[Stress, cardiovascular disease and hypertension]

Association between self-perceived psychological stress and transitory ischaemic attack and minor stroke: A case-control study

INTRODUCTION

Stroke has a complex aetiopathogenesis influenced by numerous risk factors. There is growing interest in the study of the pathophysiological changes associated with stress and their potential relationship with cerebrovascular disease. The purpose of this paper is to assess the strength of association between exposure to stress and stroke.

METHODS

We conducted a case-control study (1:1) to compare exposure to stress in a group of patients with a history of a first transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke and in a control group. Participants were asked a subjective question about their perception of stress in the previous months and completed the standardised Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used for data analysis.

RESULTS

The study included data on 50 cases and 50 controls. There were no significant differences in demographic variables and economic, social, and employment status between cases and controls. Fifty percent of the cases reported moderate to severe stress, compared to 30% of controls (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.02-5.30; P=.041). ERI questionnaire results found that greater effort at work (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.19-1.83) and greater commitment is associated with stroke (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.17-1.54), while higher reward constitutes a protective factor against the disease (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.61-0.82).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a strong association between self-perceived psychological stress and TIA. The imbalance between effort and reward at work is also clearly related to TIA.

Algorithms based on CWT and classifiers to control cardiac alterations and stress using an ECG and a SCR

This paper presents the results of using a commercial pulsimeter as an electrocardiogram (ECG) for wireless detection of cardiac alterations and stress levels for home control. For these purposes, signal processing techniques (Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and J48) have been used, respectively. The designed algorithm analyses the ECG signal and is able to detect the heart rate (99.42%), arrhythmia (93.48%) and extrasystoles (99.29%). The detection of stress level is complemented with Skin Conductance Response (SCR), whose success is 94.02%. The heart rate variability does not show added value to the stress detection in this case. With this pulsimeter, it is possible to prevent and detect anomalies for a non-intrusive way associated to a telemedicine system. It is also possible to use it during physical activity due to the fact the CWT minimizes the motion artifacts.

A influência de fatores emocionais sobre a hipertensão arterial

OBJETIVO: Realizar revisão bibliográfica de artigos que abordam a relação entre hipertensão arterial e fatores emocionais, levando em consideração a relevância do tema. MÉTODOS: Fez-se busca ativa na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, na base de dados MedLine (1997-2008), utilizando palavras da língua portuguesa. Os descritores de assunto escolhidos foram "hipertensão" e "doença cardíaca coronária". Em seguida, refinou-se a busca com os termos "hostilidade", "raiva", "ansiedade", "comportamento impulsivo" e "personalidade impulsiva". Não foram selecionados artigos que tratavam exclusivamente de doenças cardiovasculares e fatores psicológicos ou que associavam hipertensão e doenças cardiovasculares com depressão e doença de Alzheimer. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Há inconsistência nos achados que relacionam os fatores emocionais com a hipertensão arterial e cardiopatias. Foram encontrados tanto estudos que demonstram relação positiva da raiva, hostilidade, ansiedade, impulsividade e estresse com hipertensão e doenças cardiovasculares quanto estudos que retratam relações negativas. CONCLUSÃO: O que se pode inferir das relações pesquisadas é que o risco de desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial e a reatividade cardiovascular parecem ser influenciados por fatores emocionais como impulsividade, hostilidade, estressores, ansiedade e raiva. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para melhor elucidar essas relações.

Hiperreactividad cardiovascular en pacientes con antecedentes familiares de hipertensión arterial

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The association between family history of essential high blood pressure (FH of HBP) and the cardiovascular hyperactivity to the isometric exercise is not well known; that is why the aim of this study was to describe this relation and to determine whether it is independent of the presence of cardiovascular risk factors.

PATIENTS AND METHOD

We carried out a correlational descriptive study with a sample of 1855 people of both sexes between 18 and 70 years of age. The cardiovascular hyperactivity, expression of the cardiovascular response to the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), was determined by means of the test of the sustained weight (TSW). Comparisons of the values of cardiovascular reactivity were developed between individuals with and without FH of HBP and a model of logistical regression. The level of statistical significance was 95%.

RESULTS

The arterial blood pressure at the end of the TSW was higher in individuals with FH of HBP independently of the age group. The cardiovascular hyperactivity, measured by means of they systolic index of cardiovascular reactivity, was also significantly higher in subjects with FH of HBP. Finally, individuals with FH of HBP showed a higher risk (more than 5 times) of having cardiovascular hyperactivity (OR = 5.16; CI 95%, 3.51-7.59), this association being independent of other cardiovascular factors of risk.

CONCLUSIONS

The FH of HBP is independently related to the cardiovascular hyperactivity, to the isometric exercise, of other cardiovascular risks factors. These elements help explain the relationship between cardiovascular hyperactivity, the activity of SNS and essential high blood pressure, at least in an important group of people.