mutant frequencies. The sizes of clonal expansions appear to span a wide range and thus, may affect samples of various sizes, from individual cells to individuals. In conclusion, human body appears to be a sort of a "gambling ground" for clonally expanding mutants. We speculate that expansion of early mutants rather than de novo mutation at old age may be the major source of at least some aging-specific mutants in our bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Khrapko
- Gerontology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Garritsen HS, Hoerning A, Hellenkamp F, Cassens U, Mittmann K, Sibrowski W. Polymorphisms in the non-coding region of the human mitochondrial genome in unrelated plateletapheresis donors. Br J Haematol 2001; 112:995-1003. [PMID: 11298598 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms are unique targets to discriminate nucleated cells and platelets between donor and recipient in the setting of transplantation or transfusion. We have previously used this approach to discriminate allogeneic platelets from autologous platelets after transfusion. In the present study, we used DNA sequencing to investigate polymorphisms present in two of the hypervariable segments (HVR1 and HVR2) found within the non-coding region of the mitochondrial genome among 100 plateletapheresis donors. Alignments were made with the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) for human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Combining the sequencing information of HVR1 and HVR2 we could demonstrate that, of the 100 investigated mtDNA samples, none was identical to the CRS. We found a total of 2-17 polymorphisms per donor in the investigated regions, most of them were basepair substitutions (563) and insertions (151). No deletions were found. Sixty-six of the 110 detected polymorphisms were detected in more than one sample. Seven polymorphisms are newly described and have not been published in the Mitomap database. Our results demonstrate that polymerase chain reaction analysis of the many polymorphisms found in the hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA represents a more informative target than previously described mitochondrial polymorphisms for discriminating donor-recipient cells after transfusion or transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Garritsen
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstr. 11, 48149 Germany.
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Kapsa R, Siregar N, Quigley A, Ojaimi J, Katsabanis S, Sue C, Byrne E. The polymerase chain reaction in the study of mitochondrial genetics. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1997; 36:31-50. [PMID: 9507371 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(97)00044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its development in the late 1980's, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionised molecular genetic studies. It has provided direct access to genetic material in quantities sufficient for meaningful analyses to be performed. Adaptations to the basic technique have resulted in a wide range of applications from basic gene amplification to the estimation of DNA species quantities within cells. The study of human mitochondrial genetics is but one of the many disciplines to benefit from the rapid ascension of PCR based technology. In this communication we outline several uses of the PCR technique in the detection, quantification and characterisation of human mitochondrial genetic defects. The data presented in this communication highlight the versatility and applicability of PCR not only to mitochondrial research but to other disciplines of medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kapsa
- Melbourne Neuromuscular Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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