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Wen S, Li C, Zhan X. Muti-omics integration analysis revealed molecular network alterations in human nonfunctional pituitary neuroendocrine tumors in the framework of 3P medicine. EPMA J 2022; 13:9-37. [PMID: 35273657 PMCID: PMC8897533 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonfuctional pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (NF-PitNET) is highly heterogeneous and generally considered a common intracranial tumor. A series of molecules are involved in NF-PitNET pathogenesis that alter in multiple levels of genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, and those molecules mutually interact to form dynamically associated molecular-network systems. This article reviewed signaling pathway alterations in NF-PitNET based on the analyses of the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, and emphasized signaling pathway network alterations based on the integrative omics, including calcium signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway, oxidative stress response, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell cycle dysregulation, and those signaling pathway networks are important for NF-PitNET formation and progression. Especially, this review article emphasized the altered signaling pathways and their key molecules related to NF-PitNET invasiveness and aggressiveness that are challenging clinical problems. Furthermore, the currently used medication and potential therapeutic agents that target these important signaling pathway networks are also summarized. These signaling pathway network changes offer important resources for insights into molecular mechanisms, discovery of effective biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for patient stratification, predictive diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and targeted therapy of NF-PitNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, Shandong 250117 People’s Republic of China ,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, Shandong 250117 People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunling Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, Shandong 250117 People’s Republic of China ,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, Shandong 250117 People’s Republic of China ,Gastroenterology Research Institute and Clinical Center, Shandong First Medical University, 38 Wuying Shan Road, Jinan, Shandong 250031 People’s Republic of China
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Denes V, Geck P, Mester A, Gabriel R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: 30 Years in Research Spotlight and 600 Million Years in Service. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091488. [PMID: 31540472 PMCID: PMC6780647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging from the depths of evolution, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (i.e., PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) are present in multicellular organisms from Tunicates to humans and govern a remarkable number of physiological processes. Consequently, the clinical relevance of PACAP systems spans a multifaceted palette that includes more than 40 disorders. We aimed to present the versatility of PACAP1-38 actions with a focus on three aspects: (1) when PACAP1-38 could be a cause of a malfunction, (2) when PACAP1-38 could be the cure for a malfunction, and (3) when PACAP1-38 could either improve or impair biology. PACAP1-38 is implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder whereas an outstanding protective potential has been established in ischemia and in Alzheimer’s disease. Lastly, PACAP receptors could mediate opposing effects both in cancers and in inflammation. In the light of the above, the duration and concentrations of PACAP agents must be carefully set at any application to avoid unwanted consequences. An enormous amount of data accumulated since its discovery (1989) and the first clinical trials are dated in 2017. Thus in the field of PACAP research: “this is not the end, not even the beginning of the end, but maybe the end of the beginning.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Denes
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Peter Geck
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Adrienn Mester
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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Sun W, Jiao W, Huang Y, Li R, Zhang Z, Wang J, Lei T. Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP induce the proliferation of rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells via the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:355-359. [PMID: 28216156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3'-5'-monophosphate (cAMP) plays a crucial role in regulating pituitary cell proliferation and hormone synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epacs) may mediate the effects of cAMP. Here we used rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells as the experiment model to demonstrate that forskolin increased the proliferation of GH3 cells and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and these effects were inhibited by PKA or Epac inhibitors. Epac activator 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP increased GH3 cell proliferation and this was blocked by ESI-09, an Epac inhibitor. In contrast, forskolin-induced phosphorylation of CREB was unaffected by Epac inhibition. Notably, increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was correlated with increased cyclin D3 expression in GH3 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of Epac as well as B-Raf and MEK inhibitors blocked 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP induced proliferation of GH3 cells and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. In conclusion, our study suggests that Epac mediates cAMP induced pituitary cell proliferation via B-Raf and MAPK dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Wei Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
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Formosa R, Vassallo J. cAMP signalling in the normal and tumorigenic pituitary gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 392:37-50. [PMID: 24845420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
cAMP signalling plays a key role in the normal physiology of the pituitary gland, regulating cellular growth and proliferation, hormone production and release. Deregulation of the cAMP signalling pathway has been reported to be a common occurrence in pituitary tumorigenesis. Several mechanisms have been implicated including somatic mutations, gene-gene interactions and gene-environmental interactions. Somatic mutations in G-proteins and protein kinases directly alter cAMP signalling, while malfunctioning of other signalling pathways such as the Raf/MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Wnt pathways which normally interact with the cAMP pathway may mediate indirect effects on cAMP and varying downstream effectors. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling pathway has been implicated in pituitary tumorigenesis and we review its role in general and specifically in relation to cAMP de-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Formosa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Level 0, Block A, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida MSD2080, Malta.
| | - J Vassallo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Level 0, Block A, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida MSD2080, Malta.
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
This brief review summarizes various schemes which were introduced to classify pituitary tumors of adenohypophysial origin. Many different classifications were proposed. Pathologists prefer classifications based on the morphologic features of tumor cells. The gold standard is the light microscopic study of hematoxylin-eosin stained sections of formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. For correlation between hormone production, secretory activity and cytogenesis, immunohistochemical and transmission electron microscopic investigation is needed. We are convinced that in the future, molecular and genetic techniques will also be applied. We present here our five-tier scheme for classification of pituitary tumors which was accepted by the 'World Health Organization International Histological Classification of Tumours'. This classification takes into consideration the clinical and laboratory findings, imaging results, histologic, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural features of tumor cells. Despite several recent attempts to assess the growth rate, aggressiveness and invasiveness of pituitary tumors, more work is required to draw conclusions on their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kovacs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Oka H, Jin L, Reubi JC, Qian X, Scheithauer BW, Fujii K, Kameya T, Lloyd RV. Pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) binding sites and PACAP/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor expression in human pituitary adenomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:1787-96. [PMID: 9846969 PMCID: PMC1866343 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulates release of several anterior pituitary hormones by interacting with PACAP receptors on pituitary cells. To learn more about the distribution and possible regulatory roles of PACAP and its receptors in human pituitary adenomas, we investigated the expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and PACAP binding sites using receptor autoradiography, PACAP and PACAP/VIP receptor (PVR) mRNAs by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), conventional in situ hybridization, and catalyzed reporter deposition in situ hybridization (CARD-ISH) analyses. PACAP mRNA was expressed in normal human hypothalamus, which was used as a positive control, but not in pituitary adenomas. Receptor autoradiography showed PACAP types I and II binding sites in all groups of pituitary adenomas, except prolactinomas. The highest levels were present in gonadotroph and null cell adenomas. PVR-2 mRNA was expressed in normal pituitaries and in all groups of pituitary adenomas by RT-PCR, whereas PVR-1 and -3 mRNAs were expressed in all groups of pituitary adenomas, except for most prolactinomas. Conventional in situ hybridization studies with digoxigenin-labeled probes demonstrated weak staining for PVR-1, -2, and -3 mRNAs in most tissues. The CARD-ISH technique, which increased the sensitivity of the in situ hybridization method, also revealed PVR-2 mRNA expression in all adenomas, whereas PVR-1 and -3 mRNAs were detected in nearly all adenomas except for prolactinomas. The presence of PACAP mRNA in the hypothalamus, but not in normal anterior pituitary or in pituitary adenomas, and the differential expression of PVRs in adenomas indicate a selective regulatory endocrine and paracrine role of PACAP in normal and neoplastic anterior pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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