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Contribution of cyclooxygenase-1-dependent prostacyclin synthesis to bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112786. [PMID: 35259564 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-allergic angioedema is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by accumulation of bradykinin and subsequent activation of bradykinin type 2 receptors (B2). Since COX activity plays a pivotal role in B2 signaling, the aim of this study was to determine which prostaglandins are the key mediators and which COX, COX-1 or COX-2, is predominantly involved. METHODS We used Miles assays to assess the effects of inhibitors of COX, 5-lipoxygenase, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid generation, cytosolic phospholipase A2α and a variety of prostaglandin receptor antagonists on bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation in C57BL/6 and COX-1-deficient mice (COX-1-/-). In addition, the prostacyclin metabolite 6-keto-PGF1α was quantified by ELISA in subcutaneous tissue from C57BL/6 and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. In the latter, 6-keto-PGF1α was also quantified and identified by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Unspecific COX inhibition by ibuprofen and diclofenac significantly reduced B2-mediated dermal extravasation in C57BL/6 but not COX-1-/-. Likewise, inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2α showed similar effects. Furthermore, extravasation in COX-1-/- was generally lower than in C57BL/6. Of the prostaglandin antagonists used, only the prostacyclin receptor antagonist RO1138452 showed a significant reduction of dermal extravasation. Moreover, 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations were increased after bradykinin treatment in subcutaneous tissue from C57BL/6 as well as in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and this increase was abolished by diclofenac. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that COX-1-dependent prostacyclin production is critically involved in dermal extravasation after activation of B2 in small dermal blood vessels. Targeting prostacyclin production and/or signaling appears to be a suitable option for acute treatment of non-allergic angioedema.
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Becker AK, Auditore A, Pischetsrieder M, Messlinger K, Fleming T, Reeh PW, Sauer SK. Reactive dicarbonyl compounds cause Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide release and synergize with inflammatory conditions in mouse skin and peritoneum. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6330-6343. [PMID: 32198181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasmas of diabetic or uremic patients and of those receiving peritoneal dialysis treatment have increased levels of the glucose-derived dicarbonyl metabolites like methylglyoxal (MGO), glyoxal (GO), and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG). The elevated dicarbonyl levels can contribute to the development of painful neuropathies. Here, we used stimulated immunoreactive Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (iCGRP) release as a measure of nociceptor activation, and we found that each dicarbonyl metabolite induces a concentration-, TRPA1-, and Ca2+-dependent iCGRP release. MGO, GO, and 3-DG were about equally potent in the millimolar range. We hypothesized that another dicarbonyl, 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE), which is present in peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions after heat sterilization, activates nociceptors. We also showed that at body temperatures 3,4-DGE is formed from 3-DG and that concentrations of 3,4-DGE in the micromolar range effectively induced iCGRP release from isolated murine skin. In a novel preparation of the isolated parietal peritoneum PD fluid or 3,4-DGE alone, at concentrations found in PD solutions, stimulated iCGRP release. We also tested whether inflammatory tissue conditions synergize with dicarbonyls to induce iCGRP release from isolated skin. Application of MGO together with bradykinin or prostaglandin E2 resulted in an overadditive effect on iCGRP release, whereas MGO applied at a pH of 5.2 resulted in reduced release, probably due to an MGO-mediated inhibition of transient receptor potential (TRP) V1 receptors. These results indicate that several reactive dicarbonyls activate nociceptors and potentiate inflammatory mediators. Our findings underline the roles of dicarbonyls and TRPA1 receptors in causing pain during diabetes or renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Becker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Auditore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Pischetsrieder
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter W Reeh
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne K Sauer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Gholamreza-Fahimi E, Bisha M, Hahn J, Straßen U, Krybus M, Khosravani F, Hoffmann TK, Hohlfeld T, Greve J, Bas M, Twarock S, Kojda G. Cyclooxygenase activity in bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation. A study in mice and humans. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 123:109797. [PMID: 31874445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-allergic angioedema is largely driven by increased plasma levels of bradykinin and over-activation of bradykinin receptor type II (B2), but the specific downstream signalling pathways remain unclear. The aim of this study was to identify signal transduction events involved in bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation. METHODS Quantification of dermal extravasation was accomplished following intradermal (i.d.) injection of bradykinin or the B2 agonist labradimil in mice with endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) deficiency and in C57BL/6J mice pre-treated with vehicle, NO-synthase or cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. In the multicentre clinical study ABRASE, 38 healthy volunteers received i.d. bradykinin injections into the ventral forearm before and after oral treatment with the COX inhibitor ibuprofen (600 mg). The primary endpoint of ABRASE was the mean time to complete resolution of wheals (TTCR) and the secondary endpoint was the change of maximal wheal size. RESULTS Neither NOS inhibitors nor eNOS deficiency altered bradykinin-induced extravasation. In striking contrast, the COX inhibitors ibuprofen, diclofenac, SC560 and celecoxib significantly diminished this extravasation when given before injection. As for diclofenac, a similar but significantly lower effect was observed when given after i.d. injection of bradykinin. Similar results were obtained when bradykinin was replaced by labradimil. In volunteers, ibuprofen significantly reduced TTCR (P < 0.001) and maximal wheal size (P = 0.0044). CONCLUSION These data suggest that COX activity contributes to bradykinin-induced dermal extravasation in mice and humans. In addition, our findings may open new treatment options and point to a potential activity of drugs interfering with the release of the COX substrate arachidonic acid, e.g. glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Gholamreza-Fahimi
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion Bisha
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janina Hahn
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Ulrich Straßen
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munich Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Krybus
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Farbod Khosravani
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany; Otorhinolaryngology Department, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munich Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Thomas Hohlfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Greve
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Murat Bas
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munich Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sören Twarock
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Kojda
- Institute of Pharmacology andClinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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4
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Choi SI, Hwang SW. Depolarizing Effectors of Bradykinin Signaling in Nociceptor Excitation in Pain Perception. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:255-267. [PMID: 29378387 PMCID: PMC5933892 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is one of the main causes of pathologic pain. Knowledge of the molecular links between inflammatory signals and pain-mediating neuronal signals is essential for understanding the mechanisms behind pain exacerbation. Some inflammatory mediators directly modulate the excitability of pain-mediating neurons by contacting the receptor molecules expressed in those neurons. For decades, many discoveries have accumulated regarding intraneuronal signals from receptor activation through electrical depolarization for bradykinin, a major inflammatory mediator that is able to both excite and sensitize pain-mediating nociceptor neurons. Here, we focus on the final effectors of depolarization, the neuronal ion channels, whose functionalities are specifically affected by bradykinin stimulation. Particular G-protein coupled signaling cascades specialized for each specific depolarizer ion channels are summarized. Some of these ion channels not only serve as downstream effectors but also play critical roles in relaying specific pain modalities such as thermal or mechanical pain. Accordingly, specific pain phenotypes altered by bradykinin stimulation are also discussed. Some members of the effector ion channels are both activated and sensitized by bradykinin-induced neuronal signaling, while others only sensitized or inhibited, which are also introduced. The present overview of the effect of bradykinin on nociceptor neuronal excitability at the molecular level may contribute to better understanding of an important aspect of inflammatory pain and help future design of further research on the components involved and pain modulating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-In Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Wook Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Oehler B, Kistner K, Martin C, Schiller J, Mayer R, Mohammadi M, Sauer RS, Filipovic MR, Nieto FR, Kloka J, Pflücke D, Hill K, Schaefer M, Malcangio M, Reeh PW, Brack A, Blum R, Rittner HL. Inflammatory pain control by blocking oxidized phospholipid-mediated TRP channel activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5447. [PMID: 28710476 PMCID: PMC5511297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids occurring in cell membranes and lipoproteins are converted into oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) by oxidative stress promoting atherosclerotic plaque formation. Here, OxPL were characterized as novel targets in acute and chronic inflammatory pain. Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OxPAPC) and its derivatives were identified in inflamed tissue by mass spectrometry and binding assays. They elicited calcium influx, hyperalgesia and induced pro-nociceptive peptide release. Genetic, pharmacological and mass spectrometric evidence in vivo as well as in vitro confirmed the role of transient receptor potential channels (TRPA1 and TRPV1) as OxPAPC targets. Treatment with the monoclonal antibody E06 or with apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide D-4F, capturing OxPAPC in atherosclerosis, prevented inflammatory hyperalgesia, and in vitro TRPA1 activation. Administration of D-4F or E06 to rats profoundly ameliorated mechanical hyperalgesia and inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis. These data reveal a clinically relevant role for OxPAPC in inflammation offering therapy for acute and chronic inflammatory pain treatment by scavenging OxPAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Oehler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kistner
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinna Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rafaela Mayer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Milad Mohammadi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Reine-Solange Sauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Milos R Filipovic
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,University of Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francisco R Nieto
- Wolfson CARD, King's College London, Guys' Campus, London, United Kingdom.,University of Granada, Department of Pharmacology, Granada, Spain
| | - Jan Kloka
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Diana Pflücke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hill
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marzia Malcangio
- Wolfson CARD, King's College London, Guys' Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Reeh
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Brack
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heike L Rittner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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7
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Reduced excitability and impaired nociception in peripheral unmyelinated fibers from Nav1.9-null mice. Pain 2016; 158:58-67. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hoffmann T, Negri L, Maftei D, Lattanzi R, Reeh P. The prokineticin Bv8 sensitizes cutaneous terminals of female mice to heat. Eur J Pain 2016; 20:1326-34. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Hoffmann
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Germany
| | - L. Negri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University of Rome; Italy
| | - D. Maftei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University of Rome; Italy
| | - R. Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University of Rome; Italy
| | - P.W. Reeh
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Germany
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Zakaria ZA, Sani MHM, Cheema MS, Kader AA, Kek TL, Salleh MZ. Antinociceptive activity of methanolic extract of Muntingia calabura leaves: further elucidation of the possible mechanisms. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:63. [PMID: 24555641 PMCID: PMC3941974 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Muntingia calabura (Elaecoparceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used, particularly, by the Peruvian people to alleviate headache and cold, pain associated with gastric ulcers or to reduce the prostate gland swelling. Following the recent establishment of antinociceptive activity of M. calabura leaf, the present study was performed to further elucidate on the possible mechanisms of antinociception involved. Methods The methanol extract of M. calabura (MEMC) was prepared in the doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg. The role of bradykinin, protein kinase C, pottasium channels, and various opioid and non-opioid receptors in modulating the extract’s antinociceptive activity was determined using several antinociceptive assays. Results are presented as Mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). The one-way ANOVA test with Dunnett's multiple comparison was used to analyze and compare the data, with P < 0.05 as the limit of significance. Results The MEMC, at all doses, demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in both the bradykinin- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced nociception. Pretreatment of the 500 mg/kg MEMC with 10 mg/kg glibenclamide (an ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor), the antagonist of μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptors (namely 10 mg/kg β-funaltrexamine, 1 mg/kg naltrindole and 1 mg/kg nor-binaltorphimine), and the non-opioid receptor antagonists (namely 3 mg/kg caffeine (a non-selective adenosinergic receptor antagonist), 0.15 mg/kg yohimbine (an α2-noradrenergic antagonist), and 1 mg/kg pindolol (a β-adrenoceptor antagonist)) significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the MEMC antinociception. However, 10 mg/kg atropine (a non-selective cholinergic receptor antagonist), 0.15 mg/kg prazosin (an α1-noradrenergic antagonist) and 20 mg/kg haloperidol (a non-selective dopaminergic antagonist) did not affect the extract's antinociception. The phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes while the HPLC analysis showed the presence of flavonoid-based compounds. Conclusions The antinociceptive activity of MEMC involved activation of the non-selective opioid (particularly the μ-, δ- and κ-opioid) and non-opioid (particularly adenosinergic, α2-noradrenergic, and β-adrenergic) receptors, modulation of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel, and inhibition of bradikinin and protein kinase C actions. The discrepancies in MEMC antinociception could be due to the presence of various phytochemicals.
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Hoffmann T, Kistner K, Miermeister F, Winkelmann R, Wittmann J, Fischer MJM, Weidner C, Reeh PW. TRPA1 and TRPV1 are differentially involved in heat nociception of mice. Eur J Pain 2013; 17:1472-82. [PMID: 23720338 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, TRPV1 and TRPA1, have been physiologically studied with regard to noxious heat transduction. Evidence argues against these channels as sole transducers of noxious heat or cold, respectively. Moreover, in submammalian species the TRPA1 orthologue shows heat sensitivity. METHODS In vitro, single-fibre and compound action potential recordings from C-fibres as well as measurements of stimulated cutaneous CGRP release are combined with behavioural experiments to assess heat responsiveness in wild type mice, TRPA1 and TRPV1 as well as double-null mutants. RESULTS Heat thresholds of cutaneous C-mechano-heat sensitive fibres were significantly higher in TRPA1-/- (43 °C) than +/+ (40 °C) mice, and averaged heat responses were clearly weaker, whereas TRPV1-/- showed normal heat thresholds and responses (up to 46 °C). Compound action potential recordings revealed much less activity-dependent slowing of conduction velocity upon noxious heat stimulation in TRPA1-/- and a delayed deficit in TRPV1-/- in comparison to controls. Heat-induced calcitonin gene-related peptide release was reduced in TRPV1-/- but not TRPA1-/- animals. Paw withdrawal latencies to radiant heat were significantly elevated in TRPA1-/-, more so in TRPV1-/- animals. In general, double-null mutants were similar to TRPV1-/- except for the single-fibre heat responses which appeared as weak as in TRPA1-/-. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in addition to TRPV1, TRPA1 plays a role in heat nociception, in particular in definition of the heat threshold, and might therefore serve as a therapeutic target in acute inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hoffmann
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Universitaetsstrasse 17, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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11
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Petho G, Reeh PW. Sensory and signaling mechanisms of bradykinin, eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor, and nitric oxide in peripheral nociceptors. Physiol Rev 2013; 92:1699-775. [PMID: 23073630 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral mediators can contribute to the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuropathic pain and its concomitants (hyperalgesia and allodynia) via two mechanisms. Activation or excitation by these substances of nociceptive nerve endings or fibers implicates generation of action potentials which then travel to the central nervous system and may induce pain sensation. Sensitization of nociceptors refers to their increased responsiveness to either thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli that may be translated to corresponding hyperalgesias. This review aims to give an account of the excitatory and sensitizing actions of inflammatory mediators including bradykinin, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, and nitric oxide on nociceptive primary afferent neurons. Manifestations, receptor molecules, and intracellular signaling mechanisms of the effects of these mediators are discussed in detail. With regard to signaling, most data reported have been obtained from transfected nonneuronal cells and somata of cultured sensory neurons as these structures are more accessible to direct study of sensory and signal transduction. The peripheral processes of sensory neurons, where painful stimuli actually affect the nociceptors in vivo, show marked differences with respect to biophysics, ultrastructure, and equipment with receptors and ion channels compared with cellular models. Therefore, an effort was made to highlight signaling mechanisms for which supporting data from molecular, cellular, and behavioral models are consistent with findings that reflect properties of peripheral nociceptive nerve endings. Identified molecular elements of these signaling pathways may serve as validated targets for development of novel types of analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Petho
- Pharmacodynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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12
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Lee CH. Treatment of blood flow abnormality using mucosal delivery of nitric oxide. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2011; 1:201-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-011-0026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Fuchs D, Birklein F, Reeh PW, Sauer SK. Sensitized peripheral nociception in experimental diabetes of the rat. Pain 2010; 151:496-505. [PMID: 20832942 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Painful neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes. Particularly in the early stage of diabetic neuropathy, patients are characterized by burning feet, hyperalgesia to heat, and mechanical stimuli, as if residual nociceptors were sensitized. Such symptoms are barely explained by common pathophysiological concepts of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by streptozotocin (STZ). After 4 weeks behavioral testing (Plantar test, Randall-Selitto) was conducted. Basal and stimulated release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Substance P (SP) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) from isolated skin and sciatic nerve were assessed by enzyme immunoassays. Electrophysiological properties of identified nociceptors under hyperglycemic, hypoxic, and acidotic conditions were investigated using the skin-nerve preparation. The diabetic rats showed hyperalgesia to heat and pressure stimulation. The basal CGRP/SP release was reduced, but chemical stimulation with bradykinin induced greater release of SP, CGRP and PGE(2) than in control animals. In contrast, capsaicin-stimulated CGRP release was reduced in sciatic nerves. Hypoxia per se lowered von Frey thresholds of most C-nociceptors to half. Hyperglycemic hypoxia induced ongoing discharge in all diabetic but not control C-fibers which was further enhanced under acidosis. Sensory and neurosecretory nociceptor functions are sensitized in diabetes. Diabetic C-fibers show exaggerated sensitivity to hyperglycemic hypoxia with and without additional acidosis, conditions that are thought to mimic ischemic episodes in diabetic nerves. Ongoing C-fiber discharge is known to induce spinal sensitization. Together with altered receptor and ion channel expressions this may contribute to painful episodes in diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fuchs
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Auer J, Reeh PW, Fischer MJM. Acid-induced CGRP release from the stomach does not depend on TRPV1 or ASIC3. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:680-7. [PMID: 20100279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acid-sensing and regulating reactions are vitally important in the upper gastrointestinal tract and disturbances are common. Sensory neurons in the mucosa detect the intrusion of hydrogen ions and, by their release of vasoactive neuropeptides, seem to play a predominantly protective role in these tissues. METHODS The model to investigate sensory transduction of proton stimuli in the isolated everted mouse stomach was to measure the induced calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release as an index of neuronal activation. KEY RESULTS Proton concentrations in the range of pH 2.5-0.5 stimulated the release of CGRP and substance P and profoundly decreased the prostaglandin E2 formation in outbred CD mice. A similar linearly pH-dependent CGRP release was observed in inbred C57BL/6 mice, fully dependent on extracellular calcium at pH 2, partially at pH 1. Both transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and acid-sensing ion channel type 3 (ASIC3) are expressed in the sensory neurons innervating the stomach walls and are responsible for the transduction of acidic stimuli in other visceral organs. However, the proton-induced gastric CGRP release in mice lacking the TRPV1 or the ASIC3 receptor-channels was the same as in corresponding wild-type mice. Nonetheless, the pharmacological blockers N-(4-tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-chlorophyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)carboxamide and amiloride, respectively, inhibited the acid-stimulated CGRP release, although to the same extend in wild types as TRPV1 and ASIC3 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Adequate proton concentrations inhibit prostaglandin and stimulate CGRP release from the stomach wall, however, the transduction mechanism in the gastric sensory neurons remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Auer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Hamza M, Wang XM, Adam A, Brahim JS, Rowan JS, Carmona GN, Dionne RA. Kinin B1 receptors contributes to acute pain following minor surgery in humans. Mol Pain 2010; 6:12. [PMID: 20152050 PMCID: PMC2834653 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kinins play an important role in regulation of pain and hyperalgesia after tissue injury and inflammation by activating two types of G-protein-coupled receptors, the kinin B1 and B2 receptors. It is generally accepted that the B2 receptor is constitutively expressed, whereas the B1 receptor is induced in response to inflammation. However, little is known about the regulatory effects of kinin receptors on the onset of acute inflammation and inflammatory pain in humans. The present study investigated the changes in gene expression of kinin receptors and the levels of their endogenous ligands at an early time point following tissue injury and their relation to clinical pain, as well as the effect of COX-inhibition on their expression levels. Results Tissue injury resulted in a significant up-regulation in the gene expression of B1 and B2 receptors at 3 hours post-surgery, the onset of acute inflammatory pain. Interestingly, the up-regulation in the gene expression of B1 and B2 receptors was positively correlated to pain intensity only after ketorolac treatment, signifying an interaction between prostaglandins and kinins in the inflammatory pain process. Further, the gene expression of both B1 and B2 receptors were correlated. Following tissue injury, B1 ligands des-Arg9-BK and des-Arg10-KD were significantly lower at the third hour compared to the first 2 hours in both the placebo and the ketorolac treatment groups but did not differ significantly between groups. Tissue injury also resulted in the down-regulation of TRPV1 gene expression at 3 hours post-surgery with no significant effect by ketorolac treatment. Interestingly, the change in gene expression of TRPV1 was correlated to the change in gene expression of B1 receptor but not B2 receptor. Conclusions These results provide evidence at the transcriptional level in a clinical model of tissue injury that up-regulation of kinin receptors are involved in the development of the early phase of inflammation and inflammatory pain. The up-regulation of B1 receptors may contribute to acute inflammatory pain through TRPV1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Hamza
- NINR/NIH, 10 Center drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Eberhardt M, Hoffmann T, Sauer SK, Messlinger K, Reeh PW, Fischer MJM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide release from intact isolated dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:311-7. [PMID: 18328558 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides like calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P are found in significant proportions of primary afferent neurons. Release of these neuropeptides as well as prostaglandin E(2) is an approved index for the activation of these primary afferents. Previous studies have used cultures of enzyme-treated and mechanically dissociated primary afferent neurons, fresh tissue slices or cubes. In the present study we demonstrate CGRP and prostaglandin E(2) release from intact isolated dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. Stimulation with noxious heat, low pH, inflammatory mediators and high potassium concentration increased CGRP release. In conclusion, neuropeptide release from intact isolated ganglia is a reliable method to study the responsiveness of sensory neurons in situ in comparison with neuronal cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Eberhardt
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Leffler A, Fischer MJ, Rehner D, Kienel S, Kistner K, Sauer SK, Gavva NR, Reeh PW, Nau C. The vanilloid receptor TRPV1 is activated and sensitized by local anesthetics in rodent sensory neurons. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:763-76. [PMID: 18172555 DOI: 10.1172/jci32751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Local anesthetics (LAs) block the generation and propagation of action potentials by interacting with specific sites of voltage-gated Na(+) channels. LAs can also excite sensory neurons and be neurotoxic through mechanisms that are as yet undefined. Nonspecific cation channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family that are predominantly expressed by nociceptive sensory neurons render these neurons sensitive to a variety of insults. Here we demonstrated that the LA lidocaine activated TRP channel family receptors TRPV1 and, to a lesser extent, TRPA1 in rodent dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons as well as in HEK293t cells expressing TRPV1 or TRPA1. Lidocaine also induced a TRPV1-dependent release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from isolated skin and peripheral nerve. Lidocaine sensitivity of TRPV1 required segments of the putative vanilloid-binding domain within and adjacent to transmembrane domain 3, was diminished under phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate depletion, and was abrogated by a point mutation at residue R701 in the proximal C-terminal TRP domain. These data identify TRPV1 and TRPA1 as putative key elements of LA-induced nociceptor excitation. This effect is sufficient to release CGRP, a key component of neurogenic inflammation, and warrants investigation into the role of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in LA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leffler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Derow A, Izydorczyk I, Kuhn A, Reeh PW, Petho G. Prostaglandin E(2) and I(2) facilitate noxious heat-induced spike discharge but not iCGRP release from rat cutaneous nociceptors. Life Sci 2007; 81:1685-93. [PMID: 17976660 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The bradykinin-induced sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors to heat was previously shown to be abolished by cyclooxygenase blockade suggesting that endogenous prostaglandins exerted a heat-sensitizing action. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of exogenous prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and I(2) (PGI(2)) on noxious heat-evoked responses of rat cutaneous nociceptors. As neuropeptides including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) can be released from the peptidergic subset of heat-sensitive nociceptors, both the spike-generating (afferent) and CGRP-releasing (efferent) responses to heat stimulation were assessed by recording action potentials from single cutaneous C-fibers and measuring immunoreactive CGRP (iCGRP) release from isolated skin flaps, respectively. A combination of PGE(2) and PGI(2) (100 microM for both) unlike 10 microM PGE(2) or PGI(2) increased the number of spikes discharged during a noxious heat stimulus whereas the heat threshold remained unchanged. In contrast, 100 microM PGE(2) plus PGI(2) failed to increase the iCGRP release induced by noxious heat (47 degrees C) from the isolated rat skin. PGE(2) (100 microM), however, augmented the iCGRP-releasing effect of protons (pH 5.7). The adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin and the protein kinase C activator phorbol ester (PMA, 10 microM for both) facilitated heat-induced iCGRP release whereas increasing the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration by 10 microM ionomycin produced a desensitization of the response. In conclusion, PGE(2) plus PGI(2) can sensitize the afferent function of nociceptors in the rat skin, by increasing heat-induced spike discharge, but not the heat-induced efferent response i.e. iCGRP release. This discrepancy might reflect the differences between mechanisms of Na(+) channel-dependent spike generation and Ca(2+)-dependent neuropeptide release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Derow
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Universitätsstr. 17, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Cunha TM, Verri WA, Fukada SY, Guerrero ATG, Santodomingo-Garzón T, Poole S, Parada CA, Ferreira SH, Cunha FQ. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta mediate inflammatory hypernociception in mice triggered by B1 but not B2 kinin receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 573:221-9. [PMID: 17669394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kinin receptors are involved in the genesis of inflammatory pain. However, there is controversy concerning the mechanism by which B(1) and B(2) kinin receptors mediate inflammatory hypernociception. In the present study, the role of these receptors on inflammatory hypernociception in mice was addressed. Mechanical hypernociception was detected with an electronic pressure meter paw test in mice and cytokines were measured by ELISA. It was observed that in naïve mice a B(2) (d-Arg-Hyp(3), d-Phe(7)-bradykinin) but not a B(1) kinin receptor antagonist (des-Arg(9)-[Leu(8)]-bradykinin, DALBK) inhibited bradykinin- and carrageenin-induced hypernociception. Bradykinin-induced hypernociception was inhibited by indomethacin (5 mg/kg) and guanethidine (30 mg/kg), while not affected by IL-1ra (10 mg/kg) or antibody against keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC/CXCL-1, 500 ng/paw) or in TNFR1 knockout mice. By contrast, in previously lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed mouse paw, B(1) but not B(2) kinin receptor antagonist inhibited bradykinin hypernociception. Furthermore, B(1) kinin receptor agonist induced mechanical hypernociception in LPS-primed mice, which was inhibited by indomethacin, guanethidine, antiserum against TNF-alpha or IL-1ra. This was corroborated by the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta release by B(1) kinin receptor agonist in LPS-primed mouse paws. Moreover, B(1) but not B(2) kinin receptor antagonist inhibited carrageenin-induced hypernociception, and TNF-alpha and IL-1beta release as well, in LPS-primed mice. These results suggest that in naïve mice the B(2) kinin receptor mediates inflammatory hypernociception dependent on prostanoids and sympathetic amines, through a cytokine-independent mechanism. On the other hand, in LPS-primed mice, the B(1) kinin receptor mediates hypernociception by a mechanism dependent on TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, which could stimulate prostanoid and sympathetic amine production.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Bradykinin/administration & dosage
- Bradykinin/analogs & derivatives
- Bradykinin/pharmacology
- Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonists
- Bradykinin B2 Receptor Antagonists
- Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists
- Carrageenan/administration & dosage
- Carrageenan/toxicity
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Guanethidine/pharmacology
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Hyperalgesia/prevention & control
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Interleukin-1beta/immunology
- Interleukin-1beta/physiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Prostaglandins/physiology
- Receptor, Bradykinin B1/agonists
- Receptor, Bradykinin B1/physiology
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2/physiology
- Receptors, Bradykinin/agonists
- Receptors, Bradykinin/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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20
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Mayer S, Izydorczyk I, Reeh PW, Grubb BD. Bradykinin-induced nociceptor sensitisation to heat depends on cox-1 and cox-2 in isolated rat skin. Pain 2006; 130:14-24. [PMID: 17196338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin is an important inflammatory mediator that can either activate and/or sensitise nociceptors to heat stimuli applied to the skin. Several studies have suggested that prostaglandins and thus the cyclooxygenase (cox) enzymes are important in the sensitisation process but little is known about the relative involvement of the two cox isoforms, cox-1 and cox-2. Extracellular recordings were made from C-mechanoheat-sensitive fibres in isolated rat skin-saphenous nerve preparations. Bradykinin-mediated sensitisation of heat responses in these afferents was significantly attenuated by the selective cox-1 inhibitor, SC-560, and by the selective cox-2 inhibitor, NS-398. In the same experiments, bradykinin-mediated induction of ongoing activity was reduced by SC-560 but not NS-398. In a second series of experiments, bradykinin-stimulated synthesis and release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was measured in isolated skin-nerve preparations. Although the basal release of PGE2 appeared unaffected by either drug, bradykinin-stimulated PGE2 release from the skin was inhibited by both SC-560 and NS-398. Immunocytochemical evaluation revealed cox-1 immunostaining was present in large cutaneous nerve branches, small intradermal nerve bundles as well as nerve endings within the skin. Cox-1 labelling was also present in non-neuronal cell types such as mast cells. Cox-2 immunoreactivity was weak but where present was located in small nerve bundles, smaller intradermal nerve bundles and nerve endings. This study shows that both cox isoforms are present in skin and that they have an important role in mediating bradykinin-evoked heat sensitisation of C-MH sensitive fibres through cox-1 and cox-2 dependent prostaglandin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitaetsstr. 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Yeomans DC, Lu Y, Laurito CE, Peters MC, Vota-Vellis G, Wilson SP, Pappas GD. Recombinant herpes vector-mediated analgesia in a primate model of hyperalgesia. Mol Ther 2005; 13:589-97. [PMID: 16288901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Some chronic pain syndromes are characterized by episodes of intense burning and hyperalgesia in localized areas of skin. These sensations are thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the activity of damaged, unmyelinated C nociceptors. These phenomena were modeled by assaying responses of macaques to thermal and chemical stimuli that produced periodic activation and sensitization of C nociceptors. Upon validation of this method, a recombinant herpes simplex vector encoding human preproenkephalin was topically applied to the dorsal surface of the feet of the monkeys. Immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay revealed that enkephalin peptides were being produced in releasable pools in sensory neurons innervating the treated skin area. Behavioral responses evoked by periodic sensitization and activation of C nociceptors innervating the vector-treated skin area revealed a substantial and long-lasting (at least 20 weeks) antihyperalgesic and analgesic effect limited to the areas to which the virus was applied. This approach may be a viable means of treating localized cutaneous burning pain and hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Yeomans
- Department of Anesthesia and Stanford Pain and Analgesia Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5117, USA.
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22
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Pistorius A, Willershausen B, Briseño Marroquin B. Effect of apical root-end filling materials on gingival fibroblasts. Int Endod J 2003; 36:610-5. [PMID: 12950575 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2003.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the influence of root-end filling materials on specific cellular responses of gingival fibroblasts (GF). METHODOLOGY The reactions of cells in contact with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), amalgam and a chemically inert titanium alloy were determined based on the assessment of prostaglandin (PGE2) release with and without arachidonic acid stimulation, protein and lactate synthesis, and cell proliferation. Cells cultured without test materials served as controls (100%). RESULTS The fibroblasts showed a highly significant decrease in protein synthesis when in contact with amalgam (61.8 +/- 13.6%); MTA (91.2 +/- 5.9%) and titanium (92.4 +/- 4.7%) had little effect on this parameter. The rate of cell proliferation in contact with MTA (98.0 +/- 1.6%) and titanium (97.9 +/- 7.4%) was only slightly influenced and showed similar values to that of the controls after 96 h of incubation. On the contrary, a significant and continuous reduction in the rate of cell proliferation was observed for cells in contact with amalgam (61.0 +/- 2.5%) after 96 h. No significant increases in lactate synthesis values were registered for any of the materials (MTA 101.8 +/- 1.7%, titanium 94.8 +/- 8.6% and amalgam 105.8 +/- 10.3%). There was a significant decrease in PGE2 synthesis potential when cells were in contact with amalgam (85.2 +/- 3.5%). In comparison to the controls, titanium and MTA resulted in an elevated level of cellular PGE2 synthesis (titanium: 131.6 +/- 19.1%; MTA: 147.3 +/- 18.9%). The cell cultures stimulated with arachidonic acid (10-5 m) showed no significant differences with any material (MTA: 88.8 +/- 17.6%, titanium: 97.6 +/- 14.4%, amalgam: 85.5 +/- 16.8%). CONCLUSIONS MTA demonstrated cellular responses similar to those of titanium. Amalgam showed an irritation rate higher than that of MTA and titanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pistorius
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Zimmermann K, Reeh PW, Averbeck B. ATP can enhance the proton-induced CGRP release through P2Y receptors and secondary PGE(2) release in isolated rat dura mater. Pain 2002; 97:259-265. [PMID: 12044622 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal afferent neurons express ionotropic P2X receptors for extracellular ATP which are known to be sensitive to low interstitial pH. Both conditions - ATP release and tissue acidosis - may occur in the dura following the ischemia phase of migraine attacks. Aim of this study was to investigate whether and how ATP and protons may cooperate in exciting meningeal afferents. After removal of the cerebral hemispheres hemisected scull cavities of adult Wistar rats were used as organ bath of their own lining, the dura mater. The dura was chemically stimulated and the amounts of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide (iCGRP) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) released into incubation fluid were measured using enzyme immunoassays. Stimulation with ATP (10(-4) and 10(-3)M) augmented iPGE(2) release dose-dependently whereas iCGRP secretion was minimally enhanced only if the dura had previously been depleted of extracellular ATP using hexokinase. Acid buffer solutions (pH 5.9 and 5.4) resulted in pH-dependent increase of iCGRP release but reduced iPGE(2) release. Purines (ATP 10(-3)>UTP 10(-4)M>ATP 10(-4)M) and PGE(2) (10(-5)M) were found to facilitate the proton-induced increase in iCGRP release. The proton-reduction of PGE(2) release was overcome by adding ATP (10(-3)M). S(+)-flurbiprofen (10(-6)M) suppressed both the basal and stimulated iPGE(2) release and prevented the ATP(10(-4)M)-induced facilitation of the proton response. The facilitating effect of ATP was also blocked under suramin, a non-selective P2 antagonist, and under reactive blue, an non-selective P2Y-antagonist, but not under pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid, a P2X-antagonist. The present results provide evidence that ATP has poor, if at all, direct excitatory effects on CGRP-containing trigeminal nerve endings in the isolated dura and its facilitatory action seems to depend on G-protein coupled P2Y receptors and secondary PGE(2) release. The UTP effect and the antagonist profile is indicative for the P2Y(2) receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zimmermann
- Institute of Physiology and Experimental Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Roza C, Reeh PW. Substance P, calcitonin gene related peptide and PGE2 co-released from the mouse colon: a new model to study nociceptive and inflammatory responses in viscera, in vitro. Pain 2001; 93:213-219. [PMID: 11514080 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Visceral inflammation is thought to play an important role in the sensitization of low and high threshold mechanosensory and polymodal afferents and to recruit silent nociceptors. Yet, little is known about the potential role of the mediators involved in nociceptor sensitization to mechanical stimulation as compared to heat sensitization in the skin. In the present study we developed a new isolated preparation of the mouse colon which allowed to apply controlled mechanical distensions. Excised segments of colon from CD mice were immersed in synthetic interstitial fluid (SIF) exposing the serosal surface during 5 min to different types of noxious stimuli; the increase in neuropeptide and PGE(2) release were analyzed (by EIA technique). Capsaicin, heat and pH 5.2 were able to induce significant increases in calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) release (14.6-, 5.1-, and 2.3-fold over baseline), however, only capsaicin induced a significant increase in substance P (SP) levels (1.8-fold over baseline). When pH 3.4 was used, a massive liberation of both CGRP and SP was obtained (14- and 15-fold from baseline) which was Ca(2+)-independent and not recovering, suggesting unphysiological release. Mechanical distensions in the noxious range (45, 60 and 90 mmHg) evoked a long-linear graded release of CGRP (1.3-, 1.6- and 2.6-fold over baseline) and of PGE(2) (1.9- 3.8-, 12.3-fold over baseline). Only the 90 mmHg distension evoked a significant increase of SP (1.9-fold over baseline). We conclude that the mouse colon preparation is a suitable model to study inflammatory and nociceptive mechanisms in viscera. Furthermore, a potentially important and yet unexplored role of PGE(2) in noxious visceral distension has been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roza
- Department of Physiology and Experimental Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Koppert W, Martus P, Reeh PW. Interactions of histamine and bradykinin on polymodal C-fibres in isolated rat skin. Eur J Pain 2001; 5:97-106. [PMID: 11394927 DOI: 10.1053/eujp.2001.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from pruritus due to atopic dermatitis show, in asymptomatic skin, reduced itch and flare responses to histamine, the major pruritogenic mediator. We hypothesized that this apparent loss in histamine sensitivity may be overcompensated in inflamed skin and investigated the interactions between histamine and bradykinin, the major inflammatory mediator. The studies were performed using the isolated rat skin-nerve preparation. Forty-two fibres were tested following four different experimental protocols. After characterization of the sensory properties, six fibres were treated repetitively with histamine (HIS1, HIS2) to exclude the possibility that the responses (spikes/min) increase simply by repetition. In 12 other units, histamine (HIS1) was followed by a wash-out period prior to bradykinin (BK) stimulation; in another 12 units, BK followed immediately after HIS1. A further 12 fibres were examined without preceding heat stimulation in order to avoid possible sensitization. If BK was administered after a wash-out period following HIS1, the BK responses were significantly higher than the HIS1 response. The BK response showed a peak discharge which was absent if BK followed directly upon HIS1. If HIS2 was applied directly following BK, the induced discharge was significantly larger than the first histamine response and not different from the BK response, whereas a washout period before HIS2 abolished the sensitizing effect of previous BK.A unidirectional sensitization by previous bradykinin or heat stimulation on the histamine responsiveness of polymodal nociceptors has been demonstrated. If 'itch fibres' in humans were subject to similar interactions of histamine with inflammatory mediators, this may compensate for a down-regulation of histamine receptors in eczematic skin and possibly account for the pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Koppert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, Erlangen, D-91054, Germany.
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26
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Pethö G, Derow A, Reeh PW. Bradykinin-induced nociceptor sensitization to heat is mediated by cyclooxygenase products in isolated rat skin. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:210-8. [PMID: 11553274 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin can excite C-polymodal nociceptors and sensitize them to heat and it can also enhance prostaglandin synthesis, but it is unclear whether these effects are causally related. The role of cyclooxygenase products was investigated using two enantiomers of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor flurbiprofen of which S(+)- is more potent than R(-)-flurbiprofen. Single-unit activity was recorded from mechano-heat-sensitive, polymodal C-fibers in the isolated rat skin-saphenous nerve preparation. Bradykinin pretreatment (10 microM, 5 min) induced a 219 +/- 26% increase in the number of spikes evoked by noxious heat stimulation and a drop in the heat threshold by 5.2 +/- 0.6 degrees C in a fully reproducible manner. S(+)-flurbiprofen (1 microM) abolished the bradykinin-induced heat sensitization but did not alter the unconditioned heat response itself. Under R(-)-flurbiprofen (1 microM) bradykinin still induced a significant heat sensitization which was reduced by 33 +/- 21% (P = 0.11) of its previous extent; this effect may be due to the limited purity of the enantiomer preparation or to a cyclooxygenase-independent action of flurbiprofen. The heat sensitization suppressed by S(+)-flurbiprofen could be significantly restored (to 43 +/- 12%) by addition of PGE(2) plus PGI(2) (10 microM both) to bradykinin. Neither S(+)- nor R(-)-flurbiprofen had an influence on the magnitude of the excitatory effect of bradykinin. It is concluded that (i) cyclooxygenase products are the main mediators of nociceptor sensitization to heat following bradykinin treatment in the isolated rat skin; (ii) PGE(2)/I(2) are essential but perhaps not the only relevant cyclooxygenase products involved and (iii) neither S(+)- nor R(-)-flurbiprofen inhibit the unconditioned noxious heat response and the excitatory bradykinin response of the polymodal C-nociceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pethö
- Institute of Physiology and Experimental Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Universitätsstr 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Averbeck B, Reeh PW. Interactions of inflammatory mediators stimulating release of calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and prostaglandin E(2) from isolated rat skin. Neuropharmacology 2001; 40:416-23. [PMID: 11166334 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(00)00171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators acting directly on nociceptive primary afferents induce neuropeptide release. In this study we investigated interactions between bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, prostaglandin and acid pH in stimulating the release of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) from isolated flaps of rat back skin using enzyme immunoassays. Stimulation with bradykinin (10(-5) M) augmented the release of SP, CGRP and PGE(2) significantly. Serotonin, histamine and PGE(2) individually tested (10(-5) M) had no effect on neuropeptide release but they facilitated the bradykinin-evoked neuropeptide release. When bradykinin was combined with both serotonin and histamine, neither additional PGE(2) nor acid pH showed any further effect, suggesting that the facilitation had reached a maximum. Exposure of the skin to acid pH (6.1 or 5.2) significantly increased CGRP release. SP release was only slightly enhanced and PGE(2) release, in contrast, was suppressed by low pH stimulation, probably due to pH-dependent inhibition of phospholipase A(2). Treatment of the rats with flurbiprofen (25 mg/kg i.p.) one hour before dissection reduced PGE(2) to detection level and inhibited the CGRP secretion evoked by the combination of bradykinin, serotonin and histamine (all 10(-6) M). As this suppression could not be overcome by substitution of PGE(2) (10(-6) M), it is likely that exogenously applied PGE(2) differs in effect from endogenous, intracellularly synthesized prostaglandins that are accompanied by active intermediates and byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Averbeck
- Institute of Physiology and Experimental Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
The classical observations of the skin as a target for melanotropins have been complemented by the discovery of their actual production at the local level. In fact, all of the elements controlling the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis are expressed in the skin including CRH, urocortin, and POMC, with its products ACTH, alpha-MSH, and beta-endorphin. Demonstration of the corresponding receptors in the same cells suggests para- or autocrine mechanisms of action. These findings, together with the demonstration of cutaneous production of numerous other hormones including vitamin D3, PTH-related protein (PTHrP), catecholamines, and acetylcholine that share regulation by environmental stressors such as UV light, underlie a role for these agents in the skin response to stress. The endocrine mediators with their receptors are organized into dermal and epidermal units that allow precise control of their activity in a field-restricted manner. The skin neuroendocrine system communicates with itself and with the systemic level through humoral and neural pathways to induce vascular, immune, or pigmentary changes, to directly buffer noxious agents or neutralize the elicited local reactions. Therefore, we suggest that the skin neuroendocrine system acts by preserving and maintaining the skin structural and functional integrity and, by inference, systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Slominski
- Department of Pathology ,University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA.
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Sauer SK, Bove GM, Averbeck B, Reeh PW. Rat peripheral nerve components release calcitonin gene-related peptide and prostaglandin E2 in response to noxious stimuli: evidence that nervi nervorum are nociceptors. Neuroscience 1999; 92:319-25. [PMID: 10392853 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of an intrinsic afferent innervation of nerves and their connective tissues (nervi nervorum) suggests that these neural elements participate in sensation and pathological processes affecting nerves. Primary afferent nociceptors contain and release neuropeptides including calcitonin gene-related peptide, implicated in inflammatory vasodilatation. We sought to evaluate the ability of different peripheral nerve components, in vitro, to release calcitonin gene-related peptide and prostaglandin E2 in response to electrical and noxious chemical stimuli, using sensitive enzyme immunoassays. We observed significant increases in both calcitonin gene-related peptide and prostaglandin E2 in response to a mixture of inflammatory mediators (bradykinin, histamine, and serotonin; 10(-5) M) applied to the intact nerves (+37% and +700%, respectively) and isolated sheaths (35% and 430%, respectively), but not when this mixture was applied to isolated axons. Proximal (antidromic) but not distal (orthodromic) electrical stimulation also evoked a comparable release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (+30%) from intact nerves. These results suggest that nervi nervorum nociceptors participate in neural inflammation. Capsaicin (10(-6) M) elicited a very large release of calcitonin gene-related peptide when applied to either the intact nerve (+400%), isolated sheaths (+500%), or isolated axons (1400%). The latter effect was substantially but not completely blocked by Ruthenium Red and capsazepine, and was completely blocked using a calcium-free bathing solution. The results support the presence of capsaicin receptors in peripheral nerves that can effect calcitonin gene-related peptide release from axons as well as from terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sauer
- Institut für Physiologie und Experimentelle Pathophysiologie, Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Kress M, Guthmann C, Averbeck B, Reeh PW. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and prostaglandin E2 but not substance P release induced by antidromic nerve stimulation from rat skin in vitro. Neuroscience 1999; 89:303-10. [PMID: 10051237 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The liberation of calcitonin gene-related peptide from rat skin in vitro induced by antidromic electrical stimulation of unmyelinated units is demonstrated. Prostaglandin E2 was released concomitantly during C-fiber stimulation. A dose-dependent increase in prostaglandin E2 content of the eluate was also observed in response to stimulation with substance P (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (10(-6) and 10(-5) M). In contrast, prostaglandin E2 did not induce measurable release of neuropeptides. The amount of calcitonin gene-related peptide released during suprathreshold electrical stimulation increased with pulse frequency. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and prostaglandin release were completely inhibited in the presence of EMD 61753, a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist. No significant release of substance P was observed. The data demonstrate a primary release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from unmyelinated but not myelinated primary afferents in the rat skin, which is accompanied by a secondary liberation of prostaglandin E2, connecting neurogenic inflammation to general mechanisms of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kress
- Institute of Physiology and Experimental Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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