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Totsuka Y, Higuchi T, Imai T, Nishikawa A, Nohmi T, Kato T, Masuda S, Kinae N, Hiyoshi K, Ogo S, Kawanishi M, Yagi T, Ichinose T, Fukumori N, Watanabe M, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Genotoxicity of nano/microparticles in in vitro micronuclei, in vivo comet and mutation assay systems. Part Fibre Toxicol 2009; 6:23. [PMID: 19725983 PMCID: PMC2745356 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, manufactured nano/microparticles such as fullerenes (C60), carbon black (CB) and ceramic fiber are being widely used because of their desirable properties in industrial, medical and cosmetic fields. However, there are few data on these particles in mammalian mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. To examine genotoxic effects by C60, CB and kaolin, an in vitro micronuclei (MN) test was conducted with human lung cancer cell line, A549 cells. In addition, DNA damage and mutations were analyzed by in vivo assay systems using male C57BL/6J or gpt delta transgenic mice which were intratracheally instilled with single or multiple doses of 0.2 mg per animal of particles. RESULTS In in vitro genotoxic analysis, increased MN frequencies were observed in A549 cells treated with C60, CB and kaolin in a dose-dependent manner. These three nano/microparticles also induced DNA damage in the lungs of C57BL/6J mice measured by comet assay. Moreover, single or multiple instillations of C60 and kaolin, increased either or both of gpt and Spi- mutant frequencies in the lungs of gpt delta transgenic mice. Mutation spectra analysis showed transversions were predominant, and more than 60% of the base substitutions occurred at G:C base pairs in the gpt genes. The G:C to C:G transversion was commonly increased by these particle instillations. CONCLUSION Manufactured nano/microparticles, CB, C60 and kaolin, were shown to be genotoxic in in vitro and in vivo assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Totsuka
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Toshio Imai
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shuich Masuda
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Naohide Kinae
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hiyoshi
- Fundamental Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yada, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ogo
- Environmental Genetics Laboratory, Frontier Science Innovation Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho Naka-ku, Sakai-city, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawanishi
- Environmental Genetics Laboratory, Frontier Science Innovation Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho Naka-ku, Sakai-city, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - Takashi Yagi
- Environmental Genetics Laboratory, Frontier Science Innovation Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho Naka-ku, Sakai-city, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ichinose
- Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 2944-9 Megusuno, Oita-city, Oita, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fukumori
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1, Hyakunin-cho 3-Chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Watanabe
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, Graduate School of Engineering, 79-5, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugimura
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Erdeniz N, Nguyen M, Deschênes SM, Liskay RM. Mutations affecting a putative MutLalpha endonuclease motif impact multiple mismatch repair functions. DNA Repair (Amst) 2007; 6:1463-70. [PMID: 17567544 PMCID: PMC2366940 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) lead to increased mutation rates and higher recombination between similar, but not identical sequences, as well as resistance to certain DNA methylating agents. Recently, a component of human MMR machinery, MutLalpha, has been shown to display a latent endonuclease activity. The endonuclease active site appears to include a conserved motif, DQHA(X)(2)E(X)(4)E, within the COOH-terminus of human PMS2. Substitution of the glutamic acid residue (E705) abolished the endonuclease activity and mismatch-dependent excision in vitro. Previously, we showed that the PMS2-E705K mutation and the corresponding mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were both recessive loss of function alleles for mutation avoidance in vivo. Here, we show that mutations impacting this endonuclease motif also significantly affect MMR-dependent suppression of homeologous recombination in yeast and responses to S(n)1-type methylating agents in both yeast and mammalian cells. Thus, our in vivo results suggest that the endonuclease activity of MutLalpha is important not only in MMR-dependent mutation avoidance but also for recombination and damage response functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naz Erdeniz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University L103, 3181 SW, Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | - Megan Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University L103, 3181 SW, Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Deschênes
- Department of Biology, Sacred Heart University, 5151 Park Ave., Fairfield, CT 06825, United States
| | - R. Michael Liskay
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University L103, 3181 SW, Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
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5
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Sato Y, Takahashi S, Kinouchi Y, Shiraki M, Endo K, Matsumura Y, Kakuta Y, Tosa M, Motida A, Abe H, Imai G, Yokoyama H, Nomura E, Negoro K, Takagi S, Aihara H, Masumura KI, Nohmi T, Shimosegawa T. IL-10 deficiency leads to somatic mutations in a model of IBD. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27:1068-73. [PMID: 16407368 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of developing gastrointestinal cancer. Here, we have tested the possibility that chronic inflammation could trigger mutations. For this, we have used IL-10-deficient (IL-10-/-) mice, which spontaneously develop intestinal inflammation, in combination with a transgenic gpt gene and red/gam gene (gpt+IL-10-/-), which is a well-characterized mutation reporter locus. The total mutation frequency in the colon of gpt+IL-10-/- mice was about five times higher than that in normal gpt+IL-10+/+ mice. In the particular case of G:C to A:T transitions, the frequency of mutations in gpt+IL-10-/- mice was 4.1 times higher than that in control mice. Interestingly, the frequency of small deletions and insertions was also strikingly increased (approximately 10 times). The majority of the deletion or insertion mutations were observed in the monotonous base runs or adjacent repeats of short tandem sequences. In contrast, the frequency of large deletions, detected by loss of the Spi marker present in the red/gam transgene, was similar among the mouse strains. Finally, as a control, the mutation frequency in non-inflamed tissues, such as the liver, were similar between gpt+IL-10-/- mice and gpt+IL-10+/+ mice. Our data demonstrate that the chronic inflammatory environment in the colon promotes the generation of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichirou Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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6
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Chen PC, Dudley S, Hagen W, Dizon D, Paxton L, Reichow D, Yoon SR, Yang K, Arnheim N, Liskay RM, Lipkin SM. Contributions by MutL homologues Mlh3 and Pms2 to DNA mismatch repair and tumor suppression in the mouse. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8662-70. [PMID: 16204034 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Germ line DNA mismatch repair mutations in MLH1 and MSH2 underlie the vast majority of hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Four mammalian homologues of Escherichia coli MutL heterodimerize to form three distinct complexes: MLH1/PMS2, MLH1/MLH3, and MLH1/PMS1. Although MLH1/PMS2 is generally thought to have the major MutL activity, the precise contributions of each MutL heterodimer to mismatch repair functions are poorly understood. Here, we show that Mlh3 contributes to mechanisms of tumor suppression in the mouse. Mlh3 deficiency alone causes microsatellite instability, impaired DNA-damage response, and increased gastrointestinal tumor susceptibility. Furthermore, Mlh3;Pms2 double-deficient mice have tumor susceptibility, shorter life span, microsatellite instability, and DNA-damage response phenotypes that are indistinguishable from Mlh1-deficient mice. Our data support previous results from budding yeast that show partial functional redundancy between MLH3 and PMS2 orthologues for mutation avoidance and show a role for Mlh3 in gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal tumor suppression. The data also suggest a mechanistic basis for the more severe mismatch repair-related phenotypes and cancer susceptibility in Mlh1- versus Mlh3- or Pms2-deficient mice. Contributions by both MLH1/MLH3 and MLH1/PMS2 complexes to mechanisms of mismatch repair-mediated tumor suppression, therefore, provide an explanation why, among MutL homologues, only germ line mutations in MLH1 are common in hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Chieh Chen
- Department of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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7
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Guhamajumdar M, Sears BB. Chloroplast DNA base substitutions: an experimental assessment. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 273:177-83. [PMID: 15744500 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-005-1121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An experimental assessment was carried out to determine directly the frequency and types of spontaneous base substitutions that occur in chloroplast DNA. A target site within the chloroplast 16S rRNA gene of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was chosen for the assay. Mutations at this site were known to confer spectinomycin resistance and simultaneously result in the loss of an AatII cleavage site. In the experiments reported here, base substitutions at any individual base occurred at a frequency in the range of 0.9-11 per 10(9) viable cells plated. Four new mutations that confer resistance to spectinomycin were identified at the target site in the Chlamydomonas chloroplast 16S rRNA gene. When the relative rates of transition and transversion mutations were quantified, a bias toward transversions was observed. The prominence of A/T --> C/G transversions in the observed mutation spectrum suggests that oxidative damage may be the major cause of base substitution mutations within the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Guhamajumdar
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
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Abstract
A PubMed search for the term "oxidative stress" yields over 29,000 articles published on the subject over the past 10 years; more than 2000 of these articles also include the term "aging" in their title or abstract. Many theories of aging predict causal roles for oxidative stress in the myriad of pathological changes that occur as a function of age, including an increasing propensity to develop cancer. A possible link between aging and cancer is the induction and accumulation of somatic mutations caused by oxidative stress. This Review focuses on small mutational events that are induced by oxidative stress and the role of mismatch repair (MMR) in preventing their formation. It also discusses a possible inhibitory effect of oxidative stress on MMR. We speculate that a synergistic interaction between oxidative damage to DNA and reduced MMR levels will, in part, account for an accumulation of small mutational events, and hence cancer, with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Skinner
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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