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Vanpeteghem CM, Bruneel BY, Lecoutere IM, De Hert SG, Moerman AT. Ephedrine and phenylephrine induce opposite changes in cerebral and paraspinal tissue oxygen saturation, measured with near-infrared spectroscopy: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Monit Comput 2020; 34:253-259. [PMID: 31165350 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-019-00328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While the effects of phenylephrine (PE) and ephedrine (E) on cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) already has been studied, the effect on paraspinal oxygen saturation (rSpsO2) is still unexplored. This study aims to assess the effect of PE and E on rScO2 and rSpsO2, measured with near-infrared spectroscopy. A randomized 4-treatment cross-over trial was designed in 28 patients under BIS-titrated anaesthesia with sevoflurane. If MAP decreased more than 20% from baseline, incremental doses of PE and/or E were given according to the randomization (group I: E-PE-E, group II: PE-E-PE, group III: E-E-E, group IV: PE-PE-PE). rScO2 and rSpsO2 on T3-T4, T9-T10 and L1-L2 were recorded. Differences in rSO2 (post-pretreatment) within each group were analyzed with paired Student's t test. Differences in effects of PE and E on rScO2 and rSpsO2 were analyzed with linear mixed-modelling. Following PE administration, rScO2 decreased significantly (- 2.7% ± 3.5), while it remained stable following E (- 0.6% ± 3.6). Contrastingly, rSpsO2 at T3-T4, T9-T10 and L1-L2 slightly increased following PE (0.4% ± 2.5, 0.7% ± 2.0 and - 0.1% ± 1.4, respectively), while it decreased after E administration (- 1.3% ± 3.4%, - 0.7% ± 2.6% and - 1.3% ± 2.7%, respectively). Compared to E, PE administration was associated with a significant decrease in rScO2 (- 2.1%, 95% CI [- 3.1%, - 1.2%], p < 0.001). In contrast, compared to PE, E was associated with a significant decrease in rSpsO2 at T3-T4, T9-T10 and L1-L2 (- 2.0%, 95% CI [- 2.8, - 1.1], p < 0.001; - 1.4%, 95% CI [- 2.4%, - 0.4%], p = 0.006; and - 1.5%, 95% CI [- 2.3%, - 0.8%], p < 0.001, respectively). An opposite effect on rScO2 and rSpsO2 was observed after bolus administration of PE and E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Vanpeteghem
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bas Y Bruneel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabeau M Lecoutere
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan G De Hert
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anneliese T Moerman
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Vashistha VK, Kumar A. Stereochemical facets of clinical β‐blockers: An overview. Chirality 2020; 32:722-735. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of ChemistryGLA University Mathura Uttar Pradesh India
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Obara K, Shigematsu M, Takahasi H, Iiboshi Y, Yoshioka K, Kasuya Y, Tanaka Y. Pharmacological properties of β-adrenoceptors mediating rat superior mesenteric artery relaxation and the effects of chemical sympathetic denervation. Life Sci 2020; 241:117155. [PMID: 31837330 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS β-Adrenoceptors (β-ADRs) mediating the relaxation of rat superior mesenteric arteries (SMAs) were pharmacologically identified, and the effects of chemical sympathetic denervation on β-ADR-mediated relaxation were examined. MAIN METHODS The tension changes of endothelium-denuded SMAs were isometrically recorded and the mRNA of endothelium-denuded SMA β-ADR was detected using RT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS In endothelium-denuded SMAs contracted with ≥10-7 M phenylephrine (an α1-ADR agonist), isoprenaline (a β-ADR agonist)-induced relaxation was competitively inhibited by 3 × 10-9-10-8 M propranolol (a β1,2-ADR antagonist), but not further affected by ≥10-8 M propranolol. Although isoprenaline-induced relaxation was not affected by ICI-118,551 (10-9-10-8 M; a β2-ADR antagonist), it was competitively inhibited by atenolol (10-7-3 × 10-7 M; a β1-ADR antagonist) in the presence of ICI-118,551. In the presence of 10-7 M propranolol, isoprenaline- and CGP-12177A (a β3-ADR partial agonist)-induced relaxation was competitively inhibited by high concentrations of bupranolol (a β1,2,3-ADR antagonist), with pA2 values of 6.49 and 5.76, respectively. We detected the mRNA of β1- and β3-ADRs in endothelium-denuded SMAs. Treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (a catecholaminergic neurotoxin) reduced maximal isoprenaline-induced relaxation in the presence and absence of 10-7 M propranolol, but not CGP-12177A-induced relaxation. SIGNIFICANCE Isoprenaline-induced relaxation of rat SMAs is mediated by β1- and β3-ADRs. β-ADR-mediated relaxation of rat SMAs is shown to be attenuated by chemical sympathetic denervation. The differences in the effects of bupranolol and chemical sympathetic denervation on the responses to isoprenaline and CGP-12177A in rat SMAs might be explained by the possible presence of multiple β3-ADRs with different pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Obara
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mai Shigematsu
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takahasi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yuri Iiboshi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kento Yoshioka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Kasuya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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4
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Shiina S, Kanemura A, Suzuki C, Yamaki F, Obara K, Chino D, Tanaka Y. β-Adrenoceptor subtypes and cAMP role in adrenaline- and noradrenaline-induced relaxation in the rat thoracic aorta. J Smooth Muscle Res 2019. [PMID: 29540622 PMCID: PMC5863045 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.54.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Object We identified the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) subtypes responsible for the
relaxant responses to adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NA) in the rat thoracic aorta and
examined the role of cAMP which is involved in these relaxant responses.
Methods The effects of β-AR antagonists or the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor
SQ 22,536 on AD- and NA-induced relaxant responses in phenylephrine-induced contraction
and increases in cAMP levels were examined in isolated, endothelium-denuded rat thoracic
aorta segments. Results AD-induced relaxation was completely suppressed by
propranolol (10−7 M) or by ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) plus atenolol
(10−6 M), and was also very strongly inhibited by ICI-118,551
(10−8 M) alone. AD (10−5 M) increased tissue cAMP levels by
approximately 1.9-fold compared with that in non-stimulated aortic tissue, but did not
significantly increase cAMP levels in the presence of ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) or
SQ 22,536 (10−4 M). AD-induced relaxation was strongly suppressed by SQ 22,536
(10−4 M). NA-induced relaxation was almost completely suppressed by atenolol
(10−6 M) plus ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) although it was hardly affected
by ICI-118,551 (10−8 M) alone. NA (10−5 M) increased tissue cAMP
levels by approximately 2.2-fold compared with that in non-stimulated aortic tissue, but
did not significantly increase cAMP levels in the presence of atenolol (10−6 M)
or SQ 22,536 (10−4 M). NA-induced relaxation was strongly suppressed by SQ
22,536 (10−4 M). Conclusion In rat thoracic aorta, AD- and
NA-induced relaxations, which are both strongly dependent on increased tissue cAMP levels,
are mainly mediated through β2- and β1-adrenoceptors
respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Shiina
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kanemura
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yamaki
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Keisuke Obara
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Chino
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kita-Adachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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Survey of Pharmacological Activity and Pharmacokinetics of Selected β-Adrenergic Blockers in Regard to Their Stereochemistry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present survey concentrates on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of selected β-adrenergic blockers from the point of view of their stereochemistry. It could be shown that the activity in the arylaminoethanol and aryloxyaminopropanol group of β-blockers is higher in their (–)-enantiomers as compared with the (+)-enantiomers. The stereoisomers differ also in other types of bioactivity as well as in toxicity. The particular pharmacokinetic stages such as resorption, distribution, and metabolism are discussed in regard to their stereochemistry.
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Rossi SP, Walenta L, Rey-Ares V, Köhn FM, Schwarzer JU, Welter H, Calandra RS, Frungieri MB, Mayerhofer A. Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in human testicular peritubular cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:1-9. [PMID: 29407194 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system and is linked to impaired fertility in man. We hypothesized that catecholamines by acting on testicular cells have a role in these events, possibly by fostering an inflammatory environment. The cells of the wall of seminiferous tubules, human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs), express adrenergic receptors (ADRs) α1B, α1D, β1 and β2. A selective α1-ADR agonist, phenylephrine, increased intracellular Ca2+-levels in cultured HTPCs and induced COX-2, IL-6 and MCP-1 mRNA expression without affecting IL-1β mRNA. These changes were paralleled by a significant increase in the secretion of IL-6 and MCP-1. Epinephrine was also effective, but salbutamol, a selective β2-ADR agonist was not. Our results suggest that stress-associated elevation of catecholamines may be able to promote inflammatory events by targeting peritubular cells in the human testis. Blockage of α1-ADRs may therefore be a novel way to interfere with stress-related impairment of male reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Paola Rossi
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), D-82152 Planegg, Germany; Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lena Walenta
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Verónica Rey-Ares
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | | | | | - Harald Welter
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Ricardo Saúl Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Beatriz Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), D-82152 Planegg, Germany.
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7
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Effects of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on the development of cultured Leydig cells in mice. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:503093. [PMID: 23093848 PMCID: PMC3470896 DOI: 10.1155/2012/503093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Few data have suggested how norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (Ach) regulate the development of Leydig cells in mice at prepuberty, except for data indicating endocrine effects. The present study aims to elucidate the roles of NE and Ach on the differentiation and proliferation of Leydig cells. Firstly, the expression of adrenergic receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in Leydig cells was investigated. It was found that adrenergic receptors (β1AR, β2AR, and α1D) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 and M3) mRNA are expressed in adult Leydig cells. Then, the effects of NE and Ach on the differentiation and proliferation of Leydig cells were analyzed. The results showed that NE and Ach at 10 μM significantly increased the number of 3β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase- (3β-HSD-) positive Leydig cells and improved the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in Leydig cells on postnatal day (PD) 15 (P < 0.05). NE and Ach at 10 μM had no impact on the expression of PCNA mRNA (P > 0.05), but reduced the expression of 3β-HSD mRNA in adult Leydig cells and a murine Leydig tumor cell line (MLTC-1) (P < 0.05). Therefore, a conclusion may be reached that NE and Ach participated in stimulating the development of Leydig cells in mice from prepuberty to adult stage.
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8
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Bellantuono V, Cassano G, Lippe C. The adrenergic receptor subtypes present in frog (Rana esculenta) skin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 148:160-4. [PMID: 18544474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Frog skin transports ions and water under hormonal control. In spite of the fundamental role played by adrenergic stimulation in maintaining the water balance of the organism, the receptor subtype(s) present in the skin have not been identified yet. We measured the increase in short-circuit current (ISC, an estimate of ion transport) induced by cirazoline, clonidine, xamoterol, formoterol, or BRL 37344, in order to verify the presence of alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, or beta3 receptor subtypes, respectively. Only after treatment with formoterol, BRL 37344 and, to a lesser extent, cirazoline was measured a significant increase in ISC (57%, 33.2%, and 4.7%, respectively). The formoterol and BRL 37344 concentrations producing half-maximal effect (EC50) were 1.12 and 70.1 nM, respectively. Moreover, the formoterol effect was inhibited by treatment with ICI 118551 (antagonist of beta2 receptors) while SR 59230A (antagonist of beta3 receptors) had no effect; opposite findings were obtained when the BRL 37344 stimulation was investigated. Finally, by measuring the transepithelial fluxes of 22Na+ and 36Cl-, we demonstrated that Na+ absorption is increased by activation of beta2 and beta3 and is cAMP-sensitive, whereas the Cl- secretion is only increased by activation of beta2 receptors and is cAMP- and calmodulin-sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Bellantuono
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Matsushita M, Tanaka Y, Koike K. Studies on the mechanisms underlying beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of rat abdominal aorta. J Smooth Muscle Res 2007; 42:217-25. [PMID: 17435380 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.42.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR)-mediated vascular relaxation were studied in the isolated rat abdominal aorta. In the endothelium-denuded helical preparations, a non-selective beta-AR agonist isoprenaline elicited a concentration-dependent relaxation. In the absence of beta-AR antagonists, isoprenaline-induced relaxation was not practically affected by an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22,536 (300 microM), but was strongly diminished by high-KCl (80 mM). Isoprenaline-induced relaxation in the presence of SQ 22,536 was significantly diminished by iberiotoxin (IbTx, 0.1 microM), but was not affected by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 3 mM). Isoprenaline-induced relaxation was not also affected by SQ 22,536 (300 microM) even in the presence of CGP20712A (a beta(1)-selective antagonist) and ICI-118,551 (a beta(2)-selective antagonist) (0.1 microM for each), but was strongly diminished by high-KCl. By contrast, SQ 22,536-resistant, isoprenaline-induced relaxation in the presence of CGP20712A plus ICI-118,551 was not affected by IbTx (0.1 microM), but was inhibited significantly by 4-AP (3 mM). These results suggest that in rat abdominal aortic smooth muscle: 1) both beta(1)-/beta(2)-AR- and beta(3)-AR-mediated relaxations substantially involve cAMP-independent mechanisms; 2) beta(1)-/beta(2)-AR-mediated, cAMP-independent relaxant mechanisms are partly attributed to the large-conductance, Ca (2+)-sensitive K(+) (MaxiK, BK) channel whereas beta(3)-AR-mediated relaxant mechanisms are attributed to K(v) channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Matsushita
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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Tanaka Y, Yamashita Y, Michikawa H, Horinouchi T, Koike K. Pharmacological characterization of the β-adrenoceptor that mediates the relaxant response to noradrenaline in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 375:51-64. [PMID: 17237919 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-006-0130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological characteristics of beta-adrenoceptors (beta-ARs) mediating noradrenaline-induced relaxation were investigated in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. The inhibitory effects of several types of beta-AR antagonists on noradrenaline-induced relaxation against histamine contraction were scrutinized with Schild plot analysis. The concentration-response curve for noradrenaline obtained in the absence of phentolamine and uptake inhibitors was competitively antagonized by all of the beta-AR antagonists used in this study (propranolol, bupranolol, atenolol, butoxamine and ICI-118,551). However, their pA2 values were markedly less than the expected values for beta1-AR and beta2-AR. On the other hand, pA2 values of ICI-118,551 (6.85) determined in the presence of phentolamine suggested a contribution of a beta1 -AR rather than beta2 -AR. In the presence of phentolamine and uptake inhibitors (desipramine and deoxycorticosterone), the Schild plot for atenolol was a better fit, with two distinct straight lines. The pA2 values of atenolol provided by the regression were: approximately 7.0, which corresponds to the expected beta1-AR value, and approximately 6.5, which was 3 times less than the expected value for beta1 -AR, and thus the possible presence of two classes of beta1 -AR (beta1(Low) and beta1(High)) was suggested. This view was also supported by Schild plot analysis for propranolol, which fit two straight lines each with a slope of 1.0. The present findings indicate that beta1 -ARs contributing to noradrenaline-elicited relaxation in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle exhibit diverse pharmacological characteristics and may be subdivided into at least two classes with distinct affinities for atenolol. Under physiological conditions, beta1(Low) rather than beta1(High) seems to play a more significant role in noradrenaline-regulated airway smooth muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-City, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
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Kubrusly RCC, Ventura ALM, de Melo Reis RA, Serra GCF, Yamasaki EN, Gardino PF, de Mello MCF, de Mello FG. Norepinephrine acts as D1-dopaminergic agonist in the embryonic avian retina: late expression of beta1-adrenergic receptor shifts norepinephrine specificity in the adult tissue. Neurochem Int 2006; 50:211-8. [PMID: 17014930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is the main catecholamine found in the chick retina whereas norepinephrine is only found in trace amounts. We compared the effectiveness of dopamine and norepinephrine in promoting cyclic AMP accumulation in retinas at embryonic day 13 (E13) and from post-hatched chicken (P15). Dopamine (EC(50)=10microM) and norepinephrine (EC(50)=30microM), but not the beta(1)-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, stimulated over seven-fold the production of cyclic AMP in E13 retina. The cyclic AMP accumulation induced by both catecholamines in embryonic tissue was entirely blocked by 2microM SCH23390, a D(1) receptor antagonist, but not by alprenolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist). In P15 retinas, 100microM isoproterenol stimulated five-fold the accumulation of cAMP. This effect was blocked by propanolol (10microM), but not by 2microM SCH23390. Embryonic and adult retina display beta(1) adrenergic receptor mRNA as detected by RT-PCR, but the beta(1) adrenergic receptor protein was detected only in post-hatched tissue. We conclude that norepinephrine cross-reacts with D(1) dopaminergic receptor with affinity similar to that of dopamine in the embryonic retina. In the mature retina, however, D(1) receptors become restricted to activation by dopamine. Moreover, as opposed to the embryonic tissue, norepinephrine seems to stimulate cAMP accumulation via beta(1)-like adrenergic receptors in the mature tissue.
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12
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Tanaka Y, Horinouchi T, Koike K. New insights into beta-adrenoceptors in smooth muscle: distribution of receptor subtypes and molecular mechanisms triggering muscle relaxation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 32:503-14. [PMID: 16026507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The beta-adrenoceptor is currently classified into beta(1), beta(2) and beta(3) subtypes and all three subtypes are expressed in smooth muscle. Each beta-adrenoceptor subtype exhibits tissue-specific distribution patterns, which may be a determinant controlling the mechanical functions of corresponding smooth muscle. Airway and uterine smooth muscles abundantly express the beta(2)-adrenoceptor, the physiological significance of which is established as a fundamental regulator of the mechanical activities of these muscles. Recent pharmacomechanical and molecular approaches have revealed roles for the beta(3)-adrenoceptor in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder smooth muscle. 2. The beta-adrenoceptor is a G(s)-protein-coupled receptor and its activation elevates smooth muscle cAMP. A substantial role for a cAMP-dependent mechanism(s) is generally believed to be the key trigger for eliciting beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of smooth muscle. Downstream effectors activated via a cAMP-dependent mechanism(s) include plasma membrane K(+) channels, such as the large-conductance, Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (MaxiK) channel. 3. Beta-Adrenoceptor-mediated relaxant mechanisms also include cAMP-independent signalling pathways. This view is supported by numerous pharmacological and electrophysiological lines of evidence. In airway smooth muscle, direct activation of the MaxiK channel by G(s)alpha is a mechanism by which stimulation of beta(2)-adrenoceptors elicits muscle relaxation independently of the elevation of cAMP. 4. The cAMP-independent mechanism(s) is also substantial in beta(3)-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle. However, in the case of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor, a delayed rectified K(+) channel rather than the MaxiK channel seems to mediate, in part, cAMP-independent relaxant mechanisms. 5. In the present article, we review the distribution of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in smooth muscle tissues and discuss the molecular mechanisms by which each subtype elicits muscle relaxation, focusing on the roles of cAMP and plasma membrane K(+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Funabashi-City, Chiba, Japan.
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Tanaka Y, Yamashita Y, Horinouchi T, Koike K. Adrenaline produces the relaxation of guinea-pig airway smooth muscle primarily through the mediation of beta(2)-adrenoceptors. J Smooth Muscle Res 2005; 41:153-61. [PMID: 16006748 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.41.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-adrenoceptor subtype that mediates adrenaline-induced relaxation was pharmacologically identified in smooth muscle cells of the isolated guinea-pig trachea. Adrenaline produced a concentration-dependent relaxation with a pD(2) value of 7.1. The concentration-response curve for adrenaline was shifted rightwards in a competitive fashion by the beta(1)-/beta(2)-nonselective antagonists propranolol and bupranolol, with pA(2) values of 8.85 and 8.97, respectively. Adrenaline-induced relaxation was not affected by the beta(1)-selective antagonists atenolol and CGP-20, 712A within the concentration ranges supposed to antagonize the beta(1)-subtype (atenolol, <or=10(-6) M; CGP-20, 712A, <or=10(-8) M). By contrast, the concentration-response curve for adrenaline was shifted rightwards in a competitive fashion by atenolol at concentrations >or=3x10(-6) M with a pA(2) value of 5.77. The concentration-response curve for adrenaline was also competitively antagonized by the beta(2)-selective antagonists butoxamine and ICI-118,551 with pA(2) values of 6.86 and 8.73, respectively. The pA(2) values of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (propranolol, bupranolol, atenolol, butoxamine and ICI-118,551) tested against adrenaline were consistent with the values when tested against salbutamol, a beta(2)-selective adrenoceptor agonist. The present findings provide evidence that the relaxant response of the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig trachea to the adrenal medulla hormone, adrenaline, is mainly mediated through beta(2)-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-city, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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Nicholson R, Dixon AK, Spanswick D, Lee K. Noradrenergic receptor mRNA expression in adult rat superficial dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neurosci Lett 2005; 380:316-21. [PMID: 15862909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Noradrenaline (NAdr) has well documented analgesic actions at the level of the spinal cord. Released from bulbospinal projections onto superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons, NAdr modulates the excitability of these neurons through the activation of alpha1, alpha2 or beta adrenoceptors. This study utilised in situ hybridisation to determine the specific expression of adrenoceptors within adult rat lumbar SDH and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and reports the presence of alpha1A, alpha1B, alpha2B, beta1 and beta2 adrenoceptor mRNA within SDH neurons, and the presence of alpha1A, alpha1B and alpha2C adrenoceptor mRNA within DRG neurons. The present study provides an insight into the modulation of sensory processing at the level of the spinal cord following adrenoceptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nicholson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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15
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Prathipati P, Saxena AK. Characterization of β3-adrenergic receptor: determination of pharmacophore and 3D QSAR model for β3 adrenergic receptor agonism. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2005; 19:93-110. [PMID: 16075304 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-005-1558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The beta3-adrenoreceptor (beta3-AR) has been shown to mediate various pharmacological and physiological effects such as lipolysis, thermogenesis, and intestinal smooth muscle relaxation. It also plays an important role in glucose homeostasis and energy balance. Molecular modeling studies were undertaken to develop predictive pharmacophoric hypothesis and 3D-QSAR model, which may explain variations in beta3-AR agonistic activity in terms of chemical features and physicochemical properties. The two softwares, CATALYST for pharmacophoric alignment and APEX-3D for 3D-QSAR modeling were used to establish the structure activity relationships for beta3-AR agonistic activity. Among the several statistically significant models, the selection of the best pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR model was based on its ability to estimate the activity of external test sets of similar and different structural types along with the reasonable consistency of the model with the limited information of the active site of beta3-AR. The final 3D-QSAR model was derived using the pharmacophoric alignments from the hypothesis which consisted of four chemical features: basic or positive ionizable feature on the nitrogen of the aryloxypropylamino group, two ring aromatic features corresponding to the phenyl ring of the phenoxide and the benzenesulphonamido groups and a hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) in the vicinity of the nitrogen atom of the benzenesulphonamido group with the most active molecule mapping in an energetically favorable extended conformation. This hypothesis was in agreement with the site directed mutagenesis studies on human beta3-AR and correlated well the observed and estimated activity both in, training and both the external test sets. It also mapped reasonably well to six beta3-AR agonists of different structural classes under clinical development and thus this hypothesis may have a universal applicability in providing a powerful template for virtual screening and also for designing new chemical entities (NCEs) as beta3-AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Prathipati
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, 226001, Lucknow, India
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16
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Koike K, Yamashita Y, Horinouchi T, Yamaki F, Tanaka Y. cAMP-independent mechanism is significantly involved in beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated tracheal relaxation. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 492:65-70. [PMID: 15145708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of cAMP in the beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation in response to salbutamol was examined in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle. The concentration-dependent salbutamol-induced relaxation was antagonized in a competitive fashion by a beta2-selective adrenoceptor antagonist, butoxamine, with a pA2 value of 6.90. Salbutamol (10 microM) elevated the tracheal smooth muscle cAMP content by about fivefold, a response which was significantly inhibited by an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, 9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine (SQ 22,536, 100 microM). However, the salbutamol-elicited relaxation was not diminished by SQ 22,536 (100 microM). These results provide evidence for the first time that a cAMP-independent mechanism(s) is involved in beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated tracheal smooth muscle relaxation in the guinea pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuo Koike
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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17
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Tanaka Y, Yamashita Y, Yamaki F, Horinouchi T, Shigenobu K, Koike K. MaxiK channel mediates beta2-adrenoceptor-activated relaxation to isoprenaline through cAMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. J Smooth Muscle Res 2004; 39:205-19. [PMID: 15048013 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.39.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the contribution of large-conductance, Ca(2+)-sensitive K+ (MaxiK) channel to beta2-adrenoceptor-activated relaxation to isoprenaline in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle focusing on the role for cAMP in the coupling between beta2-adrenoceptor and MaxiK channel. Isoprenaline-elicited relaxation was confirmed to be mediated through beta2-type of adrenoceptor since the response was antagonized in a competitive fashion by a beta2-selective adrenoceptor antagonist butoxamine with a pA2 value of 6.56. Isoprenaline-induced relaxation was significantly potentiated by a selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase, Ro-20-1724 (0.1-1 microM). cAMP-dependent mediation of MaxiK channel in the relaxant response to isoprenaline was evidenced since the potentiated response to isoprenaline by the presence of Ro-20-1724 (1 microM) was inhibited by the channel selective blocker, iberiotoxin (IbTx, 100 nM). This concept was supported by the finding that the relaxation to a membrane permeable cAMP analogue, 8-bromo-cAMP (1 mM), was susceptible to the inhibition by IbTx. On the other hand, isoprenaline-induced relaxation was not practically diminished by an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22,536 (100 microM). However, isoprenaline-induced relaxation in the presence of SQ 22,536 was suppressed by IbTx. Characteristics of isoprenaline-induced relaxant response, i.e., impervious to SQ 22,536 but susceptible to IbTx, were practically mimicked by cholera toxin (CTX, 5 microg/ml), an activator of adenylyl cyclase coupled-heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein Gs. These findings indicate that in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle: 1) MaxiK channel substantially mediates beta2-adrenoceptor-activated relaxation; 2) both cAMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms underlie the functional coupling between beta2-adrenoceptor and MaxiK channel to induce muscle relaxation; and 3) direct regulation of MaxiK channel by Gs operates in cAMP-independent coupling between beta2-adrenoceptor and this ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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18
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Tanaka Y, Yamashita Y, Horinouchi T, Yamaki F, Koike K. Evidence showing that beta-adrenoceptor subtype responsible for the relaxation induced by isoprenaline is principally beta2 but not beta1 in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 24:37-43. [PMID: 15458542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2004.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The present study was carried out to pharmacologically identify the beta-adrenoceptor subtype that mediates isoprenaline-elicited relaxation in the isolated guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle, to answer the question whether it is beta(1)- or beta(2)-subtype? 2. Isoprenaline as well as salbutamol, a well-known beta(2)-selective adrenoceptor agonist, produced a concentration-dependent relaxation with a pD(2) value of 8.12 vs. 7.54 for salbutamol. 3. Isoprenaline-elicited relaxation was not affected by beta(1)-selective antagonists, atenolol and CGP-20,712A, within the concentration ranges supposed to antagonize beta(1)-subtype: atenolol, < or =10(-6) M; CGP-20,712A, < or =10(-8) M. 4. By contrast, the concentration-response curves for isoprenaline as well as salbutamol were shifted rightwards in a competitive fashion by atenolol at the concentrations > or =3 x 10(-6) M. However, pA(2) values of atenolol against isoprenaline (5.86) and salbutamol (5.71) were consistent with the value corresponding to beta(2)- but not to beta(1)-subtype (around 7.00), and these values were not significantly different from each other. 5. Competitive antagonism of the relaxations to isoprenaline and salbutamol were also obtained with beta(2)-selective antagonists, butoxamine and ICI-118,551. Against isoprenaline and salbutamol, the pA(2) values of butoxamine (6.51 vs. 6.81) and ICI-118,551 (8.83 vs. 8.90) were substantially identical. Thus the primary mediation of beta(2)-receptor in the relaxations was strongly supported. 6. The present findings provide evidence that the beta-adrenoceptor which mediates isoprenaline-elicited relaxation of guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle is essentially beta(2)- but not beta(1)-subtype. The present study also indicates the importance of using multiple receptor antagonists with different pA(2) values to pharmacologically identify the responsible receptor subtype in smooth muscle mechanical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi-City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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Nagatomo T, Hosohata Y, Ohnuki T, Nakamura T, Hattori K, Suzuki J, Ishiguro M. Bopindolol: pharmacological basis and clinical implications. CARDIOVASCULAR DRUG REVIEWS 2001; 19:9-24. [PMID: 11314603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2001.tb00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bopindolol, a non-selective antagonist of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors (ARs), has been found by pharmacological, molecular biological techniques and molecular modeling to have several unique properties. Bopindolol produces sustained blockade of beta 1- and beta 2-ARs, has intrinsic sympathomimetic as well as membrane stabilizing actions, inhibits renin secretion, and interacts with 5-HT receptors. Also, our recent molecular modeling studies identified possible interaction sites between bopindolol and beta-AR subtypes. The reviewed studies support our findings that bopindolol is non-selective for beta 1- and beta 2-ARs, has low affinity for beta 3-AR subtype and has pharmacological properties that are likely to be beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/chemistry
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacokinetics
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hemodynamics/drug effects
- Models, Molecular
- Myocardial Contraction/drug effects
- Pindolol/analogs & derivatives
- Pindolol/chemistry
- Pindolol/pharmacokinetics
- Pindolol/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Renin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Renin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagatomo
- Department of Pharmacology, Niigata College of Pharmacy, 5-13-2 Kamishinei-cho, Niigata 950-2081, Japan.
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