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Kato M, Harding R, Dale J, Dugdale B. Localization of Tobacco Yellow Dwarf Virus Replication Using the In Plant Activation (INPACT) Expression Platform. Viruses 2020; 12:E688. [PMID: 32604765 PMCID: PMC7354463 DOI: 10.3390/v12060688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses and their diseases are a considerable economic threat to a vast number of crops worldwide. Investigating how and where these viruses replicate and accumulate in their hosts may lead to novel molecular resistance strategies. In this study, we used the Rep-inducible In Plant Activation (INPACT) expression platform, based on the genome of tobacco yellow dwarf virus (TYDV), to determine where this model mastrevirus replicates in its host tobacco. By developing an infectious clone of TYDV and optimizing its delivery by agroinfiltration, we first established an efficient artificial infection process. When delivered into transgenic tobacco plants containing a TYDV-based INPACT cassette encoding the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter, we showed the virus activates GUS expression. Histology revealed that reporter gene expression was limited to phloem-associated cell types suggesting TYDV replication has a restricted tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benjamin Dugdale
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia; (M.K.); (R.H.); (J.D.)
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Different forms of African cassava mosaic virus capsid protein within plants and virions. Virology 2019; 529:81-90. [PMID: 30684693 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One geminiviral gene encodes the capsid protein (CP), which can appear as several bands after electrophoresis depending on virus and plant. African cassava mosaic virus-Nigeria CP in Nicotiana benthamiana, however, yielded one band (~ 30 kDa) in total protein extracts and purified virions, although its expression in yeast yielded two bands (~ 30, 32 kDa). Mass spectrometry of the complete protein and its tryptic fragments from virions is consistent with a cleaved start M1, acetylated S2, and partial phosphorylation at T12, S25 and S62. Mutants for additional potentially modified sites (N223A; C235A) were fully infectious and formed geminiparticles. Separation in triton acetic acid urea gels confirmed charge changes of the CP between plants and yeast indicating differential phosphorylation. If the CP gene alone was expressed in plants, multiple bands were observed like in yeast. A high turnover rate indicates that post-translational modifications promote CP decay probably via the ubiquitin-triggered proteasomal pathway.
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Rajabu CA, Kennedy GG, Ndunguru J, Ateka EM, Tairo F, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Ascencio-Ibáñez JT. Lanai: A small, fast growing tomato variety is an excellent model system for studying geminiviruses. J Virol Methods 2018. [PMID: 29530481 PMCID: PMC5904752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Florida Lanai is a tomato variety suitable for virus-host interaction studies. Florida-Lanai was infected by geminiviruses delivered by different methods. Florida-Lanai shows distinct measurable symptoms for different geminiviruses. Florida-Lanai has a small size, rapid growth and is easy to maintain. Florida-Lanai is an excellent choice for comparing geminivirus infections.
Geminiviruses are devastating single-stranded DNA viruses that infect a wide variety of crops in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Tomato, which is a host for more than 100 geminiviruses, is one of the most affected crops. Developing plant models to study geminivirus-host interaction is important for the design of virus management strategies. In this study, “Florida Lanai” tomato was broadly characterized using three begomoviruses (Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV; Tomato mottle virus, ToMoV; Tomato golden mosaic virus, TGMV) and a curtovirus (Beet curly top virus, BCTV). Infection rates of 100% were achieved by agroinoculation of TYLCV, ToMoV or BCTV. Mechanical inoculation of ToMoV or TGMV using a microsprayer as well as whitefly transmission of TYLCV or ToMoV also resulted in 100% infection frequencies. Symptoms appeared as early as four days post inoculation when agroinoculation or bombardment was used. Symptoms were distinct for each virus and a range of features, including plant height, flower number, fruit number, fruit weight and ploidy, was characterized. Due to its small size, rapid growth, ease of characterization and maintenance, and distinct responses to different geminiviruses, “Florida Lanai” is an excellent choice for comparing geminivirus infection in a common host.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rajabu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA; Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - G G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA
| | - J Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - E M Ateka
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - F Tairo
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - L Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA
| | - J T Ascencio-Ibáñez
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Polk Hall 132, Box 7622, NCSU Campus, Raleigh NC, 27695, USA.
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Okumura W, Aoki D, Matsushita Y, Yoshida M, Fukushima K. Distribution of salicifoline in freeze-fixed stems of Magnolia kobus as observed by cryo-TOF-SIMS. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5939. [PMID: 28725003 PMCID: PMC5517595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing chemicals that have important physiological and pharmacological characteristics. Many vascular plant species contain alkaloids, and their roles in planta are of interest. However, the detailed distribution of alkaloids remains unclear because of their low water solubility and low concentrations in plants. In this study, we visualized the distribution of salicifoline, a water-soluble quaternary ammonium alkaloid, in the freeze-fixed stems of Magnolia kobus by cryo time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Most of the salicifoline was distributed in living phloem tissues. In the xylem, salicifoline was detected in ray cells, lignifying wood fibres, and in vessels in the latest annual ring. The salicifoline distribution in the xylem varied with the cell wall formation stage. These results provide new insights into the storage, transportation, and role of the alkaloid salicifoline in M. kobus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakaba Okumura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dan Aoki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Matsushita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
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Meng F, Cao R, Yang D, Niklas KJ, Sun S. Within-twig leaf distribution patterns differ among plant life-forms in a subtropical Chinese forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:753-762. [PMID: 23933830 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In theory, plants can alter the distribution of leaves along the lengths of their twigs (i.e., within-twig leaf distribution patterns) to optimize light interception in the context of the architectures of their leaves, branches and canopies. We hypothesized that (i) among canopy tree species sharing similar light environments, deciduous trees will have more evenly spaced within-twig leaf distribution patterns compared with evergreen trees (because deciduous species tend to higher metabolic demands than evergreen species and hence require more light), and that (ii) shade-adapted evergreen species will have more evenly spaced patterns compared with sun-adapted evergreen ones (because shade-adapted species are generally light-limited). We tested these hypotheses by measuring morphological traits (i.e., internode length, leaf area, lamina mass per area, LMA; and leaf and twig inclination angles to the horizontal) and physiological traits (i.e., light-saturated net photosynthetic rates, Amax; light saturation points, LSP; and light compensation points, LCP), and calculated the 'evenness' of within-twig leaf distribution patterns as the coefficient of variation (CV; the higher the CV, the less evenly spaced leaves) of within-twig internode length for 9 deciduous canopy tree species, 15 evergreen canopy tree species, 8 shade-adapted evergreen shrub species and 12 sun-adapted evergreen shrub species in a subtropical broad-leaved rainforest in eastern China. Coefficient of variation was positively correlated with large LMA and large leaf and twig inclination angles, which collectively specify a typical trait combination adaptive to low light interception, as indicated by both ordinary regression and phylogenetic generalized least squares analyses. These relationships were also valid within the evergreen tree species group (which had the largest sample size). Consistent with our hypothesis, in the canopy layer, deciduous species (which were characterized by high LCP, LSP and Amax) had more even leaf distribution patterns than evergreen species (which had low LCP, LSP and Amax); shade-adapted evergreen species had more even leaf distribution patterns than sun-adapted evergreen species. We propose that the leaf distribution pattern (i.e., 'evenness' CV, which is an easily measured functional trait) can be used to distinguish among life-forms in communities similar to the one examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqun Meng
- Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Fàbregas N, Ibañes M, Caño-Delgado AI. A systems biology approach to dissect the contribution of brassinosteroid and auxin hormones to vascular patterning in the shoot of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:903-6. [PMID: 20622513 PMCID: PMC3014544 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.7.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Systems biology can foster our understanding of hormonal regulation of plant vasculature. One such example is our recent study on the role of plant hormones brassinosteroid (BR) and auxin in vascular patterning of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) shoots. By using a combined approach of mathematical modelling and molecular genetics, we have reported that auxin and BRs have complementary effects in the formation of the shoot vascular pattern. We proposed that auxin maxima, driven by auxin polar transport, position vascular bundles in the stem. BRs in turn modulate the number of vascular bundles, potentially by controlling cell division dynamics that enhance the number of provascular cells. Future interdisciplinary studies connecting vascular initiation at the shoot apex with the established vascular pattern in the basal part of the plant stem are now required to understand how and when the shoot vascular pattern emerges in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Molecular Genetics Department; Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB); Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ibañes
- Departament Estructura i Constituents de la Matèria; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana I Caño-Delgado
- Molecular Genetics Department; Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB); Barcelona, Spain
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Teng K, Chen H, Lai J, Zhang Z, Fang Y, Xia R, Zhou X, Guo H, Xie Q. Involvement of C4 protein of beet severe curly top virus (family Geminiviridae) in virus movement. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11280. [PMID: 20585583 PMCID: PMC2892029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV) is a leafhopper transmitted geminivirus with a monopartite genome. C4 proteins encoded by geminivirus play an important role in virus/plant interaction. METHODS AND FINDINGS To understand the function of C4 encoded by BSCTV, two BSCTV mutants were constructed by introducing termination codons in ORF C4 without affecting the amino acids encoded by overlapping ORF Rep. BSCTV mutants containing disrupted ORF C4 retained the ability to replicate in Arabidopsis protoplasts and in the agro-inoculated leaf discs of N. benthamiana, suggesting C4 is not required for virus DNA replication. However, both mutants did not accumulate viral DNA in newly emerged leaves of inoculated N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis, and the inoculated plants were asymptomatic. We also showed that C4 expression in plant could help C4 deficient BSCTV mutants to move systemically. C4 was localized in the cytosol and the nucleus in both Arabidopsis protoplasts and N. benthamiana leaves and the protein appeared to bind viral DNA and ds/ssDNA nonspecifically, displaying novel DNA binding properties. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that C4 protein in BSCTV is involved in symptom production and may facilitate virus movement instead of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunling Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huishan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Soto MJ, Chen LF, Seo YS, Gilbertson RL. Identification of regions of the Beet mild curly top virus (family Geminiviridae) capsid protein involved in systemic infection, virion formation and leafhopper transmission. Virology 2005; 341:257-70. [PMID: 16085227 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses in the genus Curtovirus (family Geminiviridae) are vectored by the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus) and cause curly top disease in a wide range of dicotyledonous plants. An infectious clone of an isolate of Beet mild curly top virus (BMCTV-[W4]), associated with an outbreak of curly top in pepper and tomato crops, was characterized and used to investigate the role of the capsid protein (CP) in viral biology and pathogenesis. Frameshift mutations were introduced into the overlapping CP and V2 genes, and a series of CP alanine scanning mutations were generated. All mutants replicated in tobacco protoplasts or systemically infected plants, consistent with these gene products not being required for viral DNA replication. The CP frameshift mutant and most C-terminal alanine scanning mutants did not systemically infect Nicotiana benthamiana plants or form detectable virions, and were not leafhopper-transmitted. In contrast, most N-terminal alanine scanning mutants systemically infected N. benthamiana and induced disease symptoms, formed virions and were leafhopper-transmissible; thus, these substitution mutations did not significantly alter the functional properties of this region. One N-terminal mutant (CP49-51) systemically infected N. benthamiana, but did not form detectable virions; whereas another (CP25-28) systemically infected N. benthamiana and formed virions, but was not insect-transmissible. These mutants may reveal regions involved in virus movement through the plant and/or leafhopper vector. Together, these results indicate an important role for virions in systemic infection (long-distance movement) and insect transmission, and strongly suggest that virions are the form in which BMCTV moves, long distance, in the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Soto
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kong LJ, Orozco BM, Roe JL, Nagar S, Ou S, Feiler HS, Durfee T, Miller AB, Gruissem W, Robertson D, Hanley-Bowdoin L. A geminivirus replication protein interacts with the retinoblastoma protein through a novel domain to determine symptoms and tissue specificity of infection in plants. EMBO J 2000; 19:3485-95. [PMID: 10880461 PMCID: PMC313951 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.13.3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses replicate in nuclei of mature plant cells after inducing the accumulation of host DNA replication machinery. Earlier studies showed that the viral replication factor, AL1, is sufficient for host induction and interacts with the cell cycle regulator, retinoblastoma (pRb). Unlike other DNA virus proteins, AL1 does not contain the pRb binding consensus, LXCXE, and interacts with plant pRb homo logues (pRBR) through a novel amino acid sequence. We mapped the pRBR binding domain of AL1 between amino acids 101 and 180 and identified two mutants that are differentially impacted for AL1-pRBR interactions. Plants infected with the E-N140 mutant, which is wild-type for pRBR binding, developed wild-type symptoms and accumulated viral DNA and AL1 protein in epidermal, mesophyll and vascular cells of mature leaves. Plants inoculated with the KEE146 mutant, which retains 16% pRBR binding activity, only developed chlorosis along the veins, and viral DNA, AL1 protein and the host DNA synthesis factor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, were localized to vascular tissue. These results established the importance of AL1-pRBR interactions during geminivirus infection of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Role of Circulifer/Neoaliturus in the Transmission of Plant Pathogens. ADVANCES IN DISEASE VECTOR RESEARCH 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2910-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Horns T, Jeske H. Localization of abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) DNA within leaf tissue by in situ hybridization. Virology 1991; 181:580-8. [PMID: 2014637 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90891-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) is a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus with a a bipartite genome. Using in situ hybridization AbMV DNA was detected exclusively in the phloem of infected Abutilon sellovianum leaves and intracellularly predominant in the nuclei. No AbMV DNA was found in cells from palisade and spongy parenchyma, the tissues which show the predominant cytopathological effects. A hypothesis is discussed to account for the finding that, while AbMV accumulates in the phloem, symptoms are observed in other tissues. Shoot tips were analyzed by in situ hybridization to determine the earliest stage of leaf development in which AbMV is detectable. We found the first hybridization signals in the sixth to seventh leaf of the shoot tip, whereas we could not detect any viral DNA in younger leaves and meristems. These results are discussed with reference to the relation of AbMV multiplication to the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Horns
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Angewandte Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Guilfoyle TJ. Propagation of DNA viruses. Methods Enzymol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(86)18110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Esau K, Hoefert LL. Endoplasmic reticulum and its relation to microtubules in sieve elements of sugarbeet and spinach. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1980; 71:249-57. [PMID: 7401222 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(80)90077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Esau K, Magyarosy AC. Nuclear abnormalities and cytoplasmic inclusion in Amsinckia infected with the curly top virus. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1979; 66:11-21. [PMID: 423319 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(79)80061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kim KS, Shock TL, Goodman RM. Infection of Phaseolus vulgaris by bean golden mosaic virus: ultrastructural aspects. Virology 1978; 89:22-33. [PMID: 685179 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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