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Smith R, Nadella S, Moccia R, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Copper uptake in adult rainbow trout irradiated during early life stages and in non-irradiated bystander trout which swam with the irradiated fish. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:1130-1138. [PMID: 34524940 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1980627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This investigation forms part of a wider study into the legacy effects of exposure of rainbow trout eggs 38 h after fertilization, eyed eggs, yolk sac larvae (YSL) or first feeders to a single 0.5 Gy X-ray dose, including the induction of a bystander effect, by the irradiated fish, to non-irradiated fish. Fish may be exposed to multiple environmental stressors, including waterborne metals, during their lifespan and, while there are data on how the legacy of early life stage irradiation and bystander effect induction is affected by waterborne aluminum and cadmium, there are no studies into the effects radiation or the radiation induced bystander effect on metal uptake. Therefore the aim of this investigation was to determine if the legacy of early life stage irradiation included an effect on copper uptake by adult fish and by non-irradiated bystander adult trout which swam with the irradiated fish. METHODS The four early life stages mentioned above were exposed to a single 0.5 Gy X-ray dose and then maintained, for two years with no further irradiation. At two years old the irradiated fish were allowed to swim, for 2 h with non-irradiated bystander trout (also two years old). After this time copper uptake was determined using 64Cu. RESULTS Copper uptake was increased in adult trout irradiated as eggs at 48 h after fertilization and as first feeders but eyed egg or YSL irradiation had no effect. Copper uptake was also increased in the bystander trout which swam with trout irradiated as eggs at 48 h after fertilization and as eyed eggs but there was no effect on non-irradiated adult trout which swam with trout irradiated as YSL or first feeders. CONCLUSIONS When put in context with the proteomic changes observed in these fish we propose the increased copper uptake in adult trout irradiated as eggs at 48 h after fertilization could be part of an anti-tumorigenic response and the increase in copper uptake in adult trout irradiated as first feeders could be part of a potentially protective pro-apoptotic response. Similarly we propose the increase in copper uptake in non-irradiated adult trout, induced by trout irradiated as eggs at 48 h after fertilization or as eyed eggs, was part of the universally anti-tumorigenic nature of the X-ray induced bystander effect in fish. However this was exclusive to embryonic irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Smith
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Sunita Nadella
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Richard Moccia
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Cavalim Vale AP, Dos Santos G, da Silva TP, Mansano NDS, Chies AB, Chagas EFB, Spadella MA. Influence of the AT1 Receptor Antagonists Telmisartan and Losartan on Reproduction and Offspring After Paternal Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:639-648. [PMID: 29938606 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118783251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the repercussions of paternal exposure to radiation on reproduction and offspring in rats, as well as whether treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonists telmisartan and losartan has a mitigating effect. Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control, radiation, telmisartan, losartan, radiation + telmisartan, and radiation + losartan. A single 5 Gy dose of radiation was administered directly into the scrotum, followed by treatment with telmisartan (12 mg/kg/d) or losartan (34 mg/kg/2 times per day) for 60 days in the groups receiving these medications. The reproductive ability of the test animals was assessed before and after exposure to radiation via fertility tests. The resulting offspring were analyzed for the presence of external and internal anomalies. Ionizing radiation significantly affected the rates of fertility, pre- and postimplantation losses, and implantation. Telmisartan and losartan did not significantly prevent this radiation-induced damage. The frequency of fetal anomalies was similar in offspring produced before and after paternal radiation exposure. Moreover, irradiated rats that received treatments and were able to generate offspring did not produce fetuses with morphological changes; this may represent a possible radioprotective effect AT1 antagonists have on offspring development, although few fetuses survived and were evaluated for malformations. Although the study findings indicate that these medications have a positive effect, further studies with longer treatment periods (extending beyond 1 rat spermatogenic cycle) are needed to determine whether these drugs significantly improve reproductive rates after paternal exposure to radiation, which may also reflect an increase in the number of viable fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naira da Silva Mansano
- 3 Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Bruno Chies
- 4 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Marília Medical School, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Smith RW, Moccia RD, Seymour CB, Mothersill CE. Irradiation of rainbow trout at early life stages results in a proteomic legacy in adult gills. Part A; proteomic responses in the irradiated fish and in non-irradiated bystander fish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 163:297-306. [PMID: 29463416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a single 0.5 Gy X-ray dose of eggs at 48 h after fertilisation (48 h egg), eyed eggs, yolk sac larvae (YSL) and first feeders induces a legacy effect in adult rainbow trout. This includes the transmission of a bystander effect to non-irradiated adult trout which had swam with the irradiated fish. The aim of this study was to investigate this legacy by analysing the gill proteome of these irradiated and bystander fish. Irradiation at all of the early life stages resulted in changes to proteins which play a key role in development but are also known to be anti-tumorigenic and anti-oxidant: upregulation of haemoglobin subunit beta (48 h egg), haemoglobin, serum albumin 1 precursor (eyed eggs), clathrin heavy chain 1 isoform X10 (eyed eggs and first feeders), and actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 (first feeders), downregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, histone 1 (48 h egg), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), collagen alpha-1(1) chain like proteins (YSL), pyruvate kinase PKM-like protein (YSL and first feeders), ubiquitin-40S ribosomal proteins S27 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 A isoform 1B (first feeders). However irradiation of YSL and first feeders (post hatching early life stages) also induced proteomic changes which have a complex relationship with tumorigenesis or cancer progression; downregulation of alpha-1-antiprotease-like protein precursor, vigilin isoform X2 and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (YSL) and upregulation of hyperosmotic glycine rich protein (first feeders). In bystander fish some proteomic changes were similar to those induced by irradiation: upregulation of haemoglobin subunit beta (48 h egg), haemoglobin (eyed eggs), actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4, hyperosmotic glycine rich protein (first feeders), and downregulation of alpha-1-antiprotease-like protein, vigilin isoform X2, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (YSL), pyruvate kinase PKM-like protein and ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a-like (first feeders). Other proteomic changes were unique to bystander fish; downregulation of TPI, ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S2 (eyed egg), cofilin-2, cold-inducible RNA-binding protein B-like isoform X3 (YSL) and superoxide dismutase (first feeder), and upregulation of haemoglobin subunit alpha, collagen 1a1 precursor, apolipoprotein A-1-1 and A-1-2 precursor (first feeders). These bystander effect proteomic changes have been shown to be overwhelmingly anti-tumorigenic or protective of the fish gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smith
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada; Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario Canada.
| | - Richard D Moccia
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Colin B Seymour
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Carmel E Mothersill
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario Canada
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Ali AM, Abdelaziz M, El-Alfy B. Musculoskeletal congenital malformations: do paternal occupational exposures play a role? J Child Orthop 2014; 8:313-8. [PMID: 24859222 PMCID: PMC4128949 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-014-0594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paternal occupational exposures to potential health hazards are likely to affect congenital malformations through the spermatogenesis cycle. PURPOSE The aim of this case-control study was to assess the relationship between the risk of musculoskeletal congenital malformations in offspring and paternal workplace exposure to potential health hazards during the preconception period. METHOD The study comprised 105 patients (cases) with a musculoskeletal congenital malformation(s) and 135 controls matched for age and demographic characteristics. Both parents of each case and control were interviewed in the hospital by a trained physician. They also completed a questionnaire focusing on the preconception period and on the 3-month period immediately before and after the pregnancy conception date, respectively, of the child under study. RESULTS The odds of having a child with a congenital malformation was higher (P < 0.05) if the father was occupationally exposed to pesticides, solvents, or welding fumes during the preconception period. CONCLUSION Control of workplace exposures and adherence to threshold limit values of these potential health hazards should be adopted to minimize the risk of fathers having offspring with a congenital malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Ali
- Mansoura University, Mansoura, Daqahlia, 35516, Egypt,
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Abstract
In experimental organisms such as fruit flies and mice, increased frequencies in germ cell mutations have been detected following exposure to ionizing radiation. In contrast, there has been no clear evidence for radiation-induced germ cell mutations in humans that lead to birth defects, chromosome aberrations, Mendelian disorders, etc. This situation exists partly because no sensitive and practical genetic marker is available for human studies and also because the number of people exposed to large doses of radiation and subsequently having offspring was small until childhood cancer survivors became an important study population. In addition, the genome of apparently normal individuals seems to contain large numbers of alterations, including dozens to hundreds of nonfunctional alleles. With the number of mutational events in protein-coding genes estimated as less than one per genome after 1 gray (Gy) exposure, it is unsurprising that genetic effects from radiation have not yet been detected conclusively in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan; , ,
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Dobrzyńska MM, Czajka U. Male-mediated developmental toxicity in mice after 8 weeks'exposure to low doses of X-rays. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 81:793-9. [PMID: 16484148 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600554275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of subchronic irradiation of male mice on reproduction ability and induction of male-mediated teratogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male mice were irradiated to 0.05 Gy, 0.10 Gy and 0.20 Gy daily for 8 weeks, 5 days per week. The total doses were 2.00 Gy, 4.00 Gy and 8.00 Gy, respectively. After the end of exposure each male was caged with two untreated females. The females were sacrificed on day 17 based on the finding of a vaginal plug. Females were examined for the number of live and dead implantations and the incidence of congenital malformations of survival foetuses. RESULTS The fertilization ability of males was not diminished. The exposure to 0.20 Gy daily significantly decreased the percent of pregnant females and the number of total implantations. Exposure to 0.10 Gy and 0.20 Gy daily caused decreases in the number of live foetuses and induced dominant lethal mutations (over 50% at the highest dose). Exposure to each dose significantly enhanced the number of deaths (especially early) implants. The incidence of gross and skeletal malformations was not statistically significant, except for skeletal malformations at the highest dose. CONCLUSIONS Results confirmed that irradiation of male germ cells cause genetic effects which could be transmitted to the offspring. After subchronic exposure to low doses the majority of mutations caused premature death. Subchronic exposure to low doses of X-rays did not induce external and skeletal malformations of surviving foetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata M Dobrzyńska
- Department of Radiation Protection and Radiobiology, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland.
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Mozdarani H, Nazari E. Cytogenetic damage in preimplantation mouse embryos generated after paternal and parental gamma-irradiation and the influence of vitamin C. Reproduction 2008; 137:35-43. [PMID: 18827066 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic damage expressed as micronuclei (MN) in 4-8-cell embryos generated after irradiation of male or male and female mice in the absence and presence of vitamin C was investigated. Male NMRI mice were whole body exposed to 4 Gy gamma-rays and mated with non-irradiated superovulated female mice in 6 successive weeks after irradiation in a weekly interval. In experiments involving irradiation of both male and female mice, irradiated male mice for 6 weeks post irradiation were mated with female mice irradiated after induction of superovulation. Effect of 100 mg/kg vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on the frequency of MN was also studied. Pregnant animals were euthanized and embryos flushed from the oviducts and fixed on slides. The rate of MN observed in embryos generated from irradiated male compared with control group dramatically increased (P<0.01). Frequency of MN in this group decreased dramatically after vitamin C treatment (P<0.01). Frequency of MN in embryos generated by mating both male and female irradiated mice was higher than that observed for those embryos generated by irradiated male mice alone. However, a considerable modifying effect of vitamin C was observed for this group too (P<0.05). Results indicate that irradiation of gonads during spermatogenesis and preovulatory stage oocytes may lead to unstable chromosomal aberrations and probably stable chromosomal abnormalities affecting pairing and disjunction of chromosomes in successive preimplantation embryos expressed as MN. The way vitamin C reduces clastogenic effects of radiation on germ cells leading to reduced frequency of MN in pre-embryos might be due to its antioxidation and radical scavenging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mozdarani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Paul C, Melton DW, Saunders PTK. Do heat stress and deficits in DNA repair pathways have a negative impact on male fertility? Mol Hum Reprod 2008; 14:1-8. [PMID: 18175790 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gam089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe up to one in four couples experience difficulty conceiving and in half of these cases the problem has been attributed to sub or infertility in the male partner. The development of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization and intra-cytoplasmic spermatozoa injection has allowed some such couples to achieve a pregnancy. Concerns have been raised over the increasing use of ART not least because of the discovery of elevated levels of DNA damage in sperm from subfertile men. The impact of damaged DNA originating in the male germ line is poorly understood, but is thought to contribute to early pregnancy loss (recurrent miscarriage), placental problems and have a long-term impact on the health of the offspring. DNA repair is essential for meiotic recombination and correction of DNA damage in germ cells and proteins involved in all the major repair pathways are expressed in the testis. In this review, we will consider evidence that the production of sperm containing damaged DNA can be the result of suboptimal DNA repair and/or a mild environmental insult, such as heat stress, and how studies in mice may give us insight into the origins and consequences of DNA damage in human sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Paul
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Nomura T. Transgenerational effects of radiation and chemicals in mice and humans. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47 Suppl B:B83-97. [PMID: 17019056 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.47.b83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Parental exposure of mice to radiation and chemicals causes a variety of adverse effects (e.g., tumors, congenital malformations and embryonic deaths) in the progeny and the tumor-susceptibility phenotype is transmissible beyond the first post-radiation generation. The induced rates of tumors were 100-fold higher than those known for mouse specific locus mutations. There were clear strain differences in the types of naturally-occurring and induced tumors and most of the latter were malignant. Another important finding was that germ-line exposure elicited very weak tumorigenic responses, but caused persistent hypersensitivity in the offspring for the subsequent development of cancer by the postnatal environment. Activations of oncogenes, ras, mos, abl, etc. and mutations in tumor suppressor genes such as p53 were also detected in specific tumors in cancer-prone descendants. However, the majority of tumors observed in the progeny were those commonly observed in the strains that were used and oncogene activations were rarely observed in these tumors. It can be hypothesized that genetic instability modifies tumor occurrence in a transgenerational manner, but so far no links could be established between chromosomal and molecular changes and transmissible tumor risks. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that cumulative changes in many normal but cancer-related genes affecting immunological, biochemical and physiological functions may slightly elevate the incidence of tumors or fasten the tumor development. This hypothesis is supported by our GeneChip analyses which showed suppression and/or over-expression of many such genes in the offspring of mice exposed to radiation. In humans, a higher risk of leukemia and birth defects has been reported in the children of fathers who had been exposed to radionuclides in the nuclear reprocessing plants and to diagnostic radiation. These findings have not been supported in the children of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, who were exposed to higher doses of atomic radiation. However, it will be important to follow the human subjects, especially for adult type cancers and chronic diseases throughout their lives to determine whether the mouse studies can predict human responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Nomura
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Streffer C. Transgenerational transmission of radiation damage: genomic instability and congenital malformation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47 Suppl B:B19-24. [PMID: 17019048 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.47.b19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The congenital malformation gastroschisis has a genetic disposition in the inbred mouse strain HLG/Zte. It is increased after preconceptional irradiation of males or females. Radiation exposures during the meiotic stages are most efficient. This malformation can also be induced by ionising radiation when the exposure takes place during the preimplantation period especially during the zygote stage. This latter effect can be transmitted to the next mouse generation. Other macroscopically visible or skeletal malformations are not significantly induced under these experimental conditions. These latter malformations are increased by radiation exposures during major organogenesis. The mechanisms for the development of the effects are different. Radiation exposure of the mouse zygote (1 to 3 hours p.c.) also leads to the induction of genomic instability in skin fibroblasts of the fetus. This phenomenon also occurs in a mouse strain (C57BL/6J) which is not susceptible to radiation-induced gastroschisis during the preimplantation period. The genomic instability is transmitted to the next mouse generation. During genomic instability chromatide breaks are dominating as in non-exposed cells. With respect to "spontaneous" malformations gastroschisis is dominating in HLG/Zte mice. Late radiation effects seem to have similar patterns as observed in non-exposed subjects, however, the rates are increased after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Streffer
- Institute for Science and Ethics, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Nomura T, Nakajima H, Ryo H, Li LY, Fukudome Y, Adachi S, Gotoh H, Tanaka H. Transgenerational transmission of radiation- and chemically induced tumors and congenital anomalies in mice: studies of their possible relationship to induced chromosomal and molecular changes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 104:252-60. [PMID: 15162048 DOI: 10.1159/000077499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a broad overview of our earlier studies on the induction of tumors and congenital anomalies in the progeny of X-irradiated or chemically treated mice and our subsequent (published, hitherto unpublished and on-going) investigations aimed at identifying potential relationships between genetic changes induced in germ cells and the adverse effects manifest as tumors and congenital anomalies using cytogenetic and molecular approaches. The earlier studies document the fact that tumors and congenital anomalies can be induced by irradiation or treatment with certain chemicals such as urethane and that these phenotypes are heritable i.e., transmitted to generations beyond the first generation. These findings support the view that transmissible induced genetic changes are involved. The induced rates of congenital abnormalities and tumors are about two orders of magnitude higher than those recorded in the literature from classical mutation studies with specific locus mutations. The cytogenetic studies addressed the question of whether there were any relationships between induced translocations and induced tumors. The available data permit the inference that gross chromosomal changes may not be involved but do not exclude smaller induced genetic changes that are beyond the resolution of the techniques used in these studies. Other work on possible relationship between visible chromosomal anomalies (in bone marrow preparations) and tumors were likewise negative. However, there were indications that some induced cytogenetic changes might underlie induced congenital anomalies, i.e., trisomies, deletions and inversions were observed in induced and transmissible congenital anomalies (such as dwarfs, tail anomalies). Studies that explored possible relationships between induction of minisatellite mutations at the Pc-3 locus and tumors were negative. However, gene expression analysis of tumor (hepatoma)-susceptible offspring of progeny descended from irradiated male mice showed abnormal expression of many genes. Of these, only very few were oncogenes. This lends some support to our hypothesis that cumulative changes in gene expression of many genes, which perform normal cellular functions, may contribute to the occurrence of tumors in the offspring of irradiated or chemically treated mice.
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MESH Headings
- 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide/toxicity
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/genetics
- Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Animals
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes/drug effects
- Chromosomes/genetics
- Chromosomes/radiation effects
- Chromosomes/ultrastructure
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, Lethal
- Germ Cells/drug effects
- Germ Cells/radiation effects
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Minisatellite Repeats/drug effects
- Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/chemically induced
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/etiology
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/genetics
- Oncogenes
- Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/toxicity
- Radiation Injuries, Experimental/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Urethane/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nomura
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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12
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Müller WU. Radiation and malformations in a murine model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 518:163-8. [PMID: 12817684 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9190-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Thus, the results of radiation exposure of the different stages of spermatogenesis with regard to the induction of malformations in the offspring of these exposed male mice can be summarized as follows: It is possible to induce malformations in the offspring by radiation exposure of male mice of the HLG strain. This means that direct DNA damage is responsible for the induction of the observed malformations. The highest sensitivity is observed during meiosis. The fact that direct DNA damage is involved in the induction of radiation induced malformations underlines the hypothesis mentioned above, that two processes may have a major impact on malformation induction in germ cells and preimplantation stages: 'genetic predisposition' and 'genomic instability'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang U Müller
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, D45122 Essen, Germany.
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13
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Abstract
In its 1990 recommendations, the ICRP considered the radiation risks after exposure during prenatal development. This report is a critical review of new experimental animal data on biological effects and evaluations of human studies after prenatal radiation published since the 1990 recommendations.Thus, the report discusses the effects after radiation exposure during pre-implantation, organogenesis, and fetogenesis. The aetiology of long-term effects on brain development is discussed, as well as evidence from studies in man on the effects of in-utero radiation exposure on neurological and mental processes. Animal studies of carcinogenic risk from in-utero radiation and the epidemiology of childhood cancer are discussed, and the carcinogenic risk to man from in-utero radiation is assessed. Open questions and needs for future research are elaborated.The report reiterates that the mammalian embryo and fetus are highly radiosensitive. The nature and sensitivity of induced biological effects depend upon dose and developmental stage at irradiation. The various effects, as studied in experimental systems and in man, are discussed in detail. It is concluded that the findings in the report strengthen and supplement the 1990 recommendations of the ICRP.
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Intano GW, McMahan CA, McCarrey JR, Walter RB, McKenna AE, Matsumoto Y, MacInnes MA, Chen DJ, Walter CA. Base excision repair is limited by different proteins in male germ cell nuclear extracts prepared from young and old mice. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:2410-8. [PMID: 11884623 PMCID: PMC133670 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.7.2410-2418.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined observations of elevated DNA repair gene expression, high uracil-DNA glycosylase-initiated base excision repair, and a low spontaneous mutant frequency for a lacI transgene in spermatogenic cells from young mice suggest that base excision repair activity is high in spermatogenic cell types. Notably, the spontaneous mutant frequency of the lacI transgene is greater in spermatogenic cells obtained from old mice, suggesting that germ line DNA repair activity may decline with age. A paternal age effect in spermatogenic cells is recognized for the human population as well. To determine if male germ cell base excision repair activity changes with age, uracil-DNA glycosylase-initiated base excision repair activity was measured in mixed germ cell (i.e., all spermatogenic cell types in adult testis) nuclear extracts prepared from young, middle-aged, and old mice. Base excision repair activity was also assessed in nuclear extracts from premeiotic, meiotic, and postmeiotic spermatogenic cell types obtained from young mice. Mixed germ cell nuclear extracts exhibited an age-related decrease in base excision repair activity that was restored by addition of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease. Uracil-DNA glycosylase and DNA ligase were determined to be limiting in mixed germ cell nuclear extracts prepared from young animals. Base excision repair activity was only modestly elevated in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids relative to other spermatogenic cells. Thus, germ line short-patch base excision repair activity appears to be relatively constant throughout spermatogenesis in young animals, limited by uracil-DNA glycosylase and DNA ligase in young animals, and limited by AP endonuclease in old animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel W Intano
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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Chia SE, Shi LM. Review of recent epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59:149-55. [PMID: 11886946 PMCID: PMC1763633 DOI: 10.1136/oem.59.3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The main findings reported by recent epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects are reviewed, and the main limitations associated with these studies discussed. Epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects were reviewed for the period 1989 to 1999 inclusive. Systematic searches were made with search engines with related keywords. There were several common paternal occupations that were repeatedly reported to be associated with birth defects. These paternal occupations were janitors, painters, printers, and occupations exposed to solvents; fire fighters or firemen; and occupations related to agriculture. The common weaknesses in most of these studies include inaccurate assessment of exposures, different classification systems, different inclusion criteria of birth defects, and low statistical power. It is concluded that epidemiological studies, reported in the past decade, suggest that several common paternal occupations are associated with birth defects. Future studies could be focused on these specific, rather than general, occupational groups so that causative agents may be confirmed and thus enable appropriate preventive measures to be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-E Chia
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, MD3, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore.
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Brinkworth MH. Paternal transmission of genetic damage: findings in animals and humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2000; 23:123-35. [PMID: 10844537 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2605.2000.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept that mutations can be induced in the male germ-line and result in adverse effects in the offspring has achieved only limited acceptance despite considerable theoretical appeal. This is partly because fetal malformations are generally perceived to be induced solely as a result of maternally mediated events during gestation and partly because the low incidence of the end-points concerned make experimental approaches costly and time-consuming. Nonetheless, a substantial body of work relating to the hypothesis has accumulated in the last 20 years, which has never been reviewed in its entirety. A consideration of the available evidence indicates that preconceptional paternal exposure to mutagens (particularly radiation, cyclophosphamide and ethylnitrosourea) can indeed, under certain conditions, have adverse effects on offspring. The results suggest two principal mechanisms by which such effects may be induced: the induction of germ-line genomic instability or the suppression of germ cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Brinkworth
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the University, Domagkstrasse 11, D-48129 Münster, Germany.
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Pils S, Müller WU, Streffer C. Lethal and teratogenic effects in two successive generations of the HLG mouse strain after radiation exposure of zygotes -- association with genomic instability? Mutat Res 1999; 429:85-92. [PMID: 10434025 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the transmission of lethal and teratogenic events to the subsequent generation in HLG/Zte mice after exposure of the zygote stage to 1 Gy X-rays. As observed in previous studies, our results on teratogenic events occurring in the same generation, which was exposed during the zygote stage, reveal a significantly higher risk for the induction of gastroschisis. Interesting new insights came from the study of lethal and teratogenic effects in the generation obtained after mating female mice, which were exposed during their zygote stage, to unexposed males. An approximately 2-fold higher level of damage was manifest in this generation compared with controls, expressed mainly as a significant increase of prenatal mortality (P<0.01). Although there was an increase in the number of malformed fetuses on day 19 of gestation (6.5% cases of gastroschisis compared to 3.5% in the controls), the frequency of gastroschisis in the exposed group was just not statistically significant (P>0.05). These results are in line with the hypothesis that genomic instability is involved in the damage seen after radiation exposure of the zygote stage of HLG mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pils
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen D-45122, Germany
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