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Chlipała P, Tronina T, Dymarska M, Urbaniak M, Kozłowska E, Stępień Ł, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Janeczko T. Multienzymatic biotransformation of flavokawain B by entomopathogenic filamentous fungi: structural modifications and pharmacological predictions. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:65. [PMID: 38402203 PMCID: PMC10893614 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavokawain B is one of the naturally occurring chalcones in the kava plant (Piper methysticum). It exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antimalarial properties. Due to its therapeutic potential, flavokawain B holds promise for the treatment of many diseases. However, due to its poor bioavailability and low aqueous solubility, its application remains limited. The attachment of a sugar unit impacts the stability and solubility of flavonoids and often determines their bioavailability and bioactivity. Biotransformation is an environmentally friendly way to improve the properties of compounds, for example, to increase their hydrophilicity and thus affect their bioavailability. Recent studies proved that entomopathogenic filamentous fungi from the genera Isaria and Beauveria can perform O-methylglycosylation of hydroxyflavonoids or O-demethylation and hydroxylation of selected chalcones and flavones. RESULTS In the present study, we examined the ability of entomopathogenic filamentous fungal strains of Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria caledonica, Isaria farinosa, Isaria fumosorosea, and Isaria tenuipes to transform flavokawain B into its glycosylated derivatives. The main process occurring during the reaction is O-demethylation and/or hydroxylation followed by 4-O-methylglycosylation. The substrate used was characterized by low susceptibility to transformations compared to our previously described transformations of flavones and chalcones in the cultures of the tested strains. However, in the culture of the B. bassiana KCh J1.5 and BBT, Metarhizium robertsii MU4, and I. tenuipes MU35, the expected methylglycosides were obtained with high yields. Cheminformatic analyses indicated altered physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties in the derivatives compared to flavokawain B. Pharmacological predictions suggested potential anticarcinogenic activity, caspase 3 stimulation, and antileishmanial effects. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the study provided valuable insights into the enzymatic transformations of flavokawain B by entomopathogenic filamentous fungi, elucidating the structural modifications and predicting potential pharmacological activities of the obtained derivatives. The findings contribute to the understanding of the biocatalytic capabilities of these microbial cultures and the potential therapeutic applications of the modified flavokawain B derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chlipała
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Norwida 25, 50-375, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Tronina
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Norwida 25, 50-375, Poland
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Norwida 25, 50-375, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Norwida 25, 50-375, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Norwida 25, 50-375, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Norwida 25, 50-375, Poland.
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Pont-Fernandez S, Kheyfets M, Rogers JM, Smith KE, Epstein DH. Kava ( Piper methysticum) in the United States: the quiet rise of a substance with often subtle effects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2023; 49:85-96. [PMID: 36410029 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2140292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Piper methysticum, commonly called kava, has long been consumed in beverage form in the Pacific Islands. Kava use in the US has slowly increased since the 1990s, but is not assessed in major epidemiological surveys.Objectives: To analyze social-media posts about kava from current, past, and prospective users, for motivations, patterns of co-use, and effects.Methods: Text from Reddit posts, and accompanying metadata, were collected and thematically coded by two independent raters.Results: 423 posts were collected, spanning January 2006 through December 2021. Of the 1,211 thematic codes applied, 1,098 (90. 7%) were concordant. Motivations for use bifurcated into self-treatment (for psychiatric or physical health conditions) and recreation; these were not mutually exclusive. Kava was rarely considered strongly euphoriant, but was valued as an anxiolytic. Kava was frequently used with other substances, most commonly kratom. Kava was used at lower doses for self-treatment than for other purposes (pseudo-R2 = 0.11). Undesirable effects (gastrointestinal upset, fatigue) were mentioned, though less often than benefits. Hepatotoxicity, reported elsewhere as a rare, non-dose-related risk, was disputed on the basis of its not having been experienced by those posting.Conclusion: Kava appears to be conceptualized among Reddit posters as an anxiolytic with few risks or adverse effects. As it grows in popularity, especially among people who use other drugs that are more liable to misuse or addiction, it should be assessed in probability samples (i.e. in the major national drug surveys) and clinical practice for its risks, potential benefits, and possible drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Pont-Fernandez
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marina Kheyfets
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rogers
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten E Smith
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David H Epstein
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Faraj I, Oubella A, Chkirate K, Al Mamari K, Hökelek T, Mague JT, El Ghayati L, Sebbar NK, Essassi EM. Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT calculations of ( E)-3-[1-(2-hy-droxy-phenyl-anilino)ethyl-idene]-6-methyl-pyran-2,4-dione. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2022; 78:864-870. [PMID: 35974825 PMCID: PMC9361371 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022007514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H13NO4, contains three independent mol-ecules, which differ slightly in conformation. Each contains an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form chains of mol-ecules, which are linked into corrugated sheets parallel to (03) plane by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds together with π inter-actions between the carbonyl groups and the 2-hy-droxy-phenyl rings. The layers are linked by further C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H⋯H (49.0%), H⋯O/O⋯H (28.3%) and H⋯C/C⋯H (10.9%) inter-actions. van der Waals inter-actions are the dominant inter-actions in the crystal packing. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) optimized structures at the B3LYP/ 6-311 G(d,p) level are compared with the experimentally determined mol-ecular structure in the solid state. The HOMO-LUMO behavior was elucidated to determine the energy gap of 4.53 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Faraj
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Organic Chemistry, Medicines Science Research Center, Pharmacochemistry Competence Center, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculté des Sciences, Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ali Oubella
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment, Applied Bioorganic Chemistry Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Synthése Organique et Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia, B.P 2390, Marrakech 40001, Morocco
| | - Karim Chkirate
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Organic Chemistry, Medicines Science Research Center, Pharmacochemistry Competence Center, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculté des Sciences, Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khalil Al Mamari
- Department Of Chemistry – Faculty of Education – University of Hodiedah, Yemen
| | - Tuncer Hökelek
- Department of Physics, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Lhoussaine El Ghayati
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Organic Chemistry, Medicines Science Research Center, Pharmacochemistry Competence Center, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculté des Sciences, Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nada Kheira Sebbar
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Organic Chemistry, Medicines Science Research Center, Pharmacochemistry Competence Center, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculté des Sciences, Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment, Applied Bioorganic Chemistry Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - El Mokhtar Essassi
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Organic Chemistry, Medicines Science Research Center, Pharmacochemistry Competence Center, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Faculté des Sciences, Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco
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Allameh M, Orsat V. Herbal Anxiolytics: Sources and Their Preparation Methods. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2043895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Allameh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - V. Orsat
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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5
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Heo KT, Lee B, Jang JH, Ahn JO, Hong YS. Construction of an Artificial Biosynthetic Pathway for the Styrylpyrone Compound 11-Methoxy-Bisnoryangonin Produced in Engineered Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714335. [PMID: 34456894 PMCID: PMC8388576 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA clone (named pnpks), which shows high homology to the known chalcone synthase (CHS)-like type III PKS, was obtained from the leaves of Piper nigrum. The PnPKS protein with ferulic acid catalyzed lactonization instead of chalcone or stilbene formation. The new product was characterized as a styrylpyrone, 11-methoxy-bisnoryangonin, which is the lactonization compound of a linear triketide formed as the reaction product of PnPKS protein with ferulic acid. These results show that pnpks encodes a styrylpyrone synthase (SPS)-like PKS that catalyzes two-chain elongation with feruloyl CoA-linked starter substrates. Although these styrylpyrone compounds are promising for use in human healthcare, they are mainly obtained by extraction from raw plant or mushroom sources. For de novo synthesis of 11-methoxy-bisnoryangonin in the heterologous host Escherichia coli from a simple sugar as a starter, the artificial biosynthetic pathway contained five genes: optal, sam5, com, and 4cl2nt, along with the pnpks gene. The engineered L-tyrosine overproducing E. coli ∆COS1 strain, in which five biosynthetic genes were cloned into two vectors, pET-opT5M and pET22-4P, was cultured for 24 h in a minimal glucose medium containing ampicillin and kanamycin. As a result, 11-methoxy-bisnoryangonin production of up to 52.8 mg/L was achieved, which is approximately 8.5-fold higher than that in the parental E. coli strain harboring a plasmid for 11-methoxy-bisnoryangonin biosynthesis. As a potential styrylpyrone compound, 11-methoxy-bisnoryangonin, was successfully produced in E. coli from a simple glucose medium, and its production titer was also increased using engineered strains. This study provides a useful reference for establishing the biological manufacture of styrylpyrone compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Taek Heo
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, South Korea.,Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Byeongsan Lee
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, South Korea.,Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Oh Ahn
- Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, South Korea.,Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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Abstract
AbstractKavalactones are classes of α-pyrone and 5,6-dihydropyrone derivatives showing various biological activities, and numerous approaches have been reported for the preparation of these molecules. In this review, we discuss the different synthetic approaches towards these naturally occurring lactones, in both racemic and enantiomerically pure forms, that have been reported in the literature to date. It is hoped that this review will assist researchers in the development of additional and efficient synthetic routes towards kavalactones. 1 Introduction2 Synthetic Approaches for the Preparation of Kavalactones3 Conclusion
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7
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Sarhan AA, Haukka M, Barakat A, Boraei AT. A novel synthetic approach to pyran-2,4-dione scaffold production: Microwave-assisted dimerization, cyclization, and expeditious regioselective conversion into β-enamino-pyran-2,4-diones. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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The Therapeutic Prospects of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Indole Alkaloids for Depression and Anxiety Disorders. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8836983. [PMID: 33123212 PMCID: PMC7585661 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8836983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are the most common disorders among all age groups. Several antidepressant drugs including benzodiazepine, antidepressant tricyclics, azapirone, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors, serotonin, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors have been used to treat these psychiatric disorders. However, these antidepressants are generally synthetic agents and can cause a wide range of side effects. The potential efficacy of plant-derived alkaloids has been reviewed against various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. However, data correlating the indole alkaloids and antidepressant activity are limited. Natural products, especially plants and the marine environment, are rich sources of potential new drugs. Plants possess a variety of indole alkaloids, and compounds that have an indole moiety are related to serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that regulates brain function and cognition, which in turn alleviates anxiety, and ensures a good mood and happiness. The present review is a summary of the bioactive compounds from plants and marine sources that contain the indole moiety, which can serve as potent antidepressants. The prospects of naturally occurring as well as synthetic indole alkaloids for the amelioration of anxiety and depression-related disorders, structure-activity relationship, and their therapeutic prospects have been discussed.
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9
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Webster LR, Karan S. The Physiology and Maintenance of Respiration: A Narrative Review. Pain Ther 2020; 9:467-486. [PMID: 33021707 PMCID: PMC7648809 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-020-00203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is one of the most common reasons adults seek medical care and is often managed with opioid analgesics; however, opioids may cause respiratory depression by suppressing various components of respiration. Respiration is the physiological process that facilitates gas exchange and is mediated through the proper function of and communication among central neural control (respiratory drive), sensory input systems, the lungs, and the muscles involved in respiration. Normal respiratory function can be dampened with the use of central nervous system (CNS) depressants and/or underlying health conditions. Patients with chronic pain are often exposed to CNS depressants other than opioids, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics, and ethanol, which can function synergistically with opioids to increase the risk of respiratory depression. Some patients may also have underlying health issues, such as obstructive sleep apnea, that can be exacerbated with the use of opioids and other CNS depressants and further contribute to respiratory depression. Clinicians should have a thorough understanding of respiration, recognize how various CNS depressants suppress it, and take necessary steps to mitigate the risk of opioid-induced respiratory depression by collaborating with a multidisciplinary team (i.e., sleep and pain specialists), choosing appropriate medications, and educating patients on the proper use and storage of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne Karan
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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10
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Bian T, Corral P, Wang Y, Botello J, Kingston R, Daniels T, Salloum RG, Johnston E, Huo Z, Lu J, Liu AC, Xing C. Kava as a Clinical Nutrient: Promises and Challenges. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3044. [PMID: 33027883 PMCID: PMC7600512 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kava beverages are typically prepared from the root of Piper methysticum. They have been consumed among Pacific Islanders for centuries. Kava extract preparations were once used as herbal drugs to treat anxiety in Europe. Kava is also marketed as a dietary supplement in the U.S. and is gaining popularity as a recreational drink in Western countries. Recent studies suggest that kava and its key phytochemicals have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, in addition to the well-documented neurological benefits. While its beneficial effects are widely recognized, rare hepatotoxicity had been associated with use of certain kava preparations, but there are no validations nor consistent mechanisms. Major challenges lie in the diversity of kava products and the lack of standardization, which has produced an unmet need for quality initiatives. This review aims to provide the scientific community and consumers, as well as regulatory agencies, with a broad overview on kava use and its related research. We first provide a historical background for its different uses and then discuss the current state of the research, including its chemical composition, possible mechanisms of action, and its therapeutic potential in treating inflammatory and neurological conditions, as well as cancer. We then discuss the challenges associated with kava use and research, focusing on the need for the detailed characterization of kava components and associated risks such as its reported hepatotoxicity. Lastly, given its growing popularity in clinical and recreational use, we emphasize the urgent need for quality control and quality assurance of kava products, pharmacokinetics, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and foundational pharmacology. These are essential in order to inform research into the molecular targets, cellular mechanisms, and creative use of early stage human clinical trials for designer kava modalities to inform and guide the design and execution of future randomized placebo controlled trials to maximize kava's clinical efficacy and to minimize its risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.B.); (P.C.); (Y.W.); (J.B.)
| | - Pedro Corral
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.B.); (P.C.); (Y.W.); (J.B.)
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.B.); (P.C.); (Y.W.); (J.B.)
| | - Jordy Botello
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.B.); (P.C.); (Y.W.); (J.B.)
| | - Rick Kingston
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Tyler Daniels
- Thorne Research Inc., Industrial Road, 620 Omni Dr, Summerville, SC 29483, USA;
| | - Ramzi G. Salloum
- Department of Health Outcome & Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Edward Johnston
- The Association for Hawaiian Awa (kava), Pepe’ekeo, HI 96783, USA;
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health & Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Andrew C. Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.B.); (P.C.); (Y.W.); (J.B.)
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Quan NV, Dang Xuan T, Teschke R. Potential Hepatotoxins Found in Herbal Medicinal Products: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5011. [PMID: 32708570 PMCID: PMC7404040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of liver injury associated with the use of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) is well known among physicians caring for patients under a HMP therapy, as documented in case reports or case series and evidenced by using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) to verify a causal relationship. In many cases, however, the quality of HMPs has rarely been considered regarding potential culprits such as contaminants and toxins possibly incriminated as causes for the liver injury. This review aims to comprehensively assemble details of tentative hepatotoxic contaminants and toxins found in HMPs. Based on the origin, harmful agents may be divided according two main sources, namely the phyto-hepatotoxin and the nonphyto-hepatotoxin groups. More specifically, phyto-hepatotoxins are phytochemicals or their metabolites naturally produced by plants or internally in response to plant stress conditions. In contrast, nonphyto-hepatotoxic elements may include contaminants or adulterants occurring during collection, processing and production, are the result of accumulation of toxic heavy metals by the plant itself due to soil pollutions, or represent mycotoxins, herbicidal and pesticidal residues. The phyto-hepatotoxins detected in HMPs are classified into eight major groups consisting of volatile compounds, phytotoxic proteins, glycosides, terpenoid lactones, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and phenolic acids. Nonphyto-hepatotoxins including metals, mycotoxins, and pesticidal and herbicidal residues and tentative mechanisms of toxicity are discussed. In conclusion, although a variety of potential toxic substances may enter the human body through HMP use, the ability of these toxins to trigger human liver injury remains largely unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Quan
- Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan; (N.V.Q.); (T.D.X.)
| | - Tran Dang Xuan
- Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan; (N.V.Q.); (T.D.X.)
| | - Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, 63450 Hanau, Germany
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12
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Volgin A, Yang L, Amstislavskaya T, Demin K, Wang D, Yan D, Wang J, Wang M, Alpyshov E, Hu G, Serikuly N, Shevyrin V, Wappler-Guzzetta E, de Abreu M, Kalueff A. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Kava. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3893-3904. [PMID: 31904216 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kava (kava kava, Piper methysticum) is a common drug-containing plant in the Pacific islands. Kavalactones, its psychoactive compounds, exert potent central nervous system (CNS) action clinically and in animal models. However, the exact pharmacological profiles and mechanisms of action of kava on the brain and behavior remain poorly understood. Here, we discuss clinical and experimental data on kava psychopharmacology and summarize chemistry and synthesis of kavalactones. We also review its societal impact, drug use and abuse potential, and future perspectives on translational kava research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Volgin
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - LongEn Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Tamara Amstislavskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Konstantin Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 194156, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Dongni Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Erik Alpyshov
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Guojun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Nazar Serikuly
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, Louisiana 70458, United States
| | | | - Edina Wappler-Guzzetta
- Department of Pathology, Loma Linda University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92350, United States
| | - Murilo de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Allan Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197758, Russia
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Lo Faro AF, Di Trana A, La Maida N, Tagliabracci A, Giorgetti R, Busardò FP. Biomedical analysis of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) of natural origin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 179:112945. [PMID: 31704129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) can be divided into two main groups: synthetic molecules and active principles of natural origin. With respect to this latter group, a wide range of alkaloids contained in plants, mainly from Asia and South America, can be included in the class of NPS of natural origin. The majority NPS of natural origin presents stimulant and/or hallucinogenic effects (e.g. Catha edulis and Ayahuasca, respectively) while few of them show sedative and relaxing properties (e.g. kratom). Few information is available in relation to the analytical identification of psychoactive principles contained in the plant material. Moreover, to our knowledge, scarce data are present in literature, about the characterization and quantification of the parent drug in biological matrices from intoxication and fatality cases. In addition, the metabolism of natural active principles has not been yet fully investigated for most of the psychoactive substances from plant material. Consequently, their identification is not frequently performed and produced metabolites are often unknown. To fill this gap, we reviewed the currently available analytical methodologies for the identification and quantification of NPS of natural origin in plant material and, whenever possible, in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices of intoxicated and dead subjects. The psychoactive principles contained in the following plants were investigated: Areca catechu, Argyreia nervosa, Ayahuasca, Catha edulis, Ipomoea violacea, Mandragora officinarum, Mitragyna speciosa, Pausinystalia yohimbe, Piper methisticum, Psilocybe, Rivea corymbosa, Salvia divinorum, Sceletium tortuosum, Lactuca virosa. From the results obtained, it can be evidenced that although several analytical methods for the simultaneous quantification of different molecules from the same plants have been developed and validated, a comprehensive method to detect active compounds from different natural specimens both in biological and non-biological matrices is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Fabrizio Lo Faro
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, Ancona, Italy
| | - Annagiulia Di Trana
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nunzia La Maida
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, Ancona, Italy
| | - Adriano Tagliabracci
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, Ancona, Italy
| | - Raffaele Giorgetti
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche" of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, Ancona, Italy.
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Aporosa SA. De-mythologizing and re-branding of kava as the new ‘world drug’ of choice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2050324519876131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
What seemed impossible 50 years ago is today becoming a reality as ‘soft drugs’ such as cannabis are being decriminalized and accepted for their calming effects as well as their legitimate medicinal properties. Several countries have now made the possession of cannabis legal, with others considering this, while the coffee shops in the Netherlands have been supplying cannabis in different forms for many years. It is now the turn of kava to be re-evaluated, to see whether there are properties in this plant that might be readily substituted for more conventional and harmful drugs, for instance tobacco and alcohol. However, as highlighted by Norton and Ruze (1994), kava like cannabis, has an enduring reputation that still makes it difficult for many to accept. Kava has been mythologized as an illicit alcohol, highly addictive, and causing physical harm. When examining the history of kava use in traditional contexts and considering the evidence now available, it is possible to demythologize this characterization. Looking at the potential benefits, it is time to re-brand kava, not only on the grounds as a relaxant, but in possessing life enhancing medicinal properties and as an alternative to alcohol, understanding that will be beneficial to policy makers, doctors and pharmacists.
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Recent advances in the applications of Wittig reaction in the total synthesis of natural products containing lactone, pyrone, and lactam as a scaffold. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Tsao NW, Cheng WW, Tseng YH, Wang SY. Effects of Alpinia pricei on the Neuropharmacological Activities in Mice. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19846352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpinia pricei Hayata (Zingiberaceae) is a spicy plant endemic to Taiwan. In this study, several behavioral analyses were used to evaluate the neuropharmacological activity of A. pricei in mice. Oral administration of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg of A. pricei extract (APE) significantly prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice by 24.5%, 74.7%, and 79.0%, respectively. Also, the antidepressant effect of APE was evaluated using suspended tail and forced swimming tests. The immobility periods of mice in the suspended tail and forced swimming tests were reduced after the administration of APE. Further, an elevated plus-maze test was used to study the anxiolytic activity of APE. After treatment with 500 mg/kg of APE the time the mice spent in the open arms (31.55 ± 13.65 seconds) and the number of times they entered the open arms (51.75 ± 16.51 times) ( P < 0.05) of the plus-maze increased significantly compared to a saline-treated group. Our results also revealed that APE showed potent analgesic activity in the tail-flick test; all dosages of APE prolonged the tail-flick time for up to 90 minutes. In conclusion, APE had a potent effect on the neuropharmacological activities of mice. Finally, the main compounds of APE were separated, and spectral analysis was conducted. The major constituents of APE were characterized as 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone (1), desmethoxyyangonin (2), 2′,4′,6′-trimethoxychalcone (3), cardamonin (4), trans/ cis-3,5-dimethoxystilbene (5), and flavokawain B (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wen Tsao
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung
| | - Wei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung
| | - Yen-Hsueh Tseng
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung
- Experimental Forest, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung
- International College of Innovation and Industry Liaison, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei
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Yuan Y, Yang JX, Nie LH, Li BL, Qin XB, Wu JW, Qiu SX. Three new kavalactone dimers from Piper methysticum (kava). JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2018; 20:837-843. [PMID: 28868919 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1367768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three new dimeric kavalactones, designated as diyangonins A-C (1-3), along with two known analogs were isolated from the roots of Piper methysticum. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive analysis of their 1D, 2D NMR, and mass spectroscopic data. All these dimers possess a skeleton featuring a cyclobutane ring connecting two kavalactone units in head-to-tail or head-to-head mode. Compounds 1-5 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- a Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 570650 , China
- b College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jian-Xiang Yang
- a Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 570650 , China
| | - Ling-Hui Nie
- c College of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Bai-Lin Li
- a Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 570650 , China
- b College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xu-Bing Qin
- a Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 570650 , China
- b College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jie-Wei Wu
- a Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 570650 , China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Qiu
- a Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 570650 , China
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18
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Ooi SL, Henderson P, Pak SC. Kava for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review of Current Evidence. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:770-780. [PMID: 29641222 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic and debilitating condition characterized by persistent and overpowering anxiety. Treatment of GAD with antidepressants and benzodiazepines is only moderately effective and not free from side effects. Kava (Piper methysticum) has been explored as a potential phytotherapeutic option for GAD. OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence on Kava as a treatment for GAD. METHODS Systematic search of English-language publications from major databases for clinical trials reporting the effects of Kava for the treatment of GAD. RESULTS Twelve articles were included in this review. Evidence supporting Kava as an effective treatment for GAD was found in two placebo-controlled trials and a reference-controlled trial. One negative trial demonstrated that Kava was not more effective than placebo. Meta-analyses of the results of three placebo-controlled trials (n = 130) favored Kava for GAD treatment with effect sizes between 0.59 and 0.99 (standard mean difference) without reaching statistical significance. Kava is an appealing treatment option to GAD patients who are more attune to natural remedies or lifestyle approaches to reduce stress. Positive patient experiences and improvement of vagal cardiac control due to Kava treatment were also reported in the literature. Kava is safe and well tolerated for short-term (4-8 weeks) therapeutic use at a dosage of 120-280 mg per day of Kavalactones, regardless of dosage schedule. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence, although promising, is insufficient to confirm the effect of Kava for GAD treatment beyond placebo. New evidence is expected from a large, multisite ongoing trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Liang Ooi
- 1 Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Penny Henderson
- 2 School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Bathurst, Australia
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- 2 School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University , Bathurst, Australia
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19
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Interactions of Desmethoxyyangonin, a Secondary Metabolite from Renealmia alpinia, with Human Monoamine Oxidase-A and Oxidase-B. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4018724. [PMID: 29138643 PMCID: PMC5613693 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4018724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae), a medicinal plant of tropical rainforests, is used to treat snakebites and other injuries and also as a febrifuge, analgesic, antiemetic, antiulcer, and anticonvulsant. The dichloromethane extract of R. alpinia leaves showed potent inhibition of human monoamine oxidases- (MAOs-) A and B. Phytochemical studies yielded six known compounds, including pinostrobin 1, 4′-methyl ether sakuranetin 2, sakuranetin 3, pinostrobin chalcone 4, yashabushidiol A 5, and desmethoxyyangonin 6. Compound 6 displayed about 30-fold higher affinity for MAO-B than MAO-A, with Ki values of 31 and 922 nM, respectively. Kinetic analysis of inhibition and equilibrium-dialysis dissociation assay of the enzyme-inhibitor complex showed reversible binding of desmethoxyyangonin 6 with MAO-A and MAO-B. The binding interactions of compound 6 in the active site of the MAO-A and MAO-B isoenzymes, investigated through molecular modeling algorithms, confirmed preferential binding of desmethoxyyangonin 6 with MAO-B compared to MAO-A. Selective reversible inhibitors of MAO-B, like desmethoxyyangonin 6, may have important therapeutic significance for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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21
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Song JL, Li BL, Yuan Y, Nie LH, Niu J, Chiu D, Xu ZF, Wu JW, Qiu SX. Yangonindimers A-C, three new kavalactone dimers from Piper methysticum (kava). Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2459-2466. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1312395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Song
- Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Lin Li
- Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Hui Nie
- College Of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Niu
- Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David Chiu
- Intern, High School Junior of Davis Senior High School, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhi-Fang Xu
- Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Wei Wu
- Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Qiu
- Program for Natural Products Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Benferrah N, Hammadi M, Berthiol F. Easy and green synthesis of 6-(arylvinyl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phenylsulfanyl)-2H-pyran-2-ones in aqueous potassium hydroxide. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216120550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Hamid HA, Ramli ANM, Yusoff MM. Indole Alkaloids from Plants as Potential Leads for Antidepressant Drugs: A Mini Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:96. [PMID: 28293192 PMCID: PMC5328930 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most common illness observed in the elderly, adults, and children. Antidepressants prescribed are usually synthetic drugs and these can sometimes cause a wide range of unpleasant side effects. Current research is focussed on natural products from plants as they are a rich source of potent new drug leads. Besides Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort), the plants studied include Passiflora incarnata L. (passion flower), Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), Piper methysticum G. Forst (kava) and Valeriana officinalis L. Harman, harmol, harmine, harmalol and harmaline are indole alkaloids isolated from P. incarnata, while mitragynine is isolated from M. speciosa. The structure of isolated compounds from P. methysticum G. Forst and V. officinalis L. contains an indole moiety. The indole moiety is related to the neurotransmitter serotonin which is widely implicated for brain function and cognition as the endogenous receptor agonist. An imbalance in serotonin levels may influence mood in a way that leads to depression. The moiety is present in a number of antidepressants already on the market. Hence, the objective of this review is to discuss bioactive compounds containing the indole moiety from plants that can serve as potent antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazrulrizawati A Hamid
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Gambang, Malaysia
| | - Aizi N M Ramli
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Gambang, Malaysia
| | - Mashitah M Yusoff
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Gambang, Malaysia
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24
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Żukowska K, Pączek Ł, Grela K. Sulfoxide-Chelated Ruthenium Benzylidene Catalyst: a Synthetic Study on the Utility of Olefin Metathesis. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Żukowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/54 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Łukasz Pączek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/54 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/54 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Warsaw; Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
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Pantano F, Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Zaami S, Ricci S, Giorgetti R, Terranova D, Busardò FP, Marinelli E. Hepatotoxicity Induced by "the 3Ks": Kava, Kratom and Khat. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:580. [PMID: 27092496 PMCID: PMC4849036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3Ks (kava, kratom and khat) are herbals that can potentially induce liver injuries. On the one hand, growing controversial data have been reported about the hepatotoxicity of kratom, while, on the other hand, even though kava and khat hepatotoxicity has been investigated, the hepatotoxic effects are still not clear. Chronic recreational use of kratom has been associated with rare instances of acute liver injury. Several studies and case reports have suggested that khat is hepatotoxic, leading to deranged liver enzymes and also histopathological evidence of acute hepatocellular degeneration. Numerous reports of severe hepatotoxicity potentially induced by kava have also been highlighted, both in the USA and Europe. The aim of this review is to focus on the different patterns and the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by “the 3Ks”, while trying to clarify the numerous aspects that still need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Pantano
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Tittarelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulio Mannocchi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Serafino Ricci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Giorgetti
- Section of Legal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Daniela Terranova
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco P Busardò
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Marinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Benferrah N, Hammadi M, Berthiol F. Potassium fluoride-barium oxide catalysis in an easy and efficient synthesis of methysticin from piperonal under microwave irradiation. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321508023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) from Alpinia zerumbet: Its Isolation, Synthesis, and Characterization. Molecules 2015; 20:16306-19. [PMID: 26370954 PMCID: PMC6332081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) is the major and most promising component of the tropical plant Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger), a species of the ginger family Zingiberaceae. Alpinia zerumbet is known for its human use as a traditional herbal medicine, food, and dietary supplement. With its α-lactone ring, DDK belongs to the large chemical group of kavalactones, which are also found in kava (Piper methysticum), another herbal medicine; DDK is characterized by a double-bond linkage at positions 5,6 and the absence of a double-bond linkage at positions 7,8. This dissociates DDK from other kavalactones with their linkages at positions 7,8 and 5,6 that are both either completely saturated or unsaturated, or may have an unsaturated bond at the position 7,8 as well as a saturated bond at the position 5,6. DDK is easily identified and quantified by HPLC and GC. DDK contents in fresh leaves, stems and rhizomes range from 80 to 410 mg/g, requiring solvent extraction procedures to ensure high DDK yield. This is best achieved by hexane extraction from fresh rhizomes that were previously boiled in water, allowing DDK yields of up to 424 mg/g. Successful synthesis of DDK can be achieved by asymmetric pathways, whereas its simple chemical structure facilitates the synthesis of DDK derivatives by HCl hydrolysis. Thus, all synthesized products may be used for various commercial purposes, including the potential development of promising antiobesity pharmaceutical drugs, preparation of specific and safe dietary supplements, and use as effective natural herbicides or fungicides.
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Zenger K, Agnolet S, Schneider B, Kraus B. Biotransformation of Flavokawains A, B, and C, Chalcones from Kava (Piper methysticum), by Human Liver Microsomes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6376-6385. [PMID: 26123050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of flavokawains A, B, and C (FKA, FKB, FKC), methoxylated chalcones from Piper methysticum, was examined using human liver microsomes. Phase I metabolism and phase II metabolism (glucuronidation) as well as combined phase I+II metabolism were studied. For identification and structure elucidation of microsomal metabolites, LC-HRESIMS and NMR techniques were applied. Major phase I metabolites were generated by demethylation in position C-4 or C-4' and hydroxylation predominantly in position C-4, yielding FKC as phase I metabolite of FKA and FKB, helichrysetin as metabolite of FKA and FKC, and cardamonin as metabolite of FKC. To an even greater extent, flavokawains were metabolized in the presence of uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucuronic acid by microsomal UDP-glucuronosyl transferases. For all flavokawains, monoglucuronides (FKA-2'-O-glucuronide, FKB-2'-O-glucuronide, FKC-2'-O-glucuronide, FKC-4-O-glucuronide) were found as major phase II metabolites. The dominance of generated glucuronides suggests a role of conjugated chalcones as potential active compounds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zenger
- †Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sara Agnolet
- §Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- §Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Kraus
- †Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Vandenbroucke H, Mournet P, Malapa R, Glaszmann JC, Chaïr H, Lebot V. Comparative analysis of genetic variation in kava (Piper methysticum) assessed by SSR and DArT reveals zygotic foundation and clonal diversification. Genome 2015; 58:1-11. [PMID: 25973616 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2014-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kava (Piper methysticum) is a major cash crop in the Pacific. The aim of this study was to assess genetic variation among 103 accessions of kava using SSRs and DArTs. Genetic structure was determined using clustering analyses (WPGMA) and principal coordinate analyses (PCA). Thirteen SSR primers and 75 DArT markers were found polymorphic, and the two types of markers generated similar clustering patterns. Genetic distances ranged from 0 to 0.65 with an average of 0.24 using SSRs and from 0 to 0.64 with an average of 0.24 using DArT. Eleven genotypes were identified with SSR while 28 genotypes were identified with DArT markers. By combining the two sets of markers, a total of only 30 distinct genotypes were observed. In the Vanuatu archipelago, noble cultivars originating from different islands clustered together within a very narrow genetic base despite their diversity of morphotypes. SSR and DArT fingerprints allowed the identification of kava cultivars unsuitable for consumption, so called two-days, and clearly differentiated the wild types classified as P. methysticum var. wichmannii from the cultivars as var. methysticum. Molecular data reveals that all noble cultivars evolved by the predominance of clonal selection. Although they are represented by clearly distinct morphotypes, these cultivars are genetically vulnerable and their potential to adapt to forthcoming changes is limited. These newly developed markers provide high resolution and will be useful for kava diversity analyses and quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vandenbroucke
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, TA A108/03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier, Cédex 5, France
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Hannam S, Murray M, Romani L, Tuicakau M, J Whitfeld M. Kava dermopathy in Fiji: an acquired ichthyosis? Int J Dermatol 2014; 53:1490-4. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hannam
- Skin and Cancer Foundation Victoria Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- Discipline of Pharmacology School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Lucia Romani
- Kirby Institute University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Margot J Whitfeld
- Faculty of Medicine University of NSW Sydney New South Wales Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Tawfiq RA, Nassar NN, El-Eraky WI, El-Denshary ES. Enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects of diazepam by kava combination. J Adv Res 2013; 5:587-94. [PMID: 25685527 PMCID: PMC4294317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The long term use of antiepileptic drugs possesses many unwanted effects; thus, new safe combinations are urgently mandated. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of kava alone or in combination with a synthetic anticonvulsant drug, diazepam (DZ). To this end, female Wistar rats were divided into two subsets, each comprising 6 groups as follows: group (i) received 1% Tween 80 p.o. and served as control, while groups (ii) and (iii) received kava at two dose levels (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.). The remaining three groups received (iv) DZ alone (10 mg/kg p.o.) or kava in combination with DZ (v) (5 mg/kg, p.o.) or (vi) (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Results of the present study revealed that kava increased the maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) and enhanced the anticonvulsant effect of diazepam following both acute and chronic treatment. Moreover, neither kava nor its combination with DZ impaired motor co-ordination either acutely or chronically. Furthermore, kava ameliorated both the reduction in locomotor activity as well as changes in liver function tests induced by chronic administration of DZ. Moreover, no elevation was shown in the creatinine concentration vs. control group following chronic administration of kava or DZ either alone or in combination with kava. In conclusion, the present study suggests the possibility of combining a low dose DZ with kava to reduce harmful effects and might be recommended for clinical use in patients chronically treated with this synthetic anticonvulsant drug.
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Key Words
- AED, antiepileptic drug
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- Anticonvulsant
- BDZ, benzodiazepine
- DZ, diazepam
- Diazepam
- ECT, electroconvulsive treatment
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GABAA, γ-aminobutyric acid type A
- Kava
- Locomotor activity
- MEST
- MEST, maximal electroshock threshold
- OTC, over the counter
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A Tawfiq
- Egyptian Patent Office, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, 101 Kasr El-Eini St., Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha N Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Eini St., Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa I El-Eraky
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Center, El-Tahrir St., Giza, Egypt
| | - Ezzeldein S El-Denshary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Eini St., Cairo, Egypt
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Abdullah SA, Lee SH, Cho IK, Li QX, Jun S, Choi W. Pasteurization of kava juice using novel continuous flow microwave heating technique. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Kormann EC, Amaral PDA, David M, Eifler-Lima VL, Cechinel Filho V, Campos Buzzi F. Kavain analogues as potential analgesic agents. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:1419-26. [PMID: 23406752 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kavalactones are pharmacologically active compounds present in preparations of the root trunk of Piper methysticum Forst, known as kava. This work describes the analgesic activity of some synthesized analogues of synthetic kavain, which is the main component of kava. METHODS The essays were initially performed against the writhing test in mice, and the most promising compound was analyzed using other classical models of nociception, including formalin-, capsaicin-, glutamate-induced nociception, the hot plate test, and measurement of motor performance. RESULTS The results indicated that compound 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxy-5,6-dihydropyran-2-one (2d) exerts potent and dose-dependent analgesic activity, inhibiting abdominal constrictions caused by acetic acid in mice, and being more active than some reference drugs. It also presented activity in the other models of pain, with the exception of the hot plate test and the measurement of motor performance. CONCLUSIONS Although compound 2d exerts antinociceptive activity, the mechanism of action remains uncertain, but it does not involve the opioid system and does not appear to be associated with non-specific effects such as changes in locomotor activity or motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Kormann
- Chemical-Pharmaceutical Investigations Center (NIQFAR)/CCS, University of Itajaí Valey, Itajaí/SC, Brazil
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Wang J, Qu W, Bittenbender HC, Li QX. Kavalactone content and chemotype of kava beverages prepared from roots and rhizomes of Isa and Mahakea varieties and extraction efficiency of kavalactones using different solvents. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 52:1164-9. [PMID: 25694734 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The South Pacific islanders have consumed kava beverage for thousands of years. The quality of kava and kava beverage is evaluated through determination of the content of six major kavalactones including methysticin, dihydromethysticin, kavain, dihydrokavain, yangonin and desmethoxyyangonin. In this study, we determined contents of kavalactones in and chemotype of kava beverages prepared from roots and rhizomes of Isa and Mahakea varieties and extraction efficiency of five different solvents including hexane, acetone, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate. The six major kavalactones were detected in all kava beverages with these five solvents. Different solvents had different extraction efficiencies for kavalactones from the lyophilized kava preparations. The contents of kavalactones in the extracts with acetone, ethanol, and methanol did not differ significantly. Ethanol had the highest extraction efficiency for the six major kavalactones whereas hexane gave the lowest extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China ; Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Weiyue Qu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Harry C Bittenbender
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA ; Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 102, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA ; Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-west Road, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
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Kwon DJ, Ju SM, Youn GS, Choi SY, Park J. Suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression by flavokawain A via blockade of NF-κB and AP-1 activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:479-86. [PMID: 23727179 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavokawain A, a major constituent of chalcones derived from kava extracts, exerts various biological activities such as anti-tumor activities. In this study, we examined the suppressive effect of flavokawain A on LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and the molecular mechanisms responsible for these activities in the murine macrophages. Flavokawain A significantly suppressed expression of iNOS and COX-2, as well as the subsequent production of NO and PGE2 in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Flavokawain A significantly inhibited LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways. In addition, flavokawain A inhibited activation of JNK and p38 MAPK which was responsible for expression of iNOS and COX-2 in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, flavokawain A suppressed LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. These results suggest that flavokawain A may exert anti-inflammatory responses by suppressing LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators via blockage of NF-κB-AP-1-JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways in the murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
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Plant-based medicines for anxiety disorders, part 2: a review of clinical studies with supporting preclinical evidence. CNS Drugs 2013; 27:301-19. [PMID: 23653088 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has revealed a variety of promising medicines that may provide benefit in the treatment of general anxiety and specific anxiety disorders. However, a comprehensive review of plant-based anxiolytics has been absent to date. Thus, our aim was to provide a comprehensive narrative review of plant-based medicines that have clinical and/or preclinical evidence of anxiolytic activity. We present the article in two parts. In part one, we reviewed herbal medicines for which only preclinical investigations for anxiolytic activity have been performed. In this current article (part two), we review herbal medicines for which there have been both preclinical and clinical investigations of anxiolytic activity. A search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted (up to 28 October 2012) for English language papers using the search terms 'anxiety' OR 'anxiety disorder' OR 'generalized anxiety disorder' OR 'social phobia' OR 'post-traumatic stress disorder' OR 'panic disorder' OR 'agoraphobia' OR 'obsessive compulsive disorder' in combination with the search terms 'Herb*' OR 'Medicinal Plants' OR 'Botanical Medicine' OR 'Chinese herb*', in addition to individual herbal medicines. This search of the literature revealed 1,525 papers, of which 53 plants were included in the review (having at least one study using the whole plant extract). Of these plants, 21 had human clinical trial evidence (reviewed here in part two), with the other 32 having solely preclinical evidence (reviewed in part one). Support for efficacy was found for chronic use (i.e. greater than one day) of the following herbs in treating a range of anxiety disorders in human clinical trials: Piper methysticum, Matricaria recutita, Ginkgo biloba, Scutellaria lateriflora, Silybum marianum, Passiflora incarnata, Withania somniferum, Galphimia glauca, Centella asiatica, Rhodiola rosea, Echinacea spp., Melissa officinalis and Echium amoenum. For several of the plants studied, conclusions need to be tempered due to methodological issues such as small sample sizes, brief intervention durations and non-replication. Current evidence does not support Hypericum perforatum or Valeriana spp. for any anxiety disorder. Acute anxiolytic activity was found for Centella asiatica, Salvia spp., Melissa officinalis, Passiflora incarnata and Citrus aurantium. Bacopa monnieri has shown anxiolytic effects in people with cognitive decline. The therapeutic application of psychotropic plant-based treatments for anxiety disorders is also discussed, specifically Psychotria viridis and Banisteriopsis caarti (ayahuasca), Psilocybe spp. and cannabidiol-enriched (low tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC)) Cannabis spp.
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ElMazoudy RH, Attia AA. Efficacy ofGinkgo bilobaon Vaginal Estrous and Ovarian Histological Alterations for Evaluating Anti-Implantation and Abortifacient Potentials in Albino Female Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 95:444-59. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reda H. ElMazoudy
- Zoology Department; Faculty of Science; Alexandria University; Alexandria; Egypt
| | - Azza A. Attia
- Zoology Department; Faculty of Science; Alexandria University; Alexandria; Egypt
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Boesenbergia rotunda: From Ethnomedicine to Drug Discovery. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:473637. [PMID: 23243448 PMCID: PMC3519102 DOI: 10.1155/2012/473637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Boesenbergia rotunda is a herb from the Boesenbergia genera under the Zingiberaceae family. B. rotunda is widely found in Asian countries where it is commonly used as a food ingredient and in ethnomedicinal preparations. The popularity of its ethnomedicinal usage has drawn the attention of scientists worldwide to further investigate its medicinal properties. Advancement in drug design and discovery research has led to the development of synthetic drugs from B. rotunda metabolites via bioinformatics and medicinal chemistry studies. Furthermore, with the advent of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, new insights on the biosynthetic pathways of B. rotunda metabolites can be elucidated, enabling researchers to predict the potential bioactive compounds responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant. The vast biological activities exhibited by the compounds obtained from B. rotunda warrant further investigation through studies such as drug discovery, polypharmacology, and drug delivery using nanotechnology.
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Abstract
Anxiety disorders are common and costly psychiatric illnesses. Pharmacological treatment was enhanced with the introduction of benzodiazepines, which proved safer and more effective than older drugs. The risk of dependence, however, has made clinicians reluctant to use these medications. In fact, few patients appear to develop significant difficulties with these drugs, given how widely they are used. Careful planning for discontinuation of therapy is important. In addition, for some individuals, there appears to be a complex and as yet unelucidaied relationship between dependence on drugs or alcohol and anxiety. The newer antidepressants offer efficacy without abuse or dependence liability, but are expensive and have side effects that are intolerable for some patients. Pharmacological therapy for anxiety should be prescribed and managed so as to minimize any existing risk, while aiming to restore the patient to wellness in terms of symptoms and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L von Moltke
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Mass, USA
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Soldi C, Moro AV, Pizzolatti MG, Correia CRD. Heck-Matsuda Arylation as a Strategy to Access Kavalactones Isolated from Polygala sabulosa, Piper methysticum, and Analogues. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Behl M, Nyska A, Chhabra RS, Travlos GS, Fomby LM, Sparrow BR, Hejtmancik MR, Chan PC. Liver toxicity and carcinogenicity in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice exposed to Kava Kava. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2820-9. [PMID: 21871523 PMCID: PMC3190036 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kava Kava is an herbal supplement used as an alternative to antianxiety drugs. Although some reports suggest an association of Kava Kava with hepatotoxicity , it continues to be used in the United States due to lack of toxicity characterization. In these studies F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were administered Kava Kava extract orally by gavage in corn oil for two weeks, thirteen weeks or two years. Results from prechronic studies administered Kava Kava at 0.125 to 2g/kg body weight revealed dose-related increases in liver weights and incidences of hepatocellular hypertrophy. In the chronic studies, there were dose-related increases in the incidences of hepatocellular hypertrophy in rats and mice administered Kava Kava for up to 1g/kg body weight. This was accompanied by significant increases in incidences of centrilobular fatty change. There was no treatment- related increase in carcinogenic activity in the livers of male or female rats in the chronic studies. Male mice showed a significant dose-related increase in the incidence of hepatoblastomas. In female mice, there was a significant increase in the combined incidence of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma in the low and mid dose groups but not in the high dose group. These findings were accompanied by several nonneoplastic hepatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Behl
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Rajendra S. Chhabra
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Gregory S. Travlos
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | - Po C. Chan
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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LaPorte E, Sarris J, Stough C, Scholey A. Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review. Hum Psychopharmacol 2011; 26:102-11. [PMID: 21437989 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Kava (Piper methysticum) elicits dose-dependent psychotropic effects and thus may potentially deleteriously affect cognitive performance. Clinical trials have assessed the effects of kava on cognition, however, to our knowledge no systematic review has been conducted in this area. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the effects of kava on cognition, providing an analysis of the individual study's methodological quality, results and effect sizes. METHODS A systematic review was conducted of publications up to June 15th 2010, using the electronic databases MEDLINE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library. The search criteria involved kava and cognition related terms, e.g. memory and attention. RESULTS Ten human clinical trials met inclusion criteria (acute n = 7, chronic n = 3). One acute study found that kava significantly improved visual attention and working memory processes while another found that kava increased body sway. One chronic study found that kava significantly impaired visual attention during high-cognitive demand. Potential enhanced cognition may be attributed to the ability of kava to inhibit re-uptake of noradrenaline in the pre-frontal cortex, while increased body sway may be due to GABA pathway modulation. CONCLUSIONS The majority of evidence suggests that kava has no replicated significant negative effects on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E LaPorte
- Brain Sciences Institute, University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Sarris J, LaPorte E, Schweitzer I. Kava: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011; 45:27-35. [PMID: 21073405 DOI: 10.3109/00048674.2010.522554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Kava (Piper methysticum) is a South Pacific psychotropic plant medicine that has anxiolytic activity. This effect is achieved from modulation of GABA activity via alteration of lipid membrane structure and sodium channel function, monoamine oxidase B inhibition, and noradrenaline and dopamine re-uptake inhibition. Kava is available over the counter in jurisdictions such as the USA, Australia and New Zealand. Due to this, a review of efficacy, safety and clinical recommendations is advised. OBJECTIVE To conduct a comprehensive review of kava, in respect to efficacy, psychopharmacology, and safety, and to provide clinical recommendations for use in psychiatry to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHODS A review was conducted using the electronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library during mid 2010 of search terms relating to kava and GAD. A subsequent forward search was conducted of key papers using Web of Science cited reference search. RESULTS The current weight of evidence supports the use of kava in treatment of anxiety with a significant result occurring in four out of six studies reviewed (mean Cohen's d = 1.1). Safety issues should however be considered. Use of traditional water soluble extracts of the rhizome (root) of appropriate kava cultivars is advised, in addition to avoidance of use with alcohol and caution with other psychotropic medications. Avoidance of high doses if driving or operating heavy machinery should be mandatory. For regular users routine liver function tests are advised. CONCLUSIONS While current evidence supports kava for generalized anxiety, more studies are required to assess comparative efficacy and safety (on the liver, cognition, driving, and sexual effects) versus established pharmaceutical comparators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Sarris
- Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Tang J, Dunlop RA, Rowe A, Rodgers KJ, Ramzan I. Kavalactones Yangonin and Methysticin induce apoptosis in human hepatocytes (HepG2) in vitro. Phytother Res 2010; 25:417-23. [PMID: 20734326 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While cases of severe kava hepatotoxicity have been reported, studies examining the toxicity of individual kavalactones are limited. The present study examined the in vitro hepatotoxicity of kavain, methysticin and yangonin on human hepatocytes (HepG2) and the possible mechanism(s) involved. Cytotoxicity was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ethidium bromide (EB) assays. The mode of cell death was analysed with acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining with fluorescence microscopy. Glutathione oxidation was measured using the ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPT) fluorescence assay. Kavain had minimal cytotoxicity, methysticin showed moderate concentration-dependent toxicity and yangonin displayed marked toxicity with ~ 40% reduction in viability in the EB assay. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining showed the predominant mode of cell death was apoptosis rather than necrosis. No significant changes were observed in glutathione levels, excluding this as the primary mechanism of cell death in this model. Further studies may elucidate the precise apoptotic pathways responsible and whether toxic kavalactone metabolites are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zhou P, Gross S, Liu JH, Yu BY, Feng LL, Nolta J, Sharma V, Piwnica-Worms D, Qiu SX. Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH‐sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK/NF‐κB and MAPK signaling pathways. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.163311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Division of OncologyMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Shimon Gross
- Division of OncologyMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stem Cell ProgramUniversity of California Davis Sacramento CA USA
| | - Ji-Hua Liu
- Department of Developmental BiologyMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Molecular Imaging CenterMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Ling-Ling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable UtilizationSouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Jan Nolta
- Division of OncologyMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stem Cell ProgramUniversity of California Davis Sacramento CA USA
| | - Vijay Sharma
- Molecular Imaging CenterMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Developmental BiologyMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Molecular Imaging CenterMallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Samuel X. Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable UtilizationSouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
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Zhou P, Gross S, Liu JH, Yu BY, Feng LL, Nolta J, Sharma V, Piwnica-Worms D, Qiu SX. Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH-sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK/NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways. FASEB J 2010; 24:4722-32. [PMID: 20696856 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-163311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kava (Piper methysticum Foster, Piperaceae) organic solvent-extract has been used to treat mild to moderate anxiety, insomnia, and muscle fatigue in Western countries, leading to its emergence as one of the 10 best-selling herbal preparations. However, several reports of severe hepatotoxicity in kava consumers led the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and authorities in Europe to restrict sales of kava-containing products. Herein we demonstrate that flavokawain B (FKB), a chalcone from kava root, is a potent hepatocellular toxin, inducing cell death in HepG2 (LD(50)=15.3 ± 0.2 μM) and L-02 (LD(50)=32 μM) cells. Hepatocellular toxicity of FKB is mediated by induction of oxidative stress, depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH), inhibition of IKK activity leading to NF-κB transcriptional blockade, and constitutive TNF-α-independent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, namely, ERK, p38, and JNK. We further demonstrate by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging that oral consumption of FKB leads to inhibition of hepatic NF-κB transcriptional activity in vivo and severe liver damage. Surprisingly, replenishment with exogenous GSH normalizes both TNF-α-dependent NF-κB as well as MAPK signaling and rescues hepatocytes from FKB-induced death. Our data identify FKB as a potent GSH-sensitive hepatotoxin, levels of which should be specifically monitored and controlled in kava-containing herb products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Division of Oncology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Abstract
Kava is known for its recreational, ceremonial and medicinal use in the Pacific. The aqueous non-alcoholic drink of kava rhizome produces intoxicating, relaxing and soothing effects. While kava's medicinal effects receive worldwide recognition, kava-containing products came under scrutiny after over 100 reports of spontaneous adverse hepatic effects. Many mechanisms have been postulated to explain the unexpected toxicity, one being pharmacokinetic interactions between kavalactones and co-administered drugs involving cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Alcohol is often co-injested in kava hepatotoxicity cases. This review evaluates the possible hepatotoxicity mechanisms involving alcohol and kava.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Z Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Shord SS, Shah K, Lukose A. Drug-botanical interactions: a review of the laboratory, animal, and human data for 8 common botanicals. Integr Cancer Ther 2010; 8:208-27. [PMID: 19815591 DOI: 10.1177/1534735409340900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Americans use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to prevent or alleviate common illnesses, and these medicines are commonly used by individuals with cancer.These medicines or botanicals share the same metabolic and transport proteins, including cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP), glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and P-glycoprotein (Pgp), with over-the-counter and prescription medicines increasing the likelihood of drug-botanical interactions.This review provides a brief description of the different proteins, such as CYPs, UGTs, and Pgp.The potential effects of drug-botanical interactions on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug or botanical and a summary of the more common models used to study drug metabolism are described.The remaining portion of this review summarizes the data extracted from several laboratory, animal, and clinical studies that describe the metabolism, transport, and potential interactions of 8 selected botanicals. The 8 botanicals include black cohosh, Echinacea, garlic, Gingko biloba, green tea, kava, milk thistle, and St John's wort; these botanicals are among some of the more common botanicals taken by individuals with cancer.These examples are included to demonstrate how to interpret the different studies and how to use these data to predict the likelihood of a clinically significant drug-botanical interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy S Shord
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Pescitelli G, Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC, Vincieri FF, Di Bari L. Cyclodextrins as carriers for kavalactones in aqueous media: spectroscopic characterization of (S)-7,8-dihydrokavain and beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:479-83. [PMID: 20185265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Kavalactones represent the active constituents of kava-kava (Piper methysticum G. Forster), endowed with sedative and anaesthetic properties. Kavalactones are polar constituents, but poorly soluble in water with a low bioavailability. In this study, the formation of inclusion complexes of one of the most representative kavalactone isolated from kava-kava extract, (S)-7,8-dihydrokavain (DHK), with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CyD) was investigated mainly by spectroscopic methods. NMR experiments were extensively used for the complete characterization of the complex and included (1)H NMR complexation shifts analysis, (1)H NMR diffusion measurements (DOSY), and ROESY experiments. In particular DOSY experiments demonstrated that in the presence of beta-CyD the translational diffusion of kavalactone is sizably slowed down (2.5x10(-10)m(2)/s) with respect to the free drug (4.4x10(-10)m(2)/s) according to the inclusion of DHK in the cavity of (beta-CyD). ROESY experiments confirmed the inclusion of DHK in the hydrophobic pocket of beta-CyD through the primary hydroxyl rim, being the most relevant interactions between the H3' of beta-CyD and the ortho protons on the phenyl ring of the DHK, and between H5' of beta-CyD and the meta/para protons of DHK phenyl ring. The inclusion of the phenyl ring of DHK, leaving the lactone moiety outside of CyD was also confirmed by the induced CD effects. The binary solution DHK/beta-CyD shows a 50% intensity increase of the negative band of the pi-pi* transitions of the phenyl ring with respect to the absorption observed with DHK alone. Molecular dynamics simulations results corroborated and further clarify observed spectroscopic data. It was found that the phenylethyl substituent at C6 has a preferential equatorial position in the free state, and an axial one in the complex, justifying the large downfield shift experienced by H6 of DHK upon binding. Finally the influence of beta-CyD on water solubility of DHK was investigated by phase-solubility studies. In the range 2-4mM of host, solubility of DHK was increased only two-fold, but being beta-CyD also a penetration enhancer, in vivo studies will be performed to clarify a possible role of the complex on the bioavailability of DHK.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pescitelli
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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50
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Gomes NGM, Campos MG, Orfão JMC, Ribeiro CAF. Plants with neurobiological activity as potential targets for drug discovery. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1372-89. [PMID: 19666075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant number of studies has been performed to find alternatives or treatments for diseases of the nervous forum by identifying structures with activity at the central nervous system (CNS). However most of the screenings are usually conducted on an ad hoc basis and not systematically. The initial purpose of this review was to screen plants with neurological bioactivity, in particular those that have not been fully studied and that have molecular mechanisms whose active constituents responsible for the activity remain to be identified. The second purpose was to identify potential target plants for future studies of new and alternative therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. All plants considered in this review were selected for three qualities: possible molecular requirements to act at the CNS; representative of the main classes of compounds with the referred bioactivity and the major families containing species with those compounds; and diffuse world distribution. We identified several examples of plants that have potential for further study. We have included the main families of these plants, their known molecular mechanisms involved in neurological bioactivity, and the active constituents responsible for such activity. Also included is a brief discussion about the requirements of the different compounds to reach the CNS. These requirements may be less limited than what researchers have previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson G M Gomes
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.
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