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Tao H, Fang C, Xiao Y, Jin Y. The toxicity and health risk of chlorothalonil to non-target animals and humans: A systematic review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142241. [PMID: 38705408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Chlorothalonil (CTL), an organochloride fungicide applied for decades worldwide, has been found to be present in various matrixes and even accumulates in humans or other mammals through the food chain. Its high residue and diffusion in the environment have severely affected food security and public health. More and more research has considered CTL as a possible toxin to environmental non-target organisms, via influencing multiple systems such as metabolic, developmental, endocrine, genetic, and reproductive pathways. Aquatic organisms and amphibians are the most vulnerable species to CTL exposure, especially during the early period of development. Under experimental conditions, CTL can also have toxic effects on rodents and other non-target organisms. As for humans, CTL exposure is most often reported to be relevant to allergic reactions to the skin and eyes. We hope that this review will improve our understanding of the hazards and risks that CTL poses to non-target organisms and find a strategy for rational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Tao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chanlin Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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Morais LG, Gusso-Choueri PK, Abreu FEL, Castro ÍB, Abessa DM, Choueri RB. Multilevel assessment of chlorothalonil sediment toxicity to Latin American estuarine biota: Effects on biomarkers, reproduction and survival in different benthic organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162215. [PMID: 36791867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorothalonil is an organochlorine compound that has long been used in agriculture. In recent years, this compound has been used as an antifouling booster biocide and its presence has been reported in marine coastal environments, especially in navigational areas. Although sediment can be a sink for chlorothalonil due to high affinity to fine particulate matter, toxicity studies with non-target marine and/or estuarine organisms is focused on waterborne exposure only. This study aimed to determine sediment-borne ecotoxicological effects of chlorothalonil on different benthic organisms of the Latin American biota using a integrative multilevel approach. Marine/estuarine organisms were exposed to sediments spiked with chlorothalonil (from 0 to 10.0 μg g-1) and effects at sub-individual (biochemical biomarkers in Anomalocardia flexuosa), individual (lethal effects to Tiburonella viscana and Artemia salina) and subpopulation levels (Nitokra sp. reproduction) were assessed. Increasing chlorothalonil concentrations in sediment caused increasing ecotoxicological effects in different levels of biological organisation, from biochemical to subpopulation levels. The highest exposure concentrations showed increased biomarkers of effects (lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in gills and/or digestive gland of A. flexuosa), lower fecundity and lower survival of the test organisms. GPx activity associated with LPO levels in the digestive gland suggested a response to the oxidant challenge provided by the biocide. At the lowest concentration (0.001 μg g-1), chlorothalonil detoxification mechanisms and defense against its oxidising action, involving GSH and glutathione-dependent enzymes (GST and GPx) were induced. At intermediate concentrations, there was a tendency of decreasing GSH levels, probably due to conjugation with chlorothalonil, which also affected the activities of the glutathione-dependent enzymes. At the highest tested concentration (10.0 μg g-1), chlorothalonil may have restimulated GSH synthesis in the gills of A. flexuosa, although the prooxidant activity has induced effects. This study contributes to assessing the environmental risk of chlorothalonil in sediment for non-target marine and estuarine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gonçalves Morais
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, Ponta da Praia, Santos/SP, CEP: 11030-100 Santos, Brazil; Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - Unesp, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, CP 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri
- Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - Unesp, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, CP 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia - Unisanta, Universidade Santa Cecília, R. Oswaldo Cruz, 277, CP 11045-907, Boqueirão, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fiamma Eugênia Lemos Abreu
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Italia s/n, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, Ponta da Praia, Santos/SP, CEP: 11030-100 Santos, Brazil
| | - Denis Moledo Abessa
- Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - Unesp, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, CP 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Brasil Choueri
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, Ponta da Praia, Santos/SP, CEP: 11030-100 Santos, Brazil.
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Lopes FC, Junior ASV, Corcini CD, Sánchez JAA, Pires DM, Pereira JR, Primel EG, Fillmann G, Martins CDMG. Impacts of the biocide chlorothalonil on biomarkers of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and sperm quality in guppy Poecilia vivipara. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109847. [PMID: 31732268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorothalonil is a fungicide present in antifouling paints and other formulations used in agriculture, although studies have shown this chemical to be toxic to fish species. To clarify the deleterious effects of chlorothalonil for these non-target organisms, the present study evaluated the toxic effects of this biocide for the estuarine guppy Poecilia vivipara in terms of an acute mortality test (96 h) and the analysis of biomarkers of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and sperm quality. The LC50 calculated for P. vivipara was 40.8 μg/L of chlorothalonil. For the analysis of biomarkers, fish were exposed (96 h) to 1 and 10 μg/L of chlorothalonil. It was observed that chlorothalonil alters the levels of pro- and antioxidants towards oxidative stress. In the gills, a negative effect on total antioxidant capacity (ACAP) was detected, while there was a reduction in the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the liver. However, levels of glutathione (GSH) and the activity and glutamate-cysteine-ligase (GCL) increased in both tissues, as a possible detoxification response. Following chlorothalonil exposure, oxidative damage measured by lipoperoxidation (LPO) significantly increased at the cellular level only (red blood cells (RBCs) and sperm cells). An increase in fluidity of membranes, reactive oxygen species concentration and micronuclei (MNs) incidence were also seen in RBCs. In sperm cells, LPO increased, while membrane and mitochondrial functionality as well as sperm motility decreased. Based on these results, chlorothalonil can be considered as a toxic compound for fish, causing genotoxicity and affecting the RBCs physiology and the fertility of males of P. vivipara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Chaves Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Sergio Varela Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Veterinária. Faculdade de Veterinária. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Caixa Postal 354, CEP. 96001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carine Dahl Corcini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Veterinária. Faculdade de Veterinária. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Caixa Postal 354, CEP. 96001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jessica Andrea Albañil Sánchez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Martins Pires
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Veterinária. Faculdade de Veterinária. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Caixa Postal 354, CEP. 96001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Ribeiro Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanologia, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila De Martinez Gaspar Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Knopper L, Lean DR. Carcinogenic and genotoxic potential of turf pesticides commonly used on golf courses. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2004; 7:267-79. [PMID: 15205044 DOI: 10.1080/10937400490452697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the controversy surrounding pesticide use and animal and human health concerns, many municipalities in Canada have restricted, or are in the midst of restricting, the use of pesticides for cosmetic purposes. In some cases, pesticide use on golf courses is also being phased out at the municipal level. One of the dominant health effects of concern in relation to pesticide exposure is the occurrence of cancer. With over 1600 golf courses in Canada and between 400 and 600 new courses created each year in Canada and the United States, there appears to be increasing potential for unintentional human and animal exposure to turf pesticides. In light of the debate around pesticide exposure and the onset of cancer that has lead to controversial Canadian municipal bylaws regulating pesticide use, and due to recent results of a biomonitoring study that has shown genotoxicity in a rodent species living in golf-courses, it seems timely to review the carcinogenic and genotoxic potential of commonly used golf-course pesticides. The purpose of this review is to present some debated epidemiological research that deals with the relationship between pesticide exposure and cancer, and to review and update the literature on the in vivo and in vitro mammalian carcinogenic and genotoxic potential of these pesticides. It is our intention to unite information from various sources so those interested specifically in the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of pesticides commonly used on golf courses can refer to one comprehensive and updated resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Knopper
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Godard T, Fessard V, Huet S, Mourot A, Deslandes E, Pottier D, Hyrien O, Sichel F, Gauduchon P, Poul J. Comparative in vitro and in vivo assessment of genotoxic effects of etoposide and chlorothalonil by the comet assay. Mutat Res 1999; 444:103-16. [PMID: 10477344 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay was used to assess in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor known to induce DNA strand breaks, and chlorothalonil, a fungicide widely used in agriculture. For in vivo studies, rats were sacrificed at various times after treatment and the induction of DNA strand breaks was assessed in whole blood, bone marrow, thymus, liver, kidney cortex and in the distal part of the intestine. One hour after injection, etoposide induced DNA damage in all organs studied except kidney, especially in bone marrow, thymus (presence of HDC) and whole blood. As observed during in vitro comet assay on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, dose- and time-dependent DNA effects occurred in vivo with a complete disappearance of damage 24 h after administration. Even though apoptotic cells were detected in vitro 48 h after cell exposure to etoposide, such a result was not found in vivo. After chlorothalonil treatment, no DNA strand breaks were observed in rat organs whereas a clear dose-related DNA damage was observed in vitro. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro models could be explained by metabolic and mechanistic reasons. Our results show that the in vivo comet assay is able to detect the target organs of etoposide and suggest that chlorothalonil is devoid of appreciable in vivo genotoxic activity under the protocol used.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Godard
- AFSSA (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments), Laboratoire des Médicaments Vétérinaires, Unité de Toxicologie, Javené, F-35133, Fougeres, France
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