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Mohammad MA, Ismael NR, Shaarawy SM, El-Merzabani MM. Prognostic Value of Membrane Type 1 and 2 Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression and Gelatinase a Activity in Bladder Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 25:69-74. [DOI: 10.1177/172460081002500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the behavior of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in their active state in patients with bladder cancer. Method A retrospective study of 50 patients with localized bladder cancer who underwent tumor resection between June 2006 and June 2007 at the National Cancer Institute in Cairo, Egypt was carried out. Tissue samples were collected and the expression of membrane type 1 (MT1) and type 2 (MT2) MMPs was determined by Western blotting. Gelatinase A (MMP-2) activity was estimated by zymographic analysis in tissue samples of each patient and the values were correlated with clinical tumor stage and lymph node status. Result The behavior of MMP-2 showed statistical significance in 90% of tumor tissues compared with 22% of adjacent normal tissues (p<0.001). MT1-MMP was expressed in 88% of tumor tissues compared with 24% of normal tissues (p<0.001); MT2-MMP was expressed in 74% of tumor tissues compared with 12% of normal tissues (p<0.001). While there was a highly significant association between MMP-2 activity and MT1-MMP expression in tumor tissues (p<0.001), there was a moderately significant association between MMP-2 activity and MT2-MMP expression (p=0.018). The results also revealed an association between MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP expression in tumor tissues (p<0.001). MMP-2 activity and MT2-MMP expression in tumor tissues were statistically associated with high tumor stage (p=0.039 and p=0.014, respectively), while the expression of MT1-MMP showed no association with tumor stage (p=0.139). Conclusion MMP-2 activity is associated with an increase in MT2-MMP expression and with lymph node metastasis. No association was found between MT1-MMP expression and lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Mohammad
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo - Egypt
| | - Naglaa R. Ismael
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum - Egypt
| | - Sabry M. Shaarawy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo - Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. El-Merzabani
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo - Egypt
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Brockmeyer P, Hemmerlein B. Epigenetic modification suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion of urothelial cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1693-1700. [PMID: 27602104 PMCID: PMC4998357 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic approaches offer additional therapeutic options, including apoptosis induction, modification of cell cycle regulating proteins and the re-expression of pharmaceutical targets, such as hormone receptors. The present study analyzed the effect of the epigenetic modifiers 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and Trichostatin A on the proliferative, migratory and invasive behavior of four urinary bladder cancer cell lines (RT-4, RT-112, VMCUB-1 and T-24), and the expression of various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays revealed that treatment with the two epigenetic modifiers resulted in proliferation inhibition in all cell lines, and migration and invasion inhibition in RT-4, RT-112 and T-24 cell lines. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the mRNA expression of a broad selection of MMPs and their TIMPs was induced in all cell lines, and MMP-14 mRNA expression was suppressed in all cell lines, with the exception of RT-4. In conclusion, epigenetic modifications suppressed the motility and invasiveness of three out of four urothelial cancer cell lines. The inhibitory effect on cell motility appears to be crucial for reduced invasive properties. However, even a broad spectrum of mRNA analysis does not sufficiently explain the loss of invasiveness, as it does not allow for functional conclusions. Further complex urothelial tumour models should be applied to investigate whether epigenetic therapeutic approaches may be an option in urothelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Brockmeyer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmerlein
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen D-37075, Germany; Department of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld D-47805, Germany
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Rodriguez Faba O, Palou-Redorta J, Fernández-Gómez JM, Algaba F, Eiró N, Villavicencio H, Vizoso FJ. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Bladder Cancer: What is New? ISRN UROLOGY 2012; 2012:581539. [PMID: 22852097 PMCID: PMC3407627 DOI: 10.5402/2012/581539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial bladder cancer represents a heterogeneous disease with divergent pathways of tumorigenesis. Tumor invasion and progression are a multifactorial process promoted by microenvironmental changes that include overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Recent data clearly challenge the classic dogma that MMPs promote metastasis only by modulating the remodeling of extracellular matrix. Indeed, MMPs have also been attributed as an impact on tumor cell behavior in vivo as a consequence of their ability to cleave growth factors, cell surface receptors, cell adhesion molecules, and chemokines/cytokines. Levels of the different MMPs can be measured in several sample types, including tissue, blood (serum and plasma), and urine, and using different methodologies, such as immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, western and northern blot analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and zymography. Several MMPs have been identified as having potential diagnostic or prognostic utility, whether alone or in combination with cytology. Although MMP inhibitors have shown limited efficacy, advances in the understanding of the complex physiologic and pathologic roles of MMPs might permit the development of new MMP-specific and tumor-specific therapies. In this paper we update the understanding of MMPs based on a systematic PubMed search encompassing papers published up to December 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rodriguez Faba
- Department of Urology, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08025 Fundació Puigvert, Spain
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Zhu S, Zhou Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Wu H, Xiong J, Zhang J, Tian Y, Wang C, Wu H. Transcriptional upregulation of MT2-MMP in response to hypoxia is promoted by HIF-1α in cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2011; 50:770-80. [PMID: 21751260 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a critical event in solid tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Cellular adaptation to hypoxic microenvironment is essential for tumor progression and is largely mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) through coordinated regulation of hypoxia-responsive genes. In this study, we found that membrane type-2 matrix metalloproteinase (MT2-MMP), one of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family members, was a novel hypoxia-responsive gene and was upregulated by HIF-1α under hypoxia. When cancer cells were subjected to hypoxia (1% O(2) ) treatment, the mRNA and protein levels of MT2-MMP were significantly increased in a time-dependent manner in all three tested cancer cell lines including pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1), nonsmall cell lung cancer cells (A-549), and cervix cancer cells (HeLa). Further analyses indicated that there were two hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs) in the MT2-MMP promoter, and HRE1 but not HRE2 was essential for MT2-MMP transcriptional activation under hypoxia. HIF-1α specifically and directly bound to MT2-MMP promoter was analyzed by HIF-1α binding/competition and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Furthermore, we found that upregulation of MT2-MMP under hypoxia could confer resistance to hypoxia-induced apoptosis and increase invasiveness of cancer cells. These findings provided a new insight into how cancer cells overcome hypoxic stress and trend to survive and invade, demonstrated a new regulatory mechanism of MT2-MMP expression in caner cells, and also revealed that MT2-MMP was a novel hypoxia-responsive gene and was upregulated by HIF-1α under hypoxia. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Zhu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chuang CK, Pang ST, Chuang TJ, Liao SK. Profiling of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases proteins in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:691-695. [PMID: 22966365 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) proteins in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell lines and surgical specimens of the bladder neoplasm. The expression level was correlated to the degree of cellular differentiation and invasiveness of bladder cancer. Panels of six TCC cell lines with different degrees of differentiation were tested with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9a, MMP-9b, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 by immunocytochemistry. Gelatin zymography was also conducted on the cell lines for MMP-2 and -9. In addition, immunohistochemistry with the mAbs to MMP and TIM molecules was performed on 30 TCC specimens. We found that TCC cell lines were stained positively for MMP-1 (6/6), weakly for MMP-9a (2/6), MMP9b (5/6) and TIMP-1 (3/6), and negatively for MMP-2 (3/6) and MMP-3 (3/6). Zymographic analysis of the cell lines showed a high level of MMP2 in the MGH-U4 cell line. In bladder cancer surgical specimens, all specimens were positive for MMP1 (30/30), 19 were positive for MMP-2 (63.3%), 21 positive for MMP-9a (70%) and 15 positive for MMP-9b (50%). The expression of MMP-2 was found to be positively correlated with higher-grade tumors (p=0.036) and the expression of MMP-9a and -9b was found to be positively correlated with tumor stage (p=0.012 and 0.023, respectively). However, the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was not correlated with either tumor staging or grading. In conclusion, the expression of MMP-2 and -9 was correlated with high-grade or high-stage bladder tumors, respectively. However, this correlation was not observed with TCC cell lines in which high- and low-grade tumors are included. Immunohistochemical results on tumor lesions may have more clinical relevance, since in a given tumor microenvironment the interaction among tumor cells in situ and tumor-associated cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and endothelial cells, as well as environmental factors (hypoxia and pH), cytokines and growth factors released by these cells may be required for TCC to express selective MMPs and TIMPs. The selective expression of these molecules then regulates tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Keng Chuang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Uro-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase. Equine Vet J 2010; 36:221-5. [PMID: 15147128 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044877242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The dysadhesion and destruction of lamellar basement membrane of laminitis may be due to increased lamellar metalloproteinase activity. Characterising lamellar metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and locating it in lamellar tissues may help determine if laminitis pathology is associated with increased MMP-2 transcription. OBJECTIVES To clone and sequence the cDNA encoding lamellar MMP-2, develop antibody and in situ hybridisation probes to locate lamellar MMP-2 and quantitate MMP-2 transcription in normal and laminitis tissue. METHODS Total RNA was isolated, fragmented by RT-PCR, cloned into vector and sequenced. Rabbit anti-equine MMP-2 and labelled MMP-2 riboprobe were developed to analyse and quantitate MMP-2 expression. RESULTS Western immunoblotting with anti-MMP-2 detected 72 kDa MMP-2 in hoof tissue homogenates and cross-reacted with human MMP-2. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation detected MMP-2 in the cytoplasm of basal and parabasal cells in close proximity to the lamellar basement membrane. Northern analysis and quantitative real-time PCR showed MMP-2 expression significantly (P < 0.01) elevated in laminitis affected tissues. CONCLUSION The lamellar pathology of laminitis is associated with increased transcription of MMP-2. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Real-time PCR analysis of lamellar MMP-2 accurately monitors laminitis development at the molecular level and can be used diagnostically and for testing preventive strategies. Controlling increased MMP-2 transcription may ameliorate or prevent laminitis in high risk clinical situations. Our findings represent a warning to clinicians that the basement membrane lesion of laminitis is insidious and well under way before clinical signs are apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyaw-Tanner
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Natural Resources Agriculture and Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Kyaw-Tanner MT, Wattle O, van Eps AW, Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis: membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-14) is involved in acute phase onset. Equine Vet J 2008; 40:482-7. [PMID: 18178538 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x270353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Enzymatic separation at the hoof lamellar dermal-epidermal interface may play a role in the development of laminitis and characterising and locating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of MMPs or TIMPs) in lamellar tissues may further understanding of pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To clone and sequence the cDNA encoding lamellar MMP-14 and TIMP-2, and quantify their transcription in normal and laminitic tissue; and to develop antibody to locate MMP-14 in lamellar tissues. METHODS Tissue samples were obtained from an oligofructose induced model of laminitis. Total RNA was isolated, amplified by RT-PCR, cloned into a vector and sequenced. Real-time PCR was used to quantify MMP-14 and TIMP-2 expression. Rabbit anti-equine MMP-14 antibody was developed to analyse MMP-14 proteins from hoof tissues. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry detected MMP-14 in the cytoplasm of normal lamellar basal and parabasal cells in close proximity to the lamellar basement membrane. In laminitis affected tissue MMP-14 immunostaining was depleted in lamellar basal cells. Quantitative real-time PCR showed MMP-14 and TIMP-2 expression significantly (P<0.05) elevated and lowered respectively in laminitis affected tissues. CONCLUSION MMP-14, located in the cytoplasm of normal lamellar basal cells, disappears during laminitis development. The pathology of laminitis is associated with increased and lowered transcription of MMP-14 and TIMP-2, respectively. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Enzymes have a role in laminitis pathology and inhibition of their activity may prevent laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Kyaw-Tanner
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Natural Resources Agriculture and Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Morrison CJ, Overall CM. TIMP Independence of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 Activation by Membrane Type 2 (MT2)-MMP Is Determined by Contributions of Both the MT2-MMP Catalytic and Hemopexin C Domains. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:26528-39. [PMID: 16825197 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603331200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The important and distinct contribution that membrane type 2 (MT2)-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) makes to physiological and pathological processes is now being recognized. This contribution may be mediated in part through MMP-2 activation by MT2-MMP. Using Timp2-/- cells, we previously demonstrated that MT2-MMP activates MMP-2 to the fully active form in a pathway that is TIMP-2-independent but MMP-2 hemopexin carboxyl (C) domain-dependent. In this study cells expressing MT2-MMP as well as chimera proteins in which the C-terminal half of MT2-MMP and MT1-MMP were exchanged showed that the MT2-MMP catalytic domain has a higher propensity than that of MT1-MMP to initiate cleavage of the MMP-2 prodomain in the absence of TIMP-2. Although we demonstrate that MT2-MMP is a weak collagenase, this first activation cleavage was enhanced by growing the cells in type I collagen gels. The second activation cleavage to generate fully active MMP-2 was specifically enhanced by a soluble factor expressed by Timp2-/- cells and was MT2-MMP hemopexin C domain-dependent; however, the RGD sequence within this domain was not involved. Interestingly, in the presence of TIMP-2, a MT2-MMP.MMP-2 trimolecular complex formed, but activation was not enhanced. Similarly, TIMP-3 did not promote MT2-MMP-mediated MMP-2 activation but inhibited activation at higher concentrations. This study demonstrates the influence that both the catalytic and hemopexin C domains of MT2-MMP exert in determining TIMP independence in MMP-2 activation. In tissues or pathologies characterized by low TIMP-2 expression, this pathway may represent an alternative means of rapidly generating low levels of active MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Morrison
- Centre for Blood Research and Department of Oral Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Gontero P, Banisadr S, Frea B, Brausi M. Metastasis markers in bladder cancer: a review of the literature and clinical considerations. Eur Urol 2005; 46:296-311. [PMID: 15306099 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer invasion and metastasis develop through a sequence of processes involving loss of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions, proteolysis and induction of angiogenesis. We reviewed the current literature on the molecules that have been shown to play a significant role in these three steps of metastatisation in bladder cancer (BC) cells and their host microenvironment. Particular emphasis was given to markers that are assessable through immunohistochemistry and for which an additional prognostic value over the TNM variables has been recognized, in order to identify a subset of tumour markers readily available for application in daily clinical practice. We conclude that markers such as E-cadherin, Sialosyl-LeX, laminin, collagen IV, TSP-1 and MVD are useful prognostic markers, alpha, beta, and gamma catenin, MMP-2 and -9, uPAR, PD-ECGF and Bfgf can be considered potentially useful, while research on CD44, MMP-1 and -3, uPA, cathepsin D and VEGF has proved inconclusive. Further research in this field should concentrate on the molecules listed in the first group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gontero
- Department of Urology, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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Kobayashi K, Nishioka M, Kohno T, Nakamoto M, Maeshima A, Aoyagi K, Sasaki H, Takenoshita S, Sugimura H, Yokota J. Identification of genes whose expression is upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma cells in comparison with type II alveolar cells and bronchiolar epithelial cells in vivo. Oncogene 2004; 23:3089-96. [PMID: 14755238 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes whose expression is upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma (AdC) cells in comparison with noncancerous peripheral lung epithelial cells, type II alveolar cells and bronchiolar epithelial cells, as well as AdC cells, were isolated by laser capture microdissection, and subjected to cDNA microarray analysis of 637 human cancer-related genes. Each of the component cells was obtained from several different individuals and analysed independently. As a comparison, two lung AdC cell lines and two primarily cultured normal lung epithelial cell lines were also subjected to cDNA microarray analysis. Four genes, TOP2A, MMP15, MX2 and KOC1, were commonly upregulated in microdissected AdC cells in comparison with microdissected epithelial cells. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that differences in gene-expression profiles were more evident between cultured and uncultured cells than between cancerous and noncancerous cells. To further identify the common molecular targets of AdC cells in vivo, quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed against the four genes upregulated by cDNA microarray analysis. The TOP2A, MMP15, MX2 and KOC1 genes were overexpressed in 10/10 (100%), 8/10 (80%), 5/10 (50%) and 3/10 (30%) microdissected AdC cell samples, respectively, in comparison with any of nine independently microdissected noncancerous epithelial cell samples. The TOP2A gene was commonly overexpressed in lung AdC cells, as previously reported. In addition, the MMP15 and MX2 genes were identified, for the first time, as being commonly overexpressed in lung AdC cells. These results strongly indicate that the MMP15 and MX2 genes could be novel markers for molecular diagnosis and therapy of lung AdC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kobayashi
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Nutt JE, Lazarowicz HP, Mellon JK, Lunec J. Gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839) inhibits the growth response of bladder tumour cell lines to epidermal growth factor and induces TIMP2. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:1679-85. [PMID: 15083203 PMCID: PMC2409696 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of EGF stimulation and its inhibition with gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD1839), an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been investigated in two EGFR-positive human bladder tumour cell lines, RT112 and RT4. The growth of RT112 cells in a medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum was inhibited by 50% with 10 μM gefitinib, whereas this dose completely inhibited RT4 cell growth. Cells were more sensitive to growth inhibition in the serum-free medium. Increased growth of cells in the serum-free medium was observed with 10 or 50 ng ml−1 EGF and the proliferative effect of EGF stimulation in both cell lines was inhibited in the presence of 1 μM, but not 0.1 μM gefitinib. Zymography of the conditioned medium from RT112 cells treated with EGF and gefitinib showed a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) concentrations. Western blot analysis showed that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1(TIMP1) increased in the conditioned medium from RT112 cells treated with EGF, and this was partially inhibited with both 1 and 5 μM gefitinib. Conversely, TIMP2 decreased with EGF stimulation and this was reversed with gefitinib. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 had no effect on the growth of either cell line. These studies show alterations in the balance of MMPs and their inhibitors in EGF-stimulated bladder tumour cells, which are reversed by gefitinib, suggesting gefitinib should be investigated for its effect on human bladder tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Nutt
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Abstract
Transmembrane proteases (TPs) are proteins anchored in the plasma membrane with their catalytic site exposed to the external surface of the membrane. TPs are widely expressed, and their dysregulated expression is associated with cancer, infection, inflammation, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, all diseases where angiogenesis is part of the pathology. TPs participate in extracellular proteolysis (degradation of extracellular matrix components, regulation of chemokine activity, release of membrane-anchored cytokines, cytokine receptors and adhesion molecules) and influence cell functions (growth, secretion of angiogenic molecules, motility). Recent attention has been focused on the ADAM-17 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease)/TACE/CD156q, the MT1-MMP (membrane-type-1 matrix metallo proteinase)/MMP-14, and the ectopeptidases aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV/CD26) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE/CD143), that appear to have a critical role in angiogenesis. This article summarizes current knowledge on these TPs, and reviews recent investigations that document their participation during angiogenic-related events. Through their multiple roles, TPs may thereby provide critical links in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Bauvois
- Brigitte Bauvois, Unité 507 INSERM, Hôpital Necker, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 161 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
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Monier F, Mollier S, Guillot M, Rambeaud JJ, Morel F, Zaoui P. Urinary release of 72 and 92 kDa gelatinases, TIMPs, N-GAL and conventional prognostic factors in urothelial carcinomas. Eur Urol 2002; 42:356-63. [PMID: 12361901 DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(02)00350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A urinary release of gelatinases A and B matrix metalloproteinases-2, -9 (MMP-2, -9), and tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1, -2) occurs during normal epithelial turnover. A proteinase increase, reduced inhibitors or both potentially account for cell mobility and bladder cancer progression. In order to define normal levels and thresholds for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) patients, urinary gelatinases, tissue inhibitors and neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (N-GAL) were investigated for end-point clinical status and compared with normal subjects during a 2-year follow-up prospective study. METHODS Urine specimens [50 adult normal controls; 28 in situ carcinoma patients (pTa) and 23 with ruptured basement membrane (pT1-4)] were screened by gelatin zymograms, immunoblots and ELISA. RESULTS (1) An important release of inhibitors over low levels of active enzymes was observed in controls independently of age and sex except for higher TIMP-1 levels in males. (2) In cancer patients, increased pro-MMP-9 and active MMP-2 with reduced TIMP-2 levels correlated with higher stages and histological grades. (3) Conversely, reduced MMP-9 and lipocalin levels were initial hallmarks of clinical relapses. CONCLUSIONS The imbalance between increased MMP-2, -9 and decreased TIMP-2 levels appears to be linked to tumor stage and grade and, more importantly, to clinical events. Changes in the MMP-9 activation state and a lack of N-GAL present as novel markers of tumor progression.
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Ohnishi Y, Ito Y, Tajima S, Ishibashi A, Arai K. Immunohistochemical study of membrane type-matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in dermatofibroma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. J Dermatol Sci 2002; 28:119-25. [PMID: 11858950 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(01)00159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) has been demonstrated in dermatofibroma (DF) and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). MMP-2 has been shown to be activated by membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs). To study the role of MT-MMP in the activation of MMP-2, skin specimens of DF (five cases) and MFH (three cases) were immunohistochemically studied using in situ zymography and the antibodies against matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and membrane type 1-3-MMPs (MT1-3-MMPs). Both MMP-2 activity and its expression were significantly activated in the tumor cells in DF and MFH. Anti-MT2-MMP strongly reacted with tumor cells of all cases of DF and MFH, whereas anti-MT1 or 3-MMP antibody showed a weak reaction in some cases of DF and MFH. Double immunofluorescence labeling demonstrated that the immunoreactive cells with anti-MMP-2 antibody in DF and MFH consistently reacted with anti-MT2-MMP antibody. The results suggest that the activation of MMP-2 in the benign and malignant fibrous tumors is related to the activation of MT-MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ohnishi
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8513, Saitama, Japan
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Kubota Y, Oka S, Nakagawa S, Shirasuna K. Interleukin-1alpha enhances type I collagen-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in odontogenic keratocyst fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2002; 81:23-7. [PMID: 11820363 DOI: 10.1177/002203450208100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) is strongly expressed in odontogenic keratocysts. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-1alpha on the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the fibroblasts isolated from odontogenic keratocysts. Odontogenic keratocyst fibroblasts secreted a latent form of MMP-2 (proMMP-2) spontaneously. Type I collagen induced the activation of the proMMP-2, and recombinant human IL-1alpha (rhIL-1alpha) further enhanced the type I collagen-induced activation of proMMP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. The rhIL-1alpha-induced activation of proMMP-2 was inhibited by anti-human IL-1alpha antibody. A reverse-transcription/polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR) and Western immunoblotting demonstrated that the expression of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) mRNA and protein was increased in the fibroblasts when the cells were cultured on type I collagen, and the expression was further enhanced by rhIL-1alpha. Thus, IL-1alpha may up-regulate proMMP-2 activation by increasing the expression of MT1-MMP in the fibroblasts isolated from odontogenic keratocysts synergistically with type I collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kubota
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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17
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Abstract
The current pathological and clinical parameters provide important prognostic information, yet still have limited ability to predict the true malignant potential of most bladder tumors. In the last years, investigation of the basic mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression by molecular biology has provided a host of markers which are of potential diagnostic or prognostic value for bladder carcinoma. These markers may serve as tools for early and accurate prediction of tumor recurrence, progression and development of metastases and for prediction of response to therapy. The precise prediction of tumor biological behavior would facilitate treatment selection for patients who may benefit from radical surgical treatment or adjuvant therapy. We provide a current, comprehensive review of the literature on bladder tumor markers with a special emphasis on their prognostic potential. The literature suggests that currently no single marker is able to accurately predict the clinical course of bladder tumors and thus would serve as a reliable prognosticator. A combination of prognostic markers could predict which superficial tumors need an aggressive form of therapy and which invasive tumors require adjuvant therapy. Altogether, the most promising markers are, at this point, Ki-67 and p53 expression as well as matrixmetalloproteinase complex and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kausch
- Department of Urology, Research Center Borstel, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany
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18
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Morrison CJ, Butler GS, Bigg HF, Roberts CR, Soloway PD, Overall CM. Cellular activation of MMP-2 (gelatinase A) by MT2-MMP occurs via a TIMP-2-independent pathway. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:47402-10. [PMID: 11584019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108643200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of membrane-type (MT) 2-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in the cellular activation of MMP-2 and the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) requirements for this process have not been clearly established. To address these issues a TIMP-2-free cell line derived from a Timp2-/- mouse was transfected for stable cell surface expression of hMT2-MMP. Untransfected cells did not activate endogenous or exogenous TIMP-2-free MMP-2 unless both TIMP-2 and concanavalin A (ConA) were added. Transfected cells expressing hMT2-MMP efficiently activated both endogenous and exogenous MMP-2 (within 4 h) via the 68-kDa intermediate in the absence of TIMP-2 and ConA. In contrast, activation of MMP-2 by Timp2-/- cells expressing recombinant hMT1-MMP occurred more slowly (12 h) and required the addition of 0.3-27 nm TIMP-2. Addition of TIMP-2 or TIMP-4 did not enhance MMP-2 activation by MT2-MMP at any concentration tested; furthermore, activation was inhibited by both TIMPs at concentrations >9 nm, consistent with the similar association rate constants (k(on)) calculated for the binding of TIMP-4 and TIMP-2 to MT2-MMP (3.56 x 10(5) m(-1) s(-1) and 6.52 x 10(5) m(-1) s(-1), respectively). MT2-MMP-mediated activation involved cell surface association of the MMP-2 in a hemopexin carboxyl-terminal domain (C domain)-dependent manner: Exogenous MMP-2 hemopexin C domain blocked activation, and cells expressing hMT2-MMP did not bind or activate a truncated form of MMP-2 lacking the hemopexin C domain. These studies demonstrate the existence of an alternative TIMP-2-independent pathway for MMP-2 activation involving MT2-MMP, which may be important in mediating MMP-2 activation in specific tissues or pathologies where MT2-MMP is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Morrison
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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19
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Iida J, Pei D, Kang T, Simpson MA, Herlyn M, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB. Melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan regulates matrix metalloproteinase-dependent human melanoma invasion into type I collagen. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18786-94. [PMID: 11278606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010053200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell adhesion and proteolysis of the extracellular matrix proteins surrounding the cells are tightly linked processes in tumor invasion. In this study, we sought to identify components of the cell surface of a vertical growth phase melanoma cell line, WM1341D, that mediate invasive cellular behavior. We determined by antisense inhibition that melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP) and membrane-type 3 matrix metalloproteinase (MT3-MMP) expressed on WM1341D are required for invasion of type I collagen and degradation of type I gelatin. MT3-MMP co-immunoprecipitated with MCSP in WM1341D melanoma cells cultured on type I collagen or laminin. The association between MT3-MMP and MCSP was largely disrupted by removing chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS) from the cell surface, suggesting CS could mediate the association between the two cell surface core proteins. Recombinant MT3-MMP and MT3-MMP from whole cell lysates of WM1341D cells were specifically eluted from CS- conjugated affinity columns. The results indicate that MT3-MMP possesses the potential to promote melanoma invasion and proteolysis and that the formation of a complex between MT3-MMP and MCSP may be a crucial step in activating these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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20
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Davidson B, Goldberg I, Berner A, Nesland JM, Givant-Horwitz V, Bryne M, Risberg B, Kristensen GB, Tropé CG, Kopolovic J, Reich R. Expression of membrane-type 1, 2, and 3 matrix metalloproteinases messenger RNA in ovarian carcinoma cells in serous effusions. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 115:517-24. [PMID: 11293899 DOI: 10.1309/b1yx-l8db-tgy1-7905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, membrane-type (MT)1-MMP, MT2-MMP, and MT3-MMP in 43 malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cellular localization of MT1-MMP in 66 effusion specimens and 85 corresponding primary and metastatic tumors using messenger RNA (mRNA) in situ hybridization (ISH). In 43 effusions, MMP-2 mRNA was detected in 37, MT1-MMP in 25, and MT2-MMP in 32. Expression of MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP was found in 21 specimens; in 16 MT-MMP-positive specimens, mRNA for only 1 of 2 enzymes was expressed. MT3-MMP mRNA was not detected. High levels of MMP-2 mRNA were detected more often in effusions with high MT1-MMP and/or MT2-MMP mRNA expression. Using ISH, MT1-MMP mRNA was localized to cancer cells in 27 of 58 malignant effusions; focal signals were detected in mesothelial cells in 7 of 42. MT1-MMP was localized to tumor cells in 32 of 85 primary and metastatic solid lesions, and stromal cells expressed MT1-MMP in 3. Tumor cell MT1-MMP expression in effusion specimens did not differ from primary or metastatic lesions. MT-MMP expression in tumor cells in effusions showed no association with effusion site or tumor type using ISH and RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Davidson
- Dept of Pathology, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello N-0310, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Toth M, Bernardo MM, Gervasi DC, Soloway PD, Wang Z, Bigg HF, Overall CM, DeClerck YA, Tschesche H, Cher ML, Brown S, Mobashery S, Fridman R. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 acts synergistically with synthetic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors but not with TIMP-4 to enhance the (Membrane type 1)-MMP-dependent activation of pro-MMP-2. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:41415-23. [PMID: 10998420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006871200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) has been shown to be a key enzyme in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. MT1-MMP hydrolyzes a variety of extracellular matrix components and is a physiological activator of pro-MMP-2, another MMP involved in malignancy. Pro-MMP-2 activation by MT1-MMP involves the formation of an MT1-MMP.tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP-2). pro-MMP-2 complex on the cell surface that promotes the hydrolysis of pro-MMP-2 by a neighboring TIMP-2-free MT1-MMP. The MT1-MMP. TIMP-2 complex also serves to reduce the intermolecular autocatalytic turnover of MT1-MMP, resulting in accumulation of active MT1-MMP (57 kDa) on the cell surface. Evidence shown here in Timp2-null cells demonstrates that pro-MMP-2 activation by MT1-MMP requires TIMP-2. In contrast, a C-terminally deleted TIMP-2 (Delta-TIMP-2), unable to form ternary complex, had no effect. However, Delta-TIMP-2 and certain synthetic MMP inhibitors, which inhibit MT1-MMP autocatalysis, can act synergistically with TIMP-2 in the promotion of pro-MMP-2 activation by MT1-MMP. In contrast, TIMP-4, an efficient MT1-MMP inhibitor, had no synergistic effect. These studies suggest that under certain conditions the pericellular activity of MT1-MMP in the presence of TIMP-2 can be modulated by synthetic and natural (TIMP-4) MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toth
- Departments of Pathology, Urology and Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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22
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Kang T, Yi J, Yang W, Wang X, Jiang A, Pei D. Functional characterization of MT3-MMP in transfected MDCK cells: progelatinase A activation and tubulogenesis in 3-D collagen lattice. FASEB J 2000; 14:2559-68. [PMID: 11099475 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0269com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
MT3-MMP, a membrane-anchored matrix metalloproteinase, has been proposed to participate in the remodeling of extracellular matrix either by direct proteolysis or via activating other enzymes such as progelatinase A. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the effect of exogenously transfected MT3-MMP in a tissue remodeling system: growth and tubulogenesis of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in collagen gels. Although the parental cells require MMP activities for both growth and tubulogenesis, over-expression of wild-type MT3-MMP, but not its catalytically inactive mutant, leads to further enhancement of both processes, independent of its downstream substrate, progelatinase A. Mechanistically, MT3-MMP accomplishes such an effect by displaying on cell surfaces as active species, ready to activate progelatinase A or degrade ECM molecules. These data strongly suggest that MT3-MMP possesses the potential to directly enhance the growth and invasiveness of cells in vivo, two critical processes for development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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23
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Platelet release of trimolecular complex components MT1-MMP/TIMP2/MMP2: involvement in MMP2 activation and platelet aggregation. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.9.3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) has been reported to be secreted by collagen-stimulated platelets, and active MMP2 has been shown to play a role in platelet aggregation. It has been demonstrated that MMP2 activation is dependent on the complex (membrane type 1 [MT1]-MMP/tissue inhibitor of MMP2 [TIMP2]) receptor and MMP2. We have investigated human platelets as a possible source of MT1-MMP, and we have studied its role in MMP2 activation and in platelet aggregation. Gelatin zymograms showed the existence of MMP2 at proforms (68 kd) and activated-enzyme forms (62-59 kd) in supernatants of resting and activated platelets, respectively. No gelatinolytic activity was associated with the platelet pellet after aggregation, suggesting a total release of MMP2 during cell activation. By Western blot analysis in nonreduced conditions, MT1-MMP was found on resting platelet membranes in 2 forms–the inactive 45-kd form and an apparent 89-kd form, which totally disappeared under reduced conditions. After platelet degranulation, only the 45-kd form was detected. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction experiments showed the expression in platelets of messenger RNA encoding for MMP2, MT1-MMP, and TIMP2. Flow cytometry analysis showed that MT1-MMP, MMP2, and TIMP2 expressions were enhanced at the activated platelet surface. MMP inhibitors, recombinant TIMP2, and synthetic BB94 inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating the role of activated MT1-MMP in the modulation of platelet function. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the expression of the trimolecular complex components (MT1-MMP/TIMP2/MMP2) by blood platelets as well as the ability of MMP inhibitors to modulate the aggregating response.
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24
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Platelet release of trimolecular complex components MT1-MMP/TIMP2/MMP2: involvement in MMP2 activation and platelet aggregation. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.9.3064.h8003064_3064_3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) has been reported to be secreted by collagen-stimulated platelets, and active MMP2 has been shown to play a role in platelet aggregation. It has been demonstrated that MMP2 activation is dependent on the complex (membrane type 1 [MT1]-MMP/tissue inhibitor of MMP2 [TIMP2]) receptor and MMP2. We have investigated human platelets as a possible source of MT1-MMP, and we have studied its role in MMP2 activation and in platelet aggregation. Gelatin zymograms showed the existence of MMP2 at proforms (68 kd) and activated-enzyme forms (62-59 kd) in supernatants of resting and activated platelets, respectively. No gelatinolytic activity was associated with the platelet pellet after aggregation, suggesting a total release of MMP2 during cell activation. By Western blot analysis in nonreduced conditions, MT1-MMP was found on resting platelet membranes in 2 forms–the inactive 45-kd form and an apparent 89-kd form, which totally disappeared under reduced conditions. After platelet degranulation, only the 45-kd form was detected. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction experiments showed the expression in platelets of messenger RNA encoding for MMP2, MT1-MMP, and TIMP2. Flow cytometry analysis showed that MT1-MMP, MMP2, and TIMP2 expressions were enhanced at the activated platelet surface. MMP inhibitors, recombinant TIMP2, and synthetic BB94 inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating the role of activated MT1-MMP in the modulation of platelet function. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the expression of the trimolecular complex components (MT1-MMP/TIMP2/MMP2) by blood platelets as well as the ability of MMP inhibitors to modulate the aggregating response.
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25
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Nakanishi K, Kawai T, Sato H, Aida S, Kasamatsu H, Aurues T, Ikeda T. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and of membrane-type-1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Hum Pathol 2000; 31:193-200. [PMID: 10685633 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(00)80219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are biologically dependent on the proteolytic destruction of surrounding matrix components. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is able to cleave type IV collagen, and membrane-type-1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) induces activation of proMMP-2. We investigated the expression of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in 102 cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (TCC-UUT). A positive expression of each metalloproteinase was recognized in all samples and was apparent within the cytoplasm of tumor epithelial cells and/or stromal cells situated at the interface between tumor and stroma. Our analysis of clinicopathologic findings showed a relationship between MMP-2 and MT1-MMP expression and stage. The correlation between the MMP-2 protein staining score for tumor epithelial cells and overall survival rate reached significance in the univariate analysis. However, only stage was associated with disease-free and overall survivals in the multivariate analysis. In conclusion, the detection of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP would appear to be of limited value in informing the prognosis of TCC-UUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakanishi
- Division of Environmental Medicine, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors target the neovascular development that is hypothesized to underlie tumor growth. The inhibitors that are undergoing the clinical testing phase can be divided into five categories based on their target activity: 1) drugs that block matrix breakdown; 2) drugs that inhibit endothelial cells directly; 3) drugs that block angiogenesis activators; 4) drugs that inhibit endothelial cell integrins or survival signaling; and 5) drugs with a currently unknown mechanism of action. The properties of these drugs and some specific agents in each class are reviewed in this article. Because growth inhibition rather than tumor shrinkage is expected to be the clinical effect of angiogenesis inhibitors, some of the challenges and potential solutions for clinical trial design are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Tennant
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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27
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Kitagawa Y, Kunimi K, Uchibayashi T, Sato H, Namiki M. Expression of messenger RNAs for membrane-type 1, 2, and 3 matrix metalloproteinases in human renal cell carcinomas. J Urol 1999; 162:905-9. [PMID: 10458406 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199909010-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Three different membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT1, 2, and 3-MMP) that can activate proMMP-2 (progelatinase A) are thought to play an important role in invasion and metastasis by various human carcinomas. To further clarify this role, we examined mRNA expression of MT-MMPs in human renal cell carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS mRNA was extracted from 25 clinical specimens of renal cell carcinoma and 23 specimens of normal renal parenchyma remote from the tumor. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers was performed, and PCR products were hybridized to 32P-labeled internal probes and analyzed by a bioimage analyzer. RESULTS MT1, 2, and 3-MMP mRNA expression in carcinomas was significantly higher than in normal parenchyma. In terms of the pathologic stage, MT1-MMP mRNA expression in pT2 and pT3 tumors was significantly higher than those in pT1 tumors. Although the sample size was small, it was evident that MT3-MMP mRNA expression in clear cell subtype renal cell carcinomas was higher than in the group of tumors including the granular cell subtype. CONCLUSIONS These three MT-MMPs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of human renal cell carcinoma, and MT1-MMP in particular is important in invasion by carcinoma cells. It is interesting that the expression of MT3-MMP was higher in carcinomas, especially clear cell carcinoma, than in normal parenchyma, so that MT3-MMP may provide a clue an understanding of the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis in human kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kitagawa
- Department of Urology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Ishikawa, Japan
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28
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Abstract
The management of superficial bladder cancer is characterized by early recognition of recurrences and the prevention of progression. Several clinical markers are used to divide patients into risk groups determining treatment and follow-up schemes. Although only a small fraction of patients will progress to invasive disease, survival of these patients is largely dictated by their bladder cancer. Whether early aggressive treatment of 'high-risk' superficial bladder cancer improves survival is not the issue of this article. Here we discuss the markers available for predicting tumour recurrence and progression. Clinical markers remain the most practical in decision-making and can identify high-risk patients. Molecular markers may be useful, but as yet insufficient evidence exists on their efficacy for daily use.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Pei D. Identification and characterization of the fifth membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase MT5-MMP. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:8925-32. [PMID: 10085137 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A new member of the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT-MMP) subfamily tentatively named MT5-MMP was isolated from mouse brain cDNA library. It is predicted to contain (i) a candidate signal sequence, (ii) a propeptide region with the highly conserved PRCGVPD sequence, (iii) a potential furin recognition motif RRRRNKR, (iv) a zinc-binding catalytic domain, (v) a hemopexin-like domain, (vi) a 24-residue hydrophobic domain as a potential transmembrane domain, and (vii) a short cytosolic domain. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of its transcripts indicates that MT5-MMP is expressed in a brain-specific manner consistent with the origin of its EST clone from cerebellum. It is also highly expressed during embryonic development at stages day 11 and 15. Like other MT-MMPs, MT5-MMP specifically activates progelatinase A when co-expressed in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Its ability to activate progelatinase A is dependent on its proteolytic activity since a mutation converting Glu to Ala in the zinc binding motif HE255LGH renders MT5-MMP inactive against progelatinase A. In contrast to other MT-MMPs, MT5-MMP tends to shed from cell surface as soluble proteinases, thus offering flexibility as both a cell bound and soluble proteinase for extracellular matrix remodeling processes. Taken together, these properties serve to distinguish MT5-MMP as a versatile MT-MMP playing an important role in extracellular matrix remodeling events in the brain and during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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30
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Nakada M, Nakamura H, Ikeda E, Fujimoto N, Yamashita J, Sato H, Seiki M, Okada Y. Expression and tissue localization of membrane-type 1, 2, and 3 matrix metalloproteinases in human astrocytic tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:417-28. [PMID: 10027400 PMCID: PMC1850004 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three different membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT1-, MT2-, and MT3-MMPs) are known to activate in vitro the zymogen of MMP-2 (pro-MMP-2, progelatinase A), which is one of the key MMPs in invasion and metastasis of various cancers. In the present study, we have examined production and activation of pro-MMP-2, expression of MT1-, MT2-, and MT3-MMPs and their correlation with pro-MMP-2 activation, and localization of MMP-2, MT1-MMP, and MT2-MMP in human astrocytic tumors. The sandwich enzyme immunoassay demonstrates that the production levels of pro-MMP-2 in the anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas are significantly higher than that in the low-grade astrocytomas (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), metastatic brain tumors (P<0.05), or normal brains (P<0.01). Gelatin zymography indicates that the pro-MMP-2 activation ratio is significantly higher in the glioblastomas than in other astrocytic tumors (P<0.01), metastatic brain tumors (P<0.01), and normal brains (P<0.01). The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrate that MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP are expressed predominantly in glioblastoma tissues (17/17 and 12/17 cases, respectively), and their expression levels increase significantly as tumor grade increases. MT3-MMP is detectable in both astrocytic tumor and normal brain tissues, but the mean expression level is approximately 50-fold lower compared with that of MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP in the glioblastomas. The activation ratio of pro-MMP-2 correlates directly with the expression levels of MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP but not MT3-MMP. In situ hybridization indicates that neoplastic astrocytes express MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP in the glioblastoma tissues (5/5 cases and 5/5 cases, respectively). Immunohistochemically, MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP are localized to the neoplastic astrocytes in glioblastoma samples (17/17 cases and 12/17 cases, respectively), which are also positive for MMP-2. In situ zymography shows gelatinolytic activity in the glioblastoma tissues but not in the normal brain tissues. These results suggest that both MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP play a key role in the activation of pro-MMP-2 in the human malignant astrocytic tumors and that the gelatinolytic activity is involved in the astrocytic tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakada
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Japan
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