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Li Z, Zhao XQ. Global dynamics of a time-delayed nonlocal reaction-diffusion model of within-host viral infections. J Math Biol 2024; 88:38. [PMID: 38436782 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-024-02052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we study a time-delayed nonlocal reaction-diffusion model of within-host viral infections. We introduce the basic reproduction number R 0 and show that the infection-free steady state is globally asymptotically stable whenR 0 ≤ 1 , while the disease is uniformly persistent whenR 0 > 1 . In the case where all coefficients and reaction terms are spatially homogeneous, we obtain an explicit formula of R 0 and the global attractivity of the positive constant steady state. Numerically, we illustrate the analytical results, conduct sensitivity analysis, and investigate the impact of drugs on curtailing the spread of the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Xiao-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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2
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Xu J. Dynamic analysis of a cytokine-enhanced viral infection model with infection age. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:8666-8684. [PMID: 37161216 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reveal that pyroptosis is associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines which can attract more target cells to be infected. In this paper, a novel age-structured virus infection model incorporating cytokine-enhanced infection is investigated. The asymptotic smoothness of the semiflow is studied. With the help of characteristic equations and Lyapunov functionals, we have proved that both the local and global stabilities of the equilibria are completely determined by the threshold $ \mathcal{R}_0 $. The result shows that cytokine-enhanced viral infection also contributes to the basic reproduction number $ \mathcal{R}_0 $, implying that it may not be enough to eliminate the infection by decreasing the basic reproduction number of the model without considering the cytokine-enhanced viral infection mode. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Xu
- School of Sciences, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
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3
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Bandeira LC, Pinto L, Carneiro CM. Pharmacometrics: The Already-Present Future of Precision Pharmacology. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2023; 57:57-69. [PMID: 35984633 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-022-00439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of mathematical modeling to represent, analyze, make predictions or providing information on data obtained in drug research and development has made pharmacometrics an area of great prominence and importance. The main purpose of pharmacometrics is to provide information relevant to the search for efficacy and safety improvements in pharmacotherapy. Regulatory agencies have adopted pharmacometrics analysis to justify their regulatory decisions, making those decisions more efficient. Demand for specialists trained in the field is therefore growing. In this review, we describe the meaning, history, and development of pharmacometrics, analyzing the challenges faced in the training of professionals. Examples of applications in current use, perspectives for the future, and the importance of pharmacometrics for the development and growth of precision pharmacology are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Cera Bandeira
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Pinto
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Nucleus of Biological Sciences Research, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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4
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Liu C, Wang Q. The Existence of Periodic Solutions for Second-Order Delay Differential Systems. JOURNAL OF DYNAMICS AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 2022; 35:1-19. [PMID: 36407964 PMCID: PMC9667453 DOI: 10.1007/s10884-022-10226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we consider a kind of second-order delay differential system. By taking some transforms, the property of delay is reflected in the boundary condition. The wonder is that the corrseponding first-order system is exactly the so-called P-boundary value problem of Hamiltonian system which has been studied deeply by many mathematicians, including the authors of this paper. Firstly, we define the relative Morse indexμ Q ( A , B ) for the delay system and give the relationship with the P-indexi P ( γ R ) of Hamiltonian system. Secondly, by this index, topology degree and saddle point reduction, the existence of periodic solutions is established for this kind of delay differential system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungen Liu
- School of Mathematics and Information Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000 People’s Republic of China
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5
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Time-delayed modelling of the COVID-19 dynamics with a convex incidence rate. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022; 35:101124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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6
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Sultana S, González-Parra G, Arenas AJ. Dynamics of toxoplasmosis in the cat's population with an exposed stage and a time delay. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:12655-12676. [PMID: 36654016 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new mathematical model to investigate the effect of the introduction of an exposed stage for the cats who become infected with the T. gondii parasite, but that are not still able to produce oocysts in the environment. The model considers a time delay in order to represent the duration of the exposed stage. Besides the cat population the model also includes the oocysts related to the T. gondii in the environment. The model includes the cats since they are the only definitive host and the oocysts, since they are relevant to the dynamics of toxoplasmosis. The model considers lifelong immunity for the recovered cats and vaccinated cats. In addition, the model considers that cats can get infected through an effective contact with the oocysts in the environment. We find conditions such that the toxoplasmosis disease becomes extinct. We analyze the consequences of considering the exposed stage and the time delay on the stability of the equilibrium points. We numerically solve the constructed model and corroborated the theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- Department of Mathematics, New Mexico Tech, New Mexico, 87801, USA
| | | | - Abraham J Arenas
- Departamento de Matemáticas y Estadística, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
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7
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AlShamrani NH, Alshaikh MA, Elaiw AM, Hattaf K. Dynamics of HIV-1/HTLV-I Co-Infection Model with Humoral Immunity and Cellular Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081719. [PMID: 36016341 PMCID: PMC9415130 DOI: 10.3390/v14081719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses which infect the same target, CD4+ T cells. This type of cell is considered the main component of the immune system. Since both viruses have the same means of transmission between individuals, HIV-1-infected patients are more exposed to the chance of co-infection with HTLV-I, and vice versa, compared to the general population. The mathematical modeling and analysis of within-host HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infection dynamics can be considered a robust tool to support biological and medical research. In this study, we have formulated and analyzed an HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infection model with humoral immunity, taking into account both latent HIV-1-infected cells and HTLV-I-infected cells. The model considers two modes of HIV-1 dissemination, virus-to-cell (V-T-C) and cell-to-cell (C-T-C). We prove the nonnegativity and boundedness of the solutions of the model. We find all steady states of the model and establish their existence conditions. We utilize Lyapunov functions and LaSalle’s invariance principle to investigate the global stability of all the steady states of the model. Numerical simulations were performed to illustrate the corresponding theoretical results. The effects of humoral immunity and C-T-C transmission on the HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infection dynamics are discussed. We have shown that humoral immunity does not play the role of clearing an HIV-1 infection but it can control HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, we note that the omission of C-T-C transmission from the HIV-1/HTLV-I co-infection model leads to an under-evaluation of the basic HIV-1 mono-infection reproductive ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura H. AlShamrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matuka A. Alshaikh
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
- Correspondence: or
| | - Khalid Hattaf
- Equipe de Recherche en Modélisation et Enseignement des Mathématiques (ERMEM), Centre Régional des Métiers de l’Education et de la Formation (CRMEF), Derb Ghalef, Casablanca 20340, Morocco
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8
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Nonlinear Reaction–Diffusion Equations with Delay: Partial Survey, Exact Solutions, Test Problems, and Numerical Integration. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes essential reaction–diffusion models with delay arising in population theory, medicine, epidemiology, biology, chemistry, control theory, and the mathematical theory of artificial neural networks. A review of publications on the exact solutions and methods for their construction is carried out. Basic numerical methods for integrating nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations with delay are considered. The focus is on the method of lines. This method is based on the approximation of spatial derivatives by the corresponding finite differences, as a result of which the original delay PDE is replaced by an approximate system of delay ODEs. The resulting system is then solved by the implicit Runge–Kutta and BDF methods, built into Mathematica. Numerical solutions are compared with the exact solutions of the test problems.
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9
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A Non-Standard Finite Difference Scheme for a Diffusive HIV-1 Infection Model with Immune Response and Intracellular Delay. AXIOMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/axioms11030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and study a diffusive HIV infection model with infected cells delay, virus mature delay, abstract function incidence rate and a virus diffusion term. By introducing the reproductive numbers for viral infection R0 and for CTL immune response number R1, we show that R0 and R1 act as threshold parameter for the existence and stability of equilibria. If R0≤1, the infection-free equilibrium E0 is globally asymptotically stable, and the viruses are cleared; if R1≤1<R0, the CTL-inactivated equilibrium E1 is globally asymptotically stable, and the infection becomes chronic but without persistent CTL response; if R1>1, the CTL-activated equilibrium E2 is globally asymptotically stable, and the infection is chronic with persistent CTL response. Next, we study the dynamic of the discreted system of our model by using non-standard finite difference scheme. We find that the global stability of the equilibria of the continuous model and the discrete model is not always consistent. That is, if R0≤1, or R1≤1<R0, the global stability of the two kinds model is consistent. However, if R1>1, the global stability of the two kinds model is not consistent. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the theoretical results and show the effects of diffusion factors on the time-delay virus model.
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10
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Maini PK, Chaplain MAJ, Lewis MA, Sherratt JA. Special Collection: Celebrating J.D. Murray's Contributions to Mathematical Biology. Bull Math Biol 2021; 84:13. [PMID: 34865189 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Mark A J Chaplain
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Mathematical Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Mark A Lewis
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, CAB 545B, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G1, Canada
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11
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Modeling Intracellular Delay in Within-Host HIV Dynamics Under Conditioning of Drugs of Abuse. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:81. [PMID: 34061253 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse, such as opiates, have been widely associated with the enhancement of HIV replication, the acceleration of disease progression, and severe neuropathogenesis. Specifically, the presence of drugs of abuse (morphine) switches target cells (CD4[Formula: see text] T cells) from lower-to-higher susceptibility to HIV infection. The effect of such switching behaviors on viral dynamics may be altered due to the intracellular delay (the replication time between viral entry into a target cell and the production of new viruses by the infected cell). In this study, we develop, for the first time, a viral dynamics model that includes an intracellular delay under the conditioning of drugs of abuse. We parameterize the model using experimental data from simian immunodeficiency virus infection of morphine-addicted macaques. Results from thorough mathematical analyses and numerical simulations of our model show that the intracellular delay can play a significant role in HIV dynamics under the conditioning of drugs of abuse, particularly during the acute phase of infection. Our model and the related results provide new insights into the HIV dynamics and may help develop strategies to control HIV infections in drug abusers.
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12
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AlShamrani NH. Stability of an HTLV-HIV coinfection model with multiple delays and CTL-mediated immunity. ADVANCES IN DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 2021; 2021:270. [PMID: 34054935 PMCID: PMC8144699 DOI: 10.1186/s13662-021-03416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the literature, several mathematical models have been formulated and developed to describe the within-host dynamics of either human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) monoinfections. In this paper, we formulate and analyze a novel within-host dynamics model of HTLV-HIV coinfection taking into consideration the response of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The uninfected CD 4 + T cells can be infected via HIV by two mechanisms, free-to-cell and infected-to-cell. On the other hand, the HTLV-I has two modes for transmission, (i) horizontal, via direct infected-to-cell touch, and (ii) vertical, by mitotic division of active HTLV-infected cells. It is well known that the intracellular time delays play an important role in within-host virus dynamics. In this work, we consider six types of distributed-time delays. We investigate the fundamental properties of solutions. Then, we calculate the steady states of the model in terms of threshold parameters. Moreover, we study the global stability of the steady states by using the Lyapunov method. We conduct numerical simulations to illustrate and support our theoretical results. In addition, we discuss the effect of multiple time delays on stability of the steady states of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. H. AlShamrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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Elaiw AM, AlShamrani NH. Modeling and analysis of a within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection. BOLETIN DE LA SOCIEDAD MATEMATICA MEXICANA 2021; 27:38. [PMID: 33814640 PMCID: PMC8005865 DOI: 10.1007/s40590-021-00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that attack the CD4 + T cells and impair their functions. Both HIV and HTLV-I can be transmitted between individuals through direct contact with certain body fluids from infected individuals. Therefore, a person can be co-infected with both viruses. HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), while HTLV-I is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Several mathematical models have been developed in the literature to describe the within-host dynamics of HIV and HTLV-I mono-infections. However, modeling a within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has not been involved. The present paper is concerned with the formulation and investigation of a new HIV/HTLV-I co-infection model under the effect of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immune response. The model describes the interaction between susceptible CD4 + T cells, silent HIV-infected cells, active HIV-infected cells, silent HTLV-infected cells, Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs and HTLV-specific CTLs. The HIV can spread by virus-to-cell transmission. On the other side, HTLV-I has two modes of transmission, (i) horizontal transmission via direct cell-to-cell contact through the virological synapse, and (ii) vertical transmission through the mitotic division of Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells. The well-posedness of the model is established by showing that the solutions of the model are nonnegative and bounded. We define a set of threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of all equilibria of the model. We explore the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria by utilizing Lyapunov function and Lyapunov-LaSalle asymptotic stability theorem. We have presented numerical simulations to justify the applicability and effectiveness of the theoretical results. In addition, we evaluate the effect of HTLV-I infection on the HIV dynamics and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - N. H. AlShamrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are two famous retroviruses that share similarities in their genomic organization, and differ in their life cycle as well. It is known that HTLV-I and HIV have in common a way of transmission via direct contact with certain body fluids related to infected patients. Thus, it is not surprising that a single-infected person with one of these viruses can be dually infected with the other virus. In the literature, many researchers have devoted significant efforts for modeling and analysis of HTLV or HIV single infection. However, the dynamics of HTLV/HIV dual infection has not been formulated. In the present paper, we formulate an HTLV/HIV dual infection model. The model includes the impact of the Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLs) immune response, which is important to control the dual infection. The model describes the interaction between uninfected CD4+T cells, HIV-infected cells, HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs, and HTLV-specific CTLs. We establish that the solutions of the model are non-negative and bounded. We calculate all steady states of the model and deduce the threshold parameters which determine the existence and stability of the steady states. We prove the global asymptotic stability of all steady states by utilizing the Lyapunov function and Lyapunov–LaSalle asymptotic stability theorem. We solve the system numerically to illustrate the our main results. In addition, we compared between the dynamics of single and dual infections.
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Naeem Jan M, Ali N, Zaman G, Ahmad I, Shah Z, Kumam P. HIV-1 infection dynamics and optimal control with Crowley-Martin function response. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 193:105503. [PMID: 32387782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE As we all know, mathematical models provide very important information for the study of the human immunodeficiency virus type. Mathematical model of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection with contact rate represented by Crowley-Martin function response is taken into account. The aims of this novel study is to checkthe local and global stability of the disease and also prevent the outbreak from the community. METHODS The mathematical model as well as optimal system of nonlinear differential equations are tackled numerically by Runge-Kutta fourth-order method. For global stability we use Lyapunov-LaSalle invariance principle and for the description of optimal control, Pontryagin's maximum principle is used. RESULTS Graphical results are depicted and examined with different parameters values versus the basic reproductive number R0 and also the plots with and without control. The density of infected cells continued to increase without treatment, but the concentration of these cells decreased after treatment. The intensity of the pathogenic virus before and after the optimal treatment. This indicates a sharp drop in the rate of pathogenic viruses after treatment. It prevents the production of viruses by preventing cell infection and minimizing side effects. CONCLUSIONS We analysed the model by defining the basic reproductive number, showing the boundedness, positivity and permanence of the solution, and proving the local and global stability of the infection-free state. We show that the threshold quantity R0 < 1, the elimination of HIV-1 infection from the T cell population, is eradicated; while for the threshold quantity R0 > 1, HIV-1 infection remains in the host. When the threshold quantity R0 > 1, then it shows that the steady-state of chronic disease is globally stable. Optimal control strategies are developed with the optimal control pair for the description of optimal control. To reduce the density of infected cells and viruses as well as maximize the density of healthy cells is determined by the objective functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem Jan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir(Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Nigar Ali
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir(Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Gul Zaman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir(Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Imtiaz Ahmad
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir(Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Zahir Shah
- Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), Science Laboratory Building, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha-Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thrung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
| | - Poom Kumam
- KMUTT-Fixed Point Theory and Applications Research Group, Theoretical and, Computational Science Center (TaCS), Science Laboratory Building, Faculty of Science, King, Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha-Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thrung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical, University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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16
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Geng Y, Xu J. Stability and bifurcation analysis for a delayed viral infection model with full logistic proliferation. INT J BIOMATH 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524520500333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study a delayed viral infection model with cellular infection and full logistic proliferations for both healthy and infected cells. The global asymptotic stabilities of the equilibria are studied by constructing Lyapunov functionals. Moreover, we investigated the existence of Hopf bifurcation at the infected equilibrium by regarding the possible combination of the two delays as bifurcation parameters. The results show that time delays may destabilize the infected equilibrium and lead to Hopf bifurcation. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the main results and explore the dynamics including Hopf bifurcation and stability switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Geng
- School of Science, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jinhu Xu
- School of Sciences, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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17
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Elaiw AM, ALSHEHAIWEEN SF, HOBINY AD. GLOBAL PROPERTIES OF HIV DYNAMICS MODELS INCLUDING IMPAIRMENT OF B-CELL FUNCTIONS. J BIOL SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339020500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop mathematical models that include impairment of B-cell functions in order to study HIV dynamics. Two forms of the incidence rate have been considered, bilinear and general nonlinear. Three types of infected cells have been incorporated into the models, namely latently infected, short-lived productively infected and long-lived productively infected. The models have at most two equilibria, whose existence is characterized by means of the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text]. The global stability of each equilibrium is proven by using the Lyapunov method. The effects of impairment of B-cell functions and of antiviral treatment on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dynamics are studied. We have shown that if the functions of B-cell are impaired, then the concentration of HIV increases in the plasma. Moreover, we have determined the minimal drug efficacy which is required to reduce the concentration of HIV particles to a lower level. We have shown that a more accurate computation of drug efficacy can be performed by using our proposed model. Our theoretical results are illustrated by means of numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. F. ALSHEHAIWEEN
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, P. O. Box 344, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - A. D. HOBINY
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Elaiw AM, Alshaikh MA. Global stability of discrete virus dynamics models with humoural immunity and latency. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2019; 13:639-674. [PMID: 31686617 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2019.1683630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the global stability of discrete-time viral infection models with humoural immunity. We consider both latently and actively infected cells. We study also a model with general production and clearance rates of all compartments as well as general incidence rate of infection. We use nonstandard finite difference method to discretize the continuous-time models. The positivity and boundedness of solutions of the discrete models are established. We establish by using Lyapunov method, the global stability of equilibria in terms of the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] and the humoural immune response activation number [Formula: see text]. The results signify that the infection dies out if [Formula: see text]. Moreover, the infection persists with inactive immune response if [Formula: see text] and with active immune response if [Formula: see text]. We illustrate our theoretical results by using numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Alshaikh
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Global Properties of a Delay-Distributed HIV Dynamics Model Including Impairment of B-Cell Functions. MATHEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/math7090837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we construct an Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dynamics model with impairment of B-cell functions and the general incidence rate. We incorporate three types of infected cells, (i) latently-infected cells, which contain the virus, but do not generate HIV particles, (ii) short-lived productively-infected cells, which live for a short time and generate large numbers of HIV particles, and (iii) long-lived productively-infected cells, which live for a long time and generate small numbers of HIV particles. The model considers five distributed time delays to characterize the time between the HIV contact of an uninfected CD4 + T-cell and the creation of mature HIV. The nonnegativity and boundedness of the solutions are proven. The model admits two equilibria, infection-free equilibrium E P 0 and endemic equilibrium E P 1 . We derive the basic reproduction number R 0 , which determines the existence and stability of the two equilibria. The global stability of each equilibrium is proven by utilizing the Lyapunov function and LaSalle’s invariance principle. We prove that if R 0 < 1 , then E P 0 is globally asymptotically stable, and if R 0 > 1 , then E P 1 is globally asymptotically stable. These theoretical results are illustrated by numerical simulations. The effect of impairment of B-cell functions, time delays, and antiviral treatment on the HIV dynamics are studied. We show that if the functions of B-cells are impaired, then the concentration of HIV is increased in the plasma. Moreover, we observe that the time delay has a similar effect to drug efficacy. This gives some impression for developing a new class of treatments to increase the delay period and then suppress the HIV replication.
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20
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Kamboj D, Sharma MD. Multidrug Therapy for HIV Infection: Dynamics of Immune System. Acta Biotheor 2019; 67:129-147. [PMID: 30515609 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-018-9340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model of the dynamics of the immune system is considered to illustrate the effect of its response to HIV infection, i.e. on viral growth and on T-cell dynamics. The specific immune response is measured by the levels of cytotoxic lymphocytes in a human body. The existence and stability analyses are performed for infected steady state and uninfected steady state. In order to keep infection under control, roles of drug therapies are analyzed in the presence of efficient immune response. Numerical simulations are computed and exhibited to illustrate the support of the immune system to drug therapies, so as to ensure the decay of infection and to maintain the level of healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M D Sharma
- Department of Mathematics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
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21
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Analysis of General Humoral Immunity HIV Dynamics Model with HAART and Distributed Delays. MATHEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/math7020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the study of an HIV dynamics model with two target cells, macrophages and CD4 + T cells and three categories of infected cells, short-lived, long-lived and latent in order to get better insights into HIV infection within the body. The model incorporates therapeutic modalities such as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). The model is incorporated with distributed time delays to characterize the time between an HIV contact of an uninfected target cell and the creation of mature HIV. The effect of antibody on HIV infection is analyzed. The production and removal rates of the ten compartments of the model are given by general nonlinear functions which satisfy reasonable conditions. Nonnegativity and ultimately boundedness of the solutions are proven. Using the Lyapunov method, the global stability of the equilibria of the model is proven. Numerical simulations of the system are provided to confirm the theoretical results. We have shown that the antibodies can play a significant role in controlling the HIV infection, but it cannot clear the HIV particles from the plasma. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the intracellular time delay plays a similar role as the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapies (HAAT) drugs in eliminating the HIV particles.
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22
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Sahani SK, Yashi. Effects of delay in immunological response of HIV infection. INT J BIOMATH 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524518500766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection model with both the types of immune responses, the antibody and the killer cell immune responses has been introduced. The model has been made more logical by including two delays in the activation of both the immune responses, along with the combination drug therapy. The inclusion of both the delayed immune responses provides a greater understanding of long-term dynamics of the disease. The dependence of the stability of the steady states of the model on the reproduction number [Formula: see text] has been explored through stability theory. Moreover, the global stability analysis of the infection-free steady state and the infected steady state has been proved with respect to [Formula: see text]. The bifurcation analysis of the infected steady state with respect to both delays has been performed. Numerical simulations have been carried out to justify the results proved. This model is capable of explaining the long-term dynamics of HIV infection to a greater extent than that of the existing model as it captures some basic parameters involved in the system such as immunological delay and immune response. Similarly, the model also explains the basic understanding of the disease dynamics as a result of activation of the immune response toward the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Sahani
- Department of Mathematics, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan, Chankyapuri, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Yashi
- Department of Mathematics, South Asian University, Akbar Bhawan, Chankyapuri, New Delhi 110021, India
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23
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Abstract
A mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within a host is developed. Our model focuses on the roles of immune response cells or cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs). The model includes active and inactive cytotoxic immune cells. The basic reproduction number and the global stability of the virus free equilibrium is carried out. The model is modified to include anti-retroviral treatment interventions and the controlled reproduction number is explored. Their effects on the HIV infection dynamics are investigated. Two different disease stage scenarios are assessed: early-stage and advanced-stage of the disease. Furthermore, optimal control theory is employed to enhance healthy CD4+ T cells, active cytotoxic immune cells and minimize the total cost of anti-retroviral treatment interventions. Two different anti-retroviral treatment interventions (RTI and PI) are incorporated. The results highlight the key roles of cytotoxic immune response in the HIV infection dynamics and corresponding optimal treatment strategies. It turns out that the combined control (both RTI and PI) and stronger immune response is the best intervention to maximize healthy CD4+ T cells at a minimal cost of treatments.
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24
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Jenner A, Yun CO, Yoon A, Kim PS, Coster ACF. Modelling heterogeneity in viral-tumour dynamics: The effects of gene-attenuation on viral characteristics. J Theor Biol 2018; 454:41-52. [PMID: 29857083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of viruses as a cancer treatment is becoming increasingly more robust; however, there is still a long way to go before a completely successful treatment is formulated. One major challenge in the field is to select which virus, out of a burgeoning number of oncolytic viruses and engineered derivatives, can maximise both treatment spread and anticancer cytotoxicity. To assist in solving this problem, an in-depth understanding of the virus-tumour interaction is crucial. In this article, we present a novel integro-differential system with distributed delays embodying the dynamics of an oncolytic adenovirus with a fixed population of tumour cells in vitro, allowing for heterogeneity to exist in the virus and cell populations. The parameters of the model are optimised in a hierarchical manner, the purpose of which is not to obtain a perfect representation of the data. Instead, we place our parameter values in the correct region of the parameter space. Due to the sparse nature of the data it is not possible to obtain the parameter values with any certainty, but rather we demonstrate the suitability of the model. Using our model we quantify how modifications to the viral genome alter the viral characteristics, specifically how the attenuation of the E1B 19 and E1B 55 gene affect the system performance, and identify the dominant processes altered by the mutations. From our analysis, we conclude that the deletion of the E1B 55 gene significantly reduces the replication rate of the virus in comparison to the deletion of the E1B 19 gene. We also found that the deletion of both the E1B 19 and E1B 55 genes resulted in a long delay in the average replication start time of the virus. This leads us to propose the use of E1B 19 gene-attenuated adenovirus for cancer therapy, as opposed to E1B 55 gene-attenuated adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne Jenner
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Arum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Peter S Kim
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adelle C F Coster
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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25
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Abstract
In this paper, we have studied about the sensitivity analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor (PI) model and estimated the length of the delay. We have fabricated an HIV PI model accompanied with humoral immunity. Stability analysis of the constructed model about its steady states has been deliberated. We have evaluated some numerical simulations for PI model with humoral immunity by using the existing patient data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Divya
- Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics, University of Madras, Tamilnadu 600005, India
| | - M. Pitchaimani
- Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics, University of Madras, Tamilnadu 600005, India
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26
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Fatehi Chenar F, Kyrychko YN, Blyuss KB. Mathematical model of immune response to hepatitis B. J Theor Biol 2018; 447:98-110. [PMID: 29574141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new detailed mathematical model for dynamics of immune response to hepatitis B is proposed, which takes into account contributions from innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as cytokines. Stability analysis of different steady states is performed to identify parameter regions where the model exhibits clearance of infection, maintenance of a chronic infection, or periodic oscillations. Effects of nucleoside analogues and interferon treatments are analysed, and the critical drug efficiency is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fatehi Chenar
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Y N Kyrychko
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - K B Blyuss
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.
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27
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Neagu IA, Olejarz J, Freeman M, Rosenbloom DI, Nowak MA, Hill AL. Life cycle synchronization is a viral drug resistance mechanism. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1005947. [PMID: 29447150 PMCID: PMC5813899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are one of the major causes of death worldwide, with HIV infection alone resulting in over 1.2 million casualties per year. Antiviral drugs are now being administered for a variety of viral infections, including HIV, hepatitis B and C, and influenza. These therapies target a specific phase of the virus's life cycle, yet their ultimate success depends on a variety of factors, such as adherence to a prescribed regimen and the emergence of viral drug resistance. The epidemiology and evolution of drug resistance have been extensively characterized, and it is generally assumed that drug resistance arises from mutations that alter the virus's susceptibility to the direct action of the drug. In this paper, we consider the possibility that a virus population can evolve towards synchronizing its life cycle with the pattern of drug therapy. The periodicity of the drug treatment could then allow for a virus strain whose life cycle length is a multiple of the dosing interval to replicate only when the concentration of the drug is lowest. This process, referred to as "drug tolerance by synchronization", could allow the virus population to maximize its overall fitness without having to alter drug binding or complete its life cycle in the drug's presence. We use mathematical models and stochastic simulations to show that life cycle synchronization can indeed be a mechanism of viral drug tolerance. We show that this effect is more likely to occur when the variability in both viral life cycle and drug dose timing are low. More generally, we find that in the presence of periodic drug levels, time-averaged calculations of viral fitness do not accurately predict drug levels needed to eradicate infection, even if there is no synchronization. We derive an analytical expression for viral fitness that is sufficient to explain the drug-pattern-dependent survival of strains with any life cycle length. We discuss the implications of these findings for clinically relevant antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia A. Neagu
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason Olejarz
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Freeman
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel I.S. Rosenbloom
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin A. Nowak
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alison L. Hill
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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28
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Ren X, Tian Y, Liu L, Liu X. A reaction–diffusion within-host HIV model with cell-to-cell transmission. J Math Biol 2018; 76:1831-1872. [DOI: 10.1007/s00285-017-1202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Rodrigues F, J. Silva C, F. M. Torres D, Maurer H. Optimal control of a delayed HIV model. DISCRETE & CONTINUOUS DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS - B 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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30
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Miao H, Teng Z, Abdurahman X, Li Z. Global stability of a diffusive and delayed virus infection model with general incidence function and adaptive immune response. COMPUTATIONAL AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7149116 DOI: 10.1007/s40314-017-0543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the dynamical behaviors for a five-dimensional virus infection model with diffusion and two delays which describes the interactions of antibody, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses and a general incidence function are investigated. The reproduction numbers for virus infection, antibody immune response, CTL immune response, CTL immune competition and antibody immune competition, respectively, are calculated. By using the Lyapunov functionals and linearization methods, the threshold conditions on the global stability of the equilibria for infection-free, immune-free, antibody response, CTL response and antibody and CTL responses, respectively, are established if the space is assumed as homogeneous. When the space is inhomogeneous, the effects of diffusion, intracellular delay and production delay are obtained by the numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Miao
- School of Applied Mathematics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, 030006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhidong Teng
- College of Mathematics and System Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xamxinur Abdurahman
- College of Mathematics and System Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Li
- College of Mathematics and System Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 People’s Republic of China
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31
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Alshorman A, Wang X, Joseph Meyer M, Rong L. Analysis of HIV models with two time delays. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2017; 11:40-64. [PMID: 26889761 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2016.1148202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Time delays can affect the dynamics of HIV infection predicted by mathematical models. In this paper, we studied two mathematical models each with two time delays. In the first model with HIV latency, one delay is the time between viral entry into a cell and the establishment of HIV latency, and the other delay is the time between cell infection and viral production. We defined the basic reproductive number and showed the local and global stability of the steady states. Numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the influence of time delays on the dynamics. In the second model with HIV immune response, one delay is the time between cell infection and viral production, and the other delay is the time needed for the adaptive immune response to emerge to control viral replication. With two positive delays, we obtained the stability crossing curves for the model, which were shown to be a series of open-ended curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Alshorman
- a Department of Mathematics and Statistics , Oakland University , Rochester , MI , USA
| | - Xia Wang
- b College of Mathematics and Information Science , Xinyang Normal University , Xinyang , People's Republic of China
| | - M Joseph Meyer
- a Department of Mathematics and Statistics , Oakland University , Rochester , MI , USA
| | - Libin Rong
- a Department of Mathematics and Statistics , Oakland University , Rochester , MI , USA
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32
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Stability and optimal control of a delayed HIV model. MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN THE APPLIED SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mma.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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33
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34
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Abstract
Infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is determined through the decay of healthy CD4+ T-cells in a well-mixed compartment, such as a bloodstream. A mathematical model is considered to illustrate the effects of combined drug therapy, i.e. reverse transcription plus protease inhibitor, on viral growth and T-cell population dynamics. This model is used to explain the existence and stability of infected and uninfected steady states in HIV growth. An analytical technique, called variational iteration method (VIM), is used to solve the mathematical model. This method is modified to obtain the rapidly convergent successive approximations of the exact solution. These approximations are obtained without any restrictions or the transformations that may change the physical behavior of the problem. Numerical simulations are computed and exhibited to illustrate the effects of proposed drug therapy on the growth or decay of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. D. Sharma
- Department of Mathematics, Kurukshetra University, India
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35
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Ali N, Zaman G. Asymptotic behavior of HIV-1 epidemic model with infinite distributed intracellular delays. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:324. [PMID: 27066352 PMCID: PMC4789014 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, asymptotic analysis of an HIV-1 epidemic model with distributed intracellular delays is proposed. One delay term represents the latent period which is the time when the target cells are contacted by the virus particles and the time the contacted cells become actively infected and the second delay term represents the virus production period which is the time when the new virions are created within the cell and are released from the cell. The infection free equilibrium and the chronic-infection equilibrium have been shown to be locally asymptotically stable by using Rouths Hurwiths criterion and general theory of delay differential equations. Similarly, by using Lyapunov functionals and LaSalle’s invariance principle, it is proved that if the basic reproduction ratio is less than unity, then the infection-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and if the basic reproduction ratio is greater than unity, the chronic-infection equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Finally, numerical results with conclusion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigar Ali
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Pakistan
| | - Gul Zaman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Pakistan
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36
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Wang X, Song X, Tang S, Rong L. Dynamics of an HIV Model with Multiple Infection Stages and Treatment with Different Drug Classes. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:322-49. [PMID: 26842389 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-016-0145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy can effectively control HIV replication in infected individuals. Some clinical and modeling studies suggested that viral decay dynamics may depend on the inhibited stages of the viral replication cycle. In this paper, we develop a general mathematical model incorporating multiple infection stages and various drug classes that can interfere with specific stages of the viral life cycle. We derive the basic reproductive number and obtain the global stability results of steady states. Using several simple cases of the general model, we study the effect of various drug classes on the dynamics of HIV decay. When drugs are assumed to be 100% effective, drugs acting later in the viral life cycle lead to a faster or more rapid decay in viremia. This is consistent with some patient and experimental data, and also agrees with previous modeling results. When drugs are not 100% effective, the viral decay dynamics are more complicated. Without a second population of long-lived infected cells, the viral load decline can have two phases if drugs act at an intermediate stage of the viral replication cycle. The slopes of viral load decline depend on the drug effectiveness, the death rate of infected cells at different stages, and the transition rate of infected cells from one to the next stage. With a second population of long-lived infected cells, the viral load decline can have three distinct phases, consistent with the observation in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy containing the integrase inhibitor raltegravir. We also fit modeling prediction to patient data under efavirenz (a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor) and raltegravir treatment. The first-phase viral load decline under raltegravir therapy is longer than that under efavirenz, resulting in a lower viral load at initiation of the second-phase decline in patients taking raltegravir. This explains why patients taking a raltegravir-based therapy were faster to achieve viral suppression than those taking an efavirenz-based therapy. Taken together, this work provides a quantitative and systematic comparison of the effect of different drug classes on HIV decay dynamics and can explain the viral load decline in HIV patients treated with raltegravir-containing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- School of Mathematics and Information Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
- College of Mathematics and Information Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Xinyu Song
- College of Mathematics and Information Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Sanyi Tang
- School of Mathematics and Information Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
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37
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Tian Y, Yuan Y. Effect of time delays in an HIV virotherapy model with nonlinear incidence. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20150626. [PMID: 27118890 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a mathematical model for HIV infection with delays in cell infection and virus production. The model examines a viral therapy for controlling infections through recombining HIV with a genetically modified virus. For this model, we derive two biologically insightful quantities (reproduction numbers) [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and their threshold properties are discussed. When [Formula: see text], the infection-free equilibrium E0 is globally asymptotically stable. If [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the single-infection equilibrium Es is globally asymptotically stable. When [Formula: see text], there occurs the double-infection equilibrium Ed, and there exists a constant Rb such that Ed is asymptotically stable if [Formula: see text]. Some simulations are performed to support and complement the theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tian
- Department of Mathematics , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1C 5S7
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38
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Yan AWC, Cao P, McCaw JM. On the extinction probability in models of within-host infection: the role of latency and immunity. J Math Biol 2016; 73:787-813. [PMID: 26748917 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-015-0961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Not every exposure to virus establishes infection in the host; instead, the small amount of initial virus could become extinct due to stochastic events. Different diseases and routes of transmission have a different average number of exposures required to establish an infection. Furthermore, the host immune response and antiviral treatment affect not only the time course of the viral load provided infection occurs, but can prevent infection altogether by increasing the extinction probability. We show that the extinction probability when there is a time-dependent immune response depends on the chosen form of the model-specifically, on the presence or absence of a delay between infection of a cell and production of virus, and the distribution of latent and infectious periods of an infected cell. We hypothesise that experimentally measuring the extinction probability when the virus is introduced at different stages of the immune response, alongside the viral load which is usually measured, will improve parameter estimates and determine the most suitable mathematical form of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W C Yan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pengxing Cao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Modelling and Simulation, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Prakash M, Balasubramaniam P. Stability and multi-parametric Hopf bifurcation analyses of viral infection model with time delay. INT J BIOMATH 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s179352451550059x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ever since HIV was first diagnosed in human, a great number of scientific works have been undertaken to explore the biological mechanisms involved in the infection and progression of the disease. This paper deals with stability and bifurcation analyses of mathematical model that represents the dynamics of HIV infection of thymus. The existence and stability of the equilibria are investigated. The model is described by a system of delay differential equations with logistic growth term, cure rate and discrete type of time delay. Choosing the time delay as a bifurcation parameter, the analysis is mainly focused on the Hopf bifurcation problem to predict the existence of a limit cycle bifurcating from the infected steady state. Further, using center manifold theory and normal form method we derive explicit formulae to determine the stability and direction of the limit cycles. Moreover the mitosis rate r also plays a vital role in the model, so we fix it as second bifurcation parameter in the incidence of viral infection. Our analysis shows that, while both the bifurcation parameters can destabilize the equilibrium E* and cause limit cycles. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the qualitative behaviors of the inherent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Prakash
- Department of Mathematics, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Deemed University, Gandhigram 624 302, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Balasubramaniam
- Department of Mathematics, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Deemed University, Gandhigram 624 302, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kakizoe Y, Nakaoka S, Beauchemin CAA, Morita S, Mori H, Igarashi T, Aihara K, Miura T, Iwami S. A method to determine the duration of the eclipse phase for in vitro infection with a highly pathogenic SHIV strain. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10371. [PMID: 25996439 PMCID: PMC4440524 DOI: 10.1038/srep10371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The time elapsed between successful cell infection and the start of virus production is called the eclipse phase. Its duration is specific to each virus strain and, along with an effective virus production rate, plays a key role in infection kinetics. How the eclipse phase varies amongst cells infected with the same virus strain and therefore how best to mathematically represent its duration is not clear. Most mathematical models either neglect this phase or assume it is exponentially distributed, such that at least some if not all cells can produce virus immediately upon infection. Biologically, this is unrealistic (one must allow for the translation, transcription, export, etc. to take place), but could be appropriate if the duration of the eclipse phase is negligible on the time-scale of the infection. If it is not, however, ignoring this delay affects the accuracy of the mathematical model, its parameter estimates, and predictions. Here, we introduce a new approach, consisting in a carefully designed experiment and simple analytical expressions, to determine the duration and distribution of the eclipse phase in vitro. We find that the eclipse phase of SHIV-KS661 lasts on average one day and is consistent with an Erlang distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kakizoe
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakaoka
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mori
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- 1] Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan [2] Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shingo Iwami
- 1] Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan [2] PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan [3] CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan
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42
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Yang Y, Zou L, Ruan S. Global dynamics of a delayed within-host viral infection model with both virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell transmissions. Math Biosci 2015; 270:183-91. [PMID: 25998145 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A within-host viral infection model with both virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell transmissions and three distributed delays is investigated, in which the first distributed delay describes the intracellular latency for the virus-to-cell infection, the second delay represents the intracellular latency for the cell-to-cell infection, and the third delay describes the time period that viruses penetrated into cells and infected cells release new virions. The global stability analysis of the model is carried out in terms of the basic reproduction number R0. If R0≤1, the infection-free (semi-trivial) equilibrium is the unique equilibrium and is globally stable; if R0>1, the chronic infection (positive) equilibrium exists and is globally stable under certain assumptions. Examples and numerical simulations for several special cases are presented, including various within-host dynamics models with discrete or distributed delays that have been well-studied in the literature. It is found that the global stability of the chronic infection equilibrium might change in some special cases when the assumptions do not hold. The results show that the model can be applied to describe the within-host dynamics of HBV, HIV, or HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- School of Science and Technology, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
| | - Lan Zou
- Department of Mathematics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shigui Ruan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-4250, USA.
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43
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Simple mathematical models do not accurately predict early SIV dynamics. Viruses 2015; 7:1189-217. [PMID: 25781919 PMCID: PMC4379566 DOI: 10.3390/v7031189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon infection of a new host, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replicates in the mucosal tissues and is generally undetectable in circulation for 1–2 weeks post-infection. Several interventions against HIV including vaccines and antiretroviral prophylaxis target virus replication at this earliest stage of infection. Mathematical models have been used to understand how HIV spreads from mucosal tissues systemically and what impact vaccination and/or antiretroviral prophylaxis has on viral eradication. Because predictions of such models have been rarely compared to experimental data, it remains unclear which processes included in these models are critical for predicting early HIV dynamics. Here we modified the “standard” mathematical model of HIV infection to include two populations of infected cells: cells that are actively producing the virus and cells that are transitioning into virus production mode. We evaluated the effects of several poorly known parameters on infection outcomes in this model and compared model predictions to experimental data on infection of non-human primates with variable doses of simian immunodifficiency virus (SIV). First, we found that the mode of virus production by infected cells (budding vs. bursting) has a minimal impact on the early virus dynamics for a wide range of model parameters, as long as the parameters are constrained to provide the observed rate of SIV load increase in the blood of infected animals. Interestingly and in contrast with previous results, we found that the bursting mode of virus production generally results in a higher probability of viral extinction than the budding mode of virus production. Second, this mathematical model was not able to accurately describe the change in experimentally determined probability of host infection with increasing viral doses. Third and finally, the model was also unable to accurately explain the decline in the time to virus detection with increasing viral dose. These results suggest that, in order to appropriately model early HIV/SIV dynamics, additional factors must be considered in the model development. These may include variability in monkey susceptibility to infection, within-host competition between different viruses for target cells at the initial site of virus replication in the mucosa, innate immune response, and possibly the inclusion of several different tissue compartments. The sobering news is that while an increase in model complexity is needed to explain the available experimental data, testing and rejection of more complex models may require more quantitative data than is currently available.
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44
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Elaiw AM, Abukwaik RM, Alzahrani EO. Global properties of a cell mediated immunity in HIV infection model with two classes of target cells and distributed delays. INT J BIOMATH 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524514500557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study the global properties of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection model with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) immune response. The model is a six-dimensional that describes the interaction of the HIV with two classes of target cells, CD4+ T cells and macrophages. The infection rate is given by saturation functional response. Two types of distributed time delays are incorporated into the model to describe the time needed for infection of target cell and virus replication. Using the method of Lyapunov functional, we have established that the global stability of the model is determined by two threshold numbers, the basic infection reproduction number R0 and the immune response activation number [Formula: see text]. We have proven that if R0 ≤ 1, then the uninfected steady state is globally asymptotically stable (GAS), if [Formula: see text], then the infected steady state without CTL immune response is GAS, and if [Formula: see text], then the infected steady state with CTL immune response is GAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - R. M. Abukwaik
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - E. O. Alzahrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Lim AG, Maini PK. HTLV-I infection: a dynamic struggle between viral persistence and host immunity. J Theor Biol 2014; 352:92-108. [PMID: 24583256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) causes chronic infection for which there is no cure or neutralising vaccine. HTLV-I has been clinically linked to the development of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL), an aggressive blood cancer, and HAM/TSP, a progressive neurological and inflammatory disease. Infected individuals typically mount a large, persistently activated CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HTLV-I-infected cells, but ultimately fail to effectively eliminate the virus. Moreover, the identification of determinants to disease manifestation has thus far been elusive. A key issue in current HTLV-I research is to better understand the dynamic interaction between persistent infection by HTLV-I and virus-specific host immunity. Recent experimental hypotheses for the persistence of HTLV-I in vivo have led to the development of mathematical models illuminating the balance between proviral latency and activation in the target cell population. We investigate the role of a constantly changing anti-viral immune environment acting in response to the effects of infected T-cell activation and subsequent viral expression. The resulting model is a four-dimensional, non-linear system of ordinary differential equations that describes the dynamic interactions among viral expression, infected target cell activation, and the HTLV-I-specific CTL response. The global dynamics of the model is established through the construction of appropriate Lyapunov functions. Examining the particular roles of viral expression and host immunity during the chronic phase of HTLV-I infection offers important insights regarding the evolution of viral persistence and proposes a hypothesis for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Lim
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
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46
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Toro HD, Londoño CA, Trujillo Salazar CA. Modelo de simulación para la infección por VIH y su interacción con la respuesta inmune citotóxica. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v16n1.37530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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47
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Toro Zapata HD, Caicedo Casso AG, Bichara D, Lee S. Role of active and inactive cytotoxic immune response in human immunodeficiency virus dynamics. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014; 5:3-8. [PMID: 24955306 PMCID: PMC4064640 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mathematical models can be helpful to understand the complex dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus infection within a host. Most of work has studied the interactions of host responses and virus in the presence of active cytotoxic immune cells, which decay to zero when there is no virus. However, recent research highlights that cytotoxic immune cells can be inactive but never be depleted. Methods We propose a mathematical model to investigate the human immunodeficiency virus dynamics in the presence of both active and inactive cytotoxic immune cells within a host. We explore the impact of the immune responses on the dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus infection under different disease stages. Results Standard mathematical and numerical analyses are presented for this new model. Specifically, the basic reproduction number is computed and local and global stability analyses are discussed. Conclusion Our results can give helpful insights when designing more effective drug schedules in the presence of active and inactive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derdei Bichara
- Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sunmi Lee
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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LI BING, LIU SHENGQIANG. A DELAYED HIV-1 MODEL WITH MULTIPLE TARGET CELLS AND GENERAL NONLINEAR INCIDENCE RATE. J BIOL SYST 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339013400123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigate a delayed HIV-1 infection model with general nonlinear incidence functions and two classes of target cells: CD4+ T-cells and macrophages. To account for the time lags between viruses' entry into the corresponding two types of target cells and the production of new virus particles, we incorporate four distributed intracellular delays into the model. We show that the basic reproduction number ℜ0 is the sum of the basic reproduction numbers of HIV-1 infection with CD4+ T-cells and that with macrophages; moreover, if ℜ0 is less than or equal to one, then the HIV-1 infection is cleared from the T-cell population and macrophages; whereas if ℜ0 is larger than one, then the viral concentration maintains at some constant level. It is shown, from both our analytic and numeric results, that ignoring the contributions of macrophages to HIV-1 infection and production will underestimate both the risk of HIV-1 infection and the viral load when persisting. This highlights the important effects of multiple target cells on HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- BING LI
- Department of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, P. R. China
- School of Mathematical Science, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150000, P. R. China
| | - SHENGQIANG LIU
- Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, 3041#, 2 Yi-Kuang Street, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
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49
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Wang X, Liu S, Rong L. Permanence and extinction of a non-autonomous HIV-1
model with time delays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3934/dcdsb.2014.19.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Brewer E, Lowman AM. Assessing the transport of receptor-mediated drug-delivery devices across cellular monolayers. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2013; 25:455-73. [PMID: 24365379 PMCID: PMC4441268 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2013.870026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) has been extensively studied as a method for augmenting the transport of therapeutic devices across monolayers. These devices range from simple ligand-therapeutic conjugates to complex ligand-nanocarrier systems. However, characterizing the uptake of these carriers typically relies on their comparisons to the native therapeutic, which provides no understanding of the ligand or cellular performance. To better understand the potential of the RME pathway, a model for monolayer transport was designed based on the endocytosis cycle of transferrin, a ligand often used in RME drug-delivery devices. This model established the correlation between apical receptor concentration and transport capability. Experimental studies confirmed this relationship, demonstrating an upper transport limit independent of the applied dose. This contrasts with the dose-proportional pathways that native therapeutics rely on for transport. Thus, the direct comparison of these two transport mechanisms can produce misleading results that change with arbitrarily chosen doses. Furthermore, transport potential was hindered by repeated use of the RME cycle. Future studies should base the success of this technology not on the performance of the therapeutic itself, but on the capabilities of the cell. Using receptor-binding studies, we were able to demonstrate how these capabilities can be predicted and potentially adopted for high-throughput screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Brewer
- Drexel University, 3201 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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