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Ivy-Israel NMD, Moore CE, Schwartz TS, Steury TD, Zohdy S, Newbolt CH, Ditchkoff SS. Association between sexually selected traits and allelic distance in two unlinked MHC II loci in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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2
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Floris I, Chenuet P, Togbe D, Volteau C, Lejeune B. Potential Role of the Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LALERG in the Treatment of Pollen-Induced Allergic Inflammation. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820914092. [PMID: 32269504 PMCID: PMC7093691 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820914092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a micro-immunotherapy medicine (MIM),
2LALERG, in a preclinical model of allergic respiratory disease sensitized with
birch pollen extract (BPE). BALB/c mice were immunized with BPE, or saline
solution, and were then challenged. Micro-immunotherapy medicine pillules were
diluted in water, and 3 doses (0.75; 1.5; 3 mg/mouse) were tested and compared
to vehicle control (3 mg/mouse). Treatments and vehicle were orally administered
by gavage for 10 days. Micro-immunotherapy medicine (0.75 mg/mouse) reduced the
number of total cells as well as the levels of interleukin (IL)-13 in
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared to vehicle control. Eosinophils in
BALF tended to be lower compared to vehicle group, and the difference is close
to significance. Histological analysis in the lungs confirms a moderate effect
of MIM (0.75 mg/mice) on inflammatory infiltration and mucus production. Serum
levels of IL-5 in MIM (0.75 mg/mouse)-treated mice were lower compared to
vehicle; IL-4 levels tended to be lower too. Total immunoglobulin E (IgE)
decreased in serum of MIM (1.5 and 0.75 mg/mouse) groups compared to vehicle
control. Micro-immunotherapy medicine exerted the highest effect at the lowest
dose tested. Micro-immunotherapy medicine resolved the local and systemic
inflammation, even if partially, in a model of pollen-induced, IgE-mediated
inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Floris
- Preclinical & Clinical Development and Regulatory Affairs, Labo'Life France, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Christelle Volteau
- Preclinical & Clinical Development and Regulatory Affairs, Labo'Life France, Nantes, France
| | - Beatrice Lejeune
- Preclinical & Clinical Development and Regulatory Affairs, Labo'Life France, Nantes, France
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3
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Abstract
The peripheral T cell repertoire is sculpted from prototypic T cells in the thymus bearing randomly generated T cell receptors (TCR) and by a series of developmental and selection steps that remove cells that are unresponsive or overly reactive to self-peptide–MHC complexes. The challenge of understanding how the kinetics of T cell development and the statistics of the selection processes combine to provide a diverse but self-tolerant T cell repertoire has invited quantitative modeling approaches, which are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Yates
- Departments of Systems and Computational Biology, Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
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Szomolay B, Williams T, Wooldridge L, van den Berg HA. Co-Receptor CD8-Mediated Modulation of T-Cell Receptor Functional Sensitivity and Epitope Recognition Degeneracy. Front Immunol 2013; 4:329. [PMID: 24151493 PMCID: PMC3801161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between T-cell receptors (TCRs) and peptide epitopes is highly degenerate: a TCR is capable of interacting productively with a wide range of different peptide ligands, involving not only cross-reactivity proper (similar epitopes elicit strong responses), but also polyspecificity (ligands with distinct physicochemical properties are capable of interacting with the TCR). Degeneracy does not gainsay the fact that TCR recognition is fundamentally specific: for the vast majority of ligands, the functional sensitivity of a given TCR is virtually null whereas this TCR has an appreciable functional sensitivity only for a minute fraction of all possible ligands. Degeneracy can be described mathematically as the probability that the functional sensitivity, of a given TCR to a randomly selected ligand, exceeds a set value. Variation of this value generates a statistical distribution that characterizes TCR degeneracy. This distribution can be modeled on the basis of a Gaussian distribution for the TCR/ligand dissociation energy. The kinetics of the TCR and the MHCI molecule can be used to transform this underlying Gaussian distribution into the observed distribution of functional sensitivity values. In the present paper, the model is extended by accounting explicitly for the kinetics of the interaction between the co-receptor and the MHCI molecule. We show that T-cells can modulate the level of degeneracy by varying the density of co-receptors on the cell surface. This could allow for an analog of avidity maturation during incipient T-cell responses.
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Abstract
T-cells are a vital type of white blood cell that circulate around our bodies, scanning for cellular abnormalities and infections. They recognise disease-associated antigens via a surface receptor called the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). If there were a specific TCR for every single antigen, no mammal could possibly contain all the T-cells it needs. This is clearly absurd and suggests that T-cell recognition must, to the contrary, be highly degenerate. Yet highly promiscuous TCRs would appear to be equally impossible: they are bound to recognise self as well as non-self antigens. We review how contributions from mathematical analysis have helped to resolve the paradox of the promiscuous TCR. Combined experimental and theoretical work shows that TCR degeneracy is essentially dynamical in nature, and that the T-cell can differentially adjust its functional sensitivity to the salient epitope, "tuning up" sensitivity to the antigen associated with disease and "tuning down" sensitivity to antigens associated with healthy conditions. This paradigm of continual modulation affords the TCR repertoire, despite its limited numerical diversity, the flexibility to respond to almost any antigenic challenge while avoiding autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology of the Cardiff University School of Medicine
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6
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Stirk ER, Lythe G, van den Berg HA, Molina-París C. Stochastic competitive exclusion in the maintenance of the naïve T cell repertoire. J Theor Biol 2010; 265:396-410. [PMID: 20471403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of antigens by the adaptive immune system relies on a highly diverse T cell receptor repertoire. The mechanism that maintains this diversity is based on competition for survival stimuli; these stimuli depend upon weak recognition of self-antigens by the T cell antigen receptor. We study the dynamics of diversity maintenance as a stochastic competition process between a pair of T cell clonotypes that are similar in terms of the self-antigens they recognise. We formulate a bivariate continuous-time Markov process for the numbers of T cells belonging to the two clonotypes. We prove that the ultimate fate of both clonotypes is extinction and provide a bound on mean extinction times. We focus on the case where the two clonotypes exhibit negligible competition with other T cell clonotypes in the repertoire, since this case provides an upper bound on the mean extinction times. As the two clonotypes become more similar in terms of the self-antigens they recognise, one clonotype quickly becomes extinct in a process resembling classical competitive exclusion. We study the limiting probability distribution for the bivariate process, conditioned on non-extinction of both clonotypes. Finally, we derive deterministic equations for the number of cells belonging to each clonotype as well as a linear Fokker-Planck equation for the fluctuations about the deterministic stable steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Stirk
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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7
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Woelfing B, Traulsen A, Milinski M, Boehm T. Does intra-individual major histocompatibility complex diversity keep a golden mean? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:117-28. [PMID: 18926972 PMCID: PMC2666699 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An adaptive immune response is usually initiated only if a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule presents pathogen-derived peptides to T-cells. Every MHC molecule can present only peptides that match its peptide-binding groove. Thus, it seems advantageous for an individual to express many different MHC molecules to be able to resist many different pathogens. However, although MHC genes are the most polymorphic genes of vertebrates, each individual has only a very small subset of the diversity at the population level. This is an evolutionary paradox. We provide an overview of the current data on infection studies and mate-choice experiments and conclude that overall evidence suggests that intermediate intra-individual MHC diversity is optimal. Selective forces that may set an upper limit to intra-individual MHC diversity are discussed. An updated mathematical model based on recent findings on T-cell selection can predict the natural range of intra-individual MHC diversity. Thus, the aim of our review is to evaluate whether the number of MHC alleles usually present in individuals may be optimal to balance the advantages of presenting an increased range of peptides versus the disadvantages of an increased loss of T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Woelfing
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemann Strasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany.
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9
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Stirk ER, Molina-París C, van den Berg HA. Stochastic niche structure and diversity maintenance in the T cell repertoire. J Theor Biol 2008; 255:237-49. [PMID: 18692074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The reliability of the immune response to pathogenic challenge depends critically on the size and diversity of the T cell repertoire. We study naïve T cell repertoire diversity maintenance by a stochastic model that incorporates the concept of competition between T cells for survival stimuli emanating from self-antigen presenting cells (APCs). In the mean field approximation we show that clonotype extinction is certain and compute mean extinction times. We introduce the concept of mean niche overlap and show that clones with a mean niche overlap greater than one have a short repertoire lifespan. This selection differential induces minimal recognition commonality between T cell receptors (TCRs) resulting in a diverse T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Stirk
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Zint N, Baake E, den Hollander F. How T-cells use large deviations to recognize foreign antigens. J Math Biol 2008; 57:841-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00285-008-0191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Blais J, Rico C, van Oosterhout C, Cable J, Turner GF, Bernatchez L. MHC adaptive divergence between closely related and sympatric African cichlids. PLoS One 2007; 2:e734. [PMID: 17710134 PMCID: PMC1939875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The haplochromine cichlid species assemblages of Lake Malawi and Victoria represent some of the most important study systems in evolutionary biology. Identifying adaptive divergence between closely-related species can provide important insights into the processes that may have contributed to these spectacular radiations. Here, we studied a pair of sympatric Lake Malawi species, Pseudotropheus fainzilberi and P. emmiltos, whose reproductive isolation depends on olfactory communication. We tested the hypothesis that these species have undergone divergent selection at MHC class II genes, which are known to contribute to olfactory-based mate choice in other taxa. Methodology/Principal Findings Divergent selection on functional alleles was inferred from the higher genetic divergence at putative antigen binding sites (ABS) amino acid sequences than at putatively neutrally evolving sites at intron 1, exon 2 synonymous sequences and exon 2 amino acid residues outside the putative ABS. In addition, sympatric populations of these fish species differed significantly in communities of eukaryotic parasites. Conclusions/Significance We propose that local host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics may have driven adaptive divergence in MHC alleles, influencing odor-mediated mate choice and leading to reproductive isolation. These results provide the first evidence for a novel mechanism of adaptive speciation and the first evidence of adaptive divergence at the MHC in closely related African cichlid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Blais
- Département de Biologie, Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Ciro Rico
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biological Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - George F. Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de Biologie, Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
We review recent advances toward a comprehensive mathematical theory of T-cell immunity. A key insight is that the efficacy of the T-cell response is best analyzed in terms of T-cell receptor (TCR) avidity and the distribution of this avidity across the TCR repertoire (the 'avidity spectrum'). Modification of this avidity spectrum by a wide range of tuning and tolerance mechanisms allows the system to adapt cross-reactivity and specificity to the challenge at hand while avoiding inappropriate responses against non-pathogenic cells and tissues. Theoretical models relate molecular kinetic parameters and cellular properties to systemic level statistics such as avidity spectra. Such bridge equations are crucial for rational clinical manipulation of T cells at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A van den Berg
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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van den Berg HA, Rand DA. Foreignness as a matter of degree: the relative immunogenicity of peptide/MHC ligands. J Theor Biol 2005; 231:535-48. [PMID: 15488530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability of T lymphocytes (T cells) to recognize and attack foreign invaders while leaving healthy cells unharmed is often analysed as a discrete self/non-self dichotomy, with each peptide/MHC ligand classified as either self or non-self. We argue that the ligand immunogenicity is more naturally treated as a continuous quantity, and show how to define and quantitate relative ligand immunogenicity. In our theory, self-tolerance is acquired through reduction of the relative immunogenicity of autoantigens, whereas xenoantigens, typically not presented during induction of deletional tolerance, retain a high degree of relative immunogenicity. Autoantigens that are not prominently presented in deletional tolerance likewise retain a high relative immunogenicity and remain essentially foreign. According to our analysis, any given autoantigen can attain a high level of relative immunogenicity, provided it is presented at sufficiently high levels. Our theory provides a quantitative tool to analyse the immunogenicity of tumour-associated neoantigens and the aetiology of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A van den Berg
- Interdisciplinary Programme for Cellular Regulation, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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van den Berg HA, Rand DA. Dynamics of T cell activation threshold tuning. J Theor Biol 2004; 228:397-416. [PMID: 15135038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Revised: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are believed to alter their sensitivity to TCR stimulation by means of a tunable cellular activation threshold. We present two modelling examples which show that the concept of a tunable threshold can be made mechanistically plausible. The tunable threshold is treated as an emergent property of the dynamics of the T cell's signalling machinery. In addition, we discuss how the dynamic properties of activation threshold tuning can be determined experimentally with the aid of these two models. We propose a novel 'avidity selection' mechanism for the initial stages of the immune response, based on the properties of the T cell activation threshold tuning mechanism we propose for the commitment to differentiation. Our main finding is that activation threshold tuning allows T cells to respond to relevant ligands with a detection threshold that is (i) uniform across both the T cell repertoire and the secondary lymphoid tissues, while (ii) retaining tolerance to autostimulation. Our analysis indicates that central tolerance enhances the efficiency of peripheral tolerance, casting new light on the role of negative selection in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A van den Berg
- Interdisciplinary Programme for Cellular Regulation Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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