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Abdellatif HM, Sawan N, Alabdulmohsen AM, AlKheraif G, AlKhonin H, Ali A, Elkateb MA. Prevalence and risk indicators of primary dentition malocclusion in Riyadh-Saudi Arabia using a new case definition: A cross-sectional study. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:60-65. [PMID: 38375380 PMCID: PMC10874786 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the prevalence of primary dentition malocclusion and its linked risk indicators among a group of Saudi preschool children. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out on preschool children aged 3 to 5 years residing in Riyadh City, the capital of Saudi Arabia. The study sample included 709 Saudi children of both genders with complete primary dentition. Oral examination was conducted for children to assess the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical dimensions, arch spacings, and oral habits. Results The prevalence of malocclusion was 59.1% among the study participants. A deep overbite and increased overjet were found in 26.23 % and 25.11%, respectively. Arch space problems were reported, including missing primate spaces in 24.12%, missing developmental spacing in 27.93%, and crowding in 14.1%. An association between mothers aged 25 years and younger at childbirth was linked with their child's malocclusion in the primary dentition (p-value of 0.03). Conclusion The prevalence of primary dentition malocclusion among a specific group of Saudi preschool children was significantly high. Increased overbite and overjet were the most prevalent occlusal discrepancies, followed by arch spacing problems. The younger mother's age at childbirth is significantly associated with her child's malocclusion. The study results can serve as a baseline for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda M Abdellatif
- Public Health Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Nozha Sawan
- Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad M Alabdulmohsen
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, King Saud University, College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghaida AlKheraif
- Periodontics Demonstrator, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa AlKhonin
- General Practitioner, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Ali
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona A Elkateb
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Kazemian A, Hoseinzadeh M, Banihashem Rad SA, Jouya A, Tahani B. Nudging oral habits; application of behavioral economics in oral health promotion: a critical review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1243246. [PMID: 38145077 PMCID: PMC10739307 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1243246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral health disorders significantly contribute to the global incidence of chronic diseases. Nudge interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing people's decision-making and self-management capacities in a cost-efficient manner. As a result, these interventions could be valuable tools for fostering improved oral care habits. This critical review explores potential behavioral nudges applicable to promoting oral health. Methods A thorough electronic literature search was conducted on Scopus, Embase, and PubMed databases for papers published post-2008. The search focused on empirical evidence concerning the direct and indirect application of Nudge theory in oral health enhancement. In addition, the investigation included the nudge intervention's role in managing common non-communicable disease risk factors (tobacco, alcohol, and sugar) and their use in other health sectors. Results and conclusion There is a dearth of studies on behavioral economics, particularly those involving reward and reminder techniques. However, various successful nudge interventions have been identified in other sectors that aim to improve health decisions. These include strategies encouraging healthier nutritional choices, tobacco and alcohol cessation, medication compliance, routine physical activity, and regular health check-ups. Such interventions can also have direct or indirect positive impacts on oral health. Implementing these interventions within an oral care framework could promote oral health due to similar underlying cognitive mechanisms. However, different types of nudge interventions have varying degrees of effectiveness. Furthermore, factors such as the method of delivery and the characteristics of the targeted population significantly influence the outcome of the intervention. Hence, it is imperative to conduct extensive studies in diverse socioeconomic settings to fully understand the potentials, limitations, and impacts of nudge interventions in promoting oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kazemian
- Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Melika Hoseinzadeh
- Dental Research Center, Mashhad Dental School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Banihashem Rad
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anahid Jouya
- Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahareh Tahani
- Department of Oral Public Health, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Vishwanathaiah S, Maganur PC, Albar DH, Albar RH, Jafer MA, Baeshen SA, Madkhali IA, Mohana EJ, Sahli JS, Alnajdi AK, Tahhah MK, Manoharan V. Knowledge and Role of Paediatricians/Paediatric Residents in Infant Oral Healthcare and Dental Home across Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1579. [PMID: 37761540 PMCID: PMC10530126 DOI: 10.3390/children10091579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of oral diseases in children is highly achievable through providing early exposure to oral healthcare habits, which would make children more receptive towards dental services. A cross-sectional study used a structured, self-explanatory questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge and role of 190 paediatricians and paediatric residents towards infant oral healthcare and the dental home across Saudi Arabia. The authors sent a link to the questionnaire, comprising 36 questions, by email, as a Google e-form. The response rate obtained was 87.36%. A major proportion (95.8%) of the respondents considered that paediatricians play an important role in promoting oral health. Around 45.8% of the practitioners recommended tooth brushing after the eruption of the first tooth. About 38% of the practitioners were unaware of the children's first dental visit. The majority (95.2%) agreed that there should be an increased awareness regarding home dental habits. Most of them (78.3%) examined the oral cavity for dental problems as a part of routine childcare, and the majority (75.3%) admitted that they did not evaluate fluoride needs. A statistically significant higher mean knowledge score was observed for practitioners with more than 30 years of experience (9.35 ± 2.29), and there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.486) between the knowledge score and mean score for the role of paediatric practitioners. Overall, the study concluded that the knowledge of paediatricians and paediatric residents in SA towards infant oral healthcare and the dental home was inadequate, and their role in maintaining oral health was found to be moderately satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Vishwanathaiah
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.V.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Prabhadevi C. Maganur
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.V.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Dhalia Hassan Albar
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.V.); (D.H.A.)
- Preventive Dentistry Department, Pediatric Dentistry Division, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 12734, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Abdurabu Jafer
- Division of Public Health, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Safeyah A. Baeshen
- College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.B.); (E.J.M.); (J.S.S.); (A.K.A.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Imtinan Ahmed Madkhali
- College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.B.); (E.J.M.); (J.S.S.); (A.K.A.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Enas Jaber Mohana
- College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.B.); (E.J.M.); (J.S.S.); (A.K.A.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Jawaher Saleh Sahli
- College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.B.); (E.J.M.); (J.S.S.); (A.K.A.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Alhanouf K. Alnajdi
- College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.B.); (E.J.M.); (J.S.S.); (A.K.A.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Manal Kinani Tahhah
- College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.B.); (E.J.M.); (J.S.S.); (A.K.A.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Varsha Manoharan
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia 574327, India;
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Villhauer A, Zhu M, Shi W, Xie XJ, Hughes P, Lesch A, Weber-Gasparoni K, Kolker J, Drake D, Banas JA. Role of mutans streptococci, acid tolerant bacteria and oral Candida species in predicting the onset of early childhood caries. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2023; 4:991746. [PMID: 38188893 PMCID: PMC10768932 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.991746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Early childhood caries is the most common chronic infectious disease in children in the United States. This study, which is part of a larger, longitudinal study exploring oral microbiological components of caries development in children, reports on the impact of total mutans streptococci (MS), total acid tolerant bacteria and Candida species on the development of dental caries in a subset of these children. Of particular interest was the relationship between caries development and co-colonization of mutans streptococci and Candida species. Methods Children between the ages of 12 and 47 months displaying no evidence of dental caries were recruited for a longitudinal study (n = 130). Twelve age- and gender-matched pairs were selected. In each pair, one child developed caries during the study, and one did not. Whole mouth plaque samples were collected by swab at baseline and every 6 months thereafter for a duration of 18 months and spiral plated for microbial counts (CFU/ml). Cut-offs based on percent of total cultivable flora were designated for all microbial measures. A scoring system designated the Plaque Microbial Index (PMI) was developed for use in statistical analyses to assess potential predictive factors for caries risk assessment. Results Children who developed caries were significantly more likely to harbor higher percentages of acid tolerant bacteria (p = 0.003), MS (p < 0.001) and have Candida species present (p < 0.001) at ≥1 visit leading up to caries onset. Mean PMI scores derived from the aforementioned microbial measures, were higher for caries active children than caries free children (p = 0.000147). Co-colonization of MS and Candida species was significantly associated with caries development (p < 0.001) and detection of both at the same visit had a 100% positive predictive value and 60% negative predictive value for caries development. Conclusion In children who developed caries, there was a statistically significant association with the percent of total flora that was acid tolerant, the percent of MS, the presence of Candida and co-colonization of MS and Candida species. Combining these microbial measures into PMI scores further delineated children who developed caries from those who remained caries-free. These microbiological measures show potential as predictive factors and risk assessment tools for caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Villhauer
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Min Zhu
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Xian Jin Xie
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Pamella Hughes
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Amy Lesch
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Karin Weber-Gasparoni
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Justine Kolker
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - David Drake
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Banas
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Microbiology-Based Instruction during Prenatal Dental Visits Improves Perinatal Oral Health Literacy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052633. [PMID: 35270326 PMCID: PMC8910304 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve oral hygiene education, we evaluated the perception and potential impact of microbiology-focused oral hygiene instructions (OHI) given to pregnant patients. Dental hygienists provided this supplemental education and administered Saliva-Check Mutans (SCM) tests to pregnant patients (n = 188) in Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN) settings. Patients reported their self-perceived understanding of the relationship between oral bacteria and dental disease and returned postdelivery to receive a second SCM test and follow-up questionnaire (n = 47). Prior to the hygienist instruction, 84% of participants understood that bacteria caused tooth decay, while only 36% understood they could transfer these bacteria to their children. After instruction, patient understanding increased to 97% and 95%, respectively. Participants attributed these increases to the hygienist’s explanation and SCM test. In postdelivery participants, >80% reported adherence to routine oral hygiene practices, and a significant decrease in patients with high-risk levels of salivary Streptococcus mutans was determined by SCM test (p = 0.0253). Participants agreed that the SCM test (89%) and microbiology explanation (95%) should be provided to every pregnant patient. Evaluation of patient perception of this intervention highlights how focused instruction on the infectious nature of dental disease can increase perinatal oral health literacy. Microbiology-focused education should be given to pregnant patients to reduce oral health disparities.
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Villhauer A, Lynch D, Postler T, Dawson D, Drake D. Mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli: Colonization Patterns and Genotypic Characterization of Cariogenic Bacterial Species in American Indian Children. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.740900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus species in an American Indian population displaying a high incidence of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and to explore the genotypic diversity and fidelity of transmission of S. sobrinus in this population.Methods: We report here on the microbial profiles of 71 children compiled from birth to 36 months of age and initial exploration of genotypic diversity in a subset of 40 mother/child dyads. Whole mouth plaque samples were collected from mother/child dyads in a Northern Plains American Indian cohort. Mutans streptococci (MS) and Lactobacillus counts were recorded and presence/absence of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus was noted for each child. S. sobrinus was isolated and genotyped via arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR).Results: The children in this study were divided into caries active (CA) and caries free (CF) groups. S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus species were detected more frequently in CA groups. Distribution of MS and Lactobacillus counts was significantly different between the two groups, as was the distribution of three species colonization profiles. Twelve S. sobrinus genotypes were detected in the subset of mother/child dyads. Individual participants displayed a range of 0–3 distinct genotypes while mother/child pairs displayed a range of 1–5 genotypes. Eighty-three percent of children shared at least one genotype with his/her mother.Conclusion: Caries active children in this population display different microbial profiles than the caries free children in this cohort. A small number of S. sobrinus genotypes appear to be very common in this population. A high rate of vertical transmission of S. sobrinus from mother to child is seen in these mother/child dyads.
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Infant Oral Healthcare and Anticipatory Guidance Practices among Dentists in a Pediatric Care Shortage Area. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:6645279. [PMID: 33833803 PMCID: PMC8012124 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6645279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess dentists' practices and barriers towards infant oral healthcare (IOH) and anticipatory guidance (AG) in eastern Saudi Arabia. Methods A regional, cross-sectional survey was distributed to 340 (323 general dentists (GPs) and 17 pediatric dentists (PDs)) working in a governmental setting in eastern Saudi Arabia. A 23 close-ended, pilot-tested questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire asked about dentists' IOH and AG practices. A five-point Likert scale question assessed barriers interfering with AG practices. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regressions were used. Results Participation rate was 98.5% (335/340). Only 18% of GPs indicated performing IOH exams, while 100% of PDs do. About 90% of GPs would see children on a first visit when they are ≥3 years old, whereas 60% of PDs reported seeing one-year-old children. Older practitioners and those performing AG were more likely to perform IOH (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.06-3.1, and OR = 3.84, CI = 1.93-7.65, resp.). The majority of respondents (94%) felt their training did not prepare them to practice AG. "Parents bringing their children for the first time for emergency or existing conditions" was cited by 99% of respondents as a barrier to performing AG. Conclusion Increasing the awareness of GPs and parents about the importance of IOH and AG is crucial in improving children's oral health. Collaboration with pediatricians for early referral of children is equally important in increasing the awareness on prevention principles.
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Association of oral parafunctional habits with anxiety and the Big-Five Personality Traits in the Saudi adult population. Saudi Dent J 2020; 33:90-98. [PMID: 33551622 PMCID: PMC7848802 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral parafunctional habits are related to any abnormal hyperactivity of the oromandibular system. They are prevalent in all societies in varying intensity and have potential physical and psychological implications. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the prevalence of various types of oral parafunctional habits in the Saudi adult population, and (2) to examine their association with and the level of anxiety and personality factors. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted with an electronic data collection form distributed to the public through social media. The questionnaire comprised of the following: (a) demographic information, (b) the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), (c) the Ten-Item of Big-Five Personality Traits, (d) a list of oral parafunctional habits. Data were analysed using a Pearson’s Chi square and binary logistic regression. Results The participants reported several parafunctional habits including daily gum chewing (86%), lip/object biting (59%), clenching (45%), nail biting (36%) and grinding (32%). Males were 3 [2.3–3.7] times and younger age groups were 1.5 [1.1–2.0] times more likely to be associated with nail biting compared to their counter groups (adj.P < 0.001 and adj.P = 0.007). Lip/object biting was significantly 1.3 [1.1–1.7] times more prevalent in males (adj.P = 0.015). Participants who reported being extroverts were more likely to be associated with clenching (46.4%) (P = 0.024). An emotionally stable person was significantly less likely to be associated with nail biting (28.4%), grinding (24.9%), clenching (35.8%), and lip/object biting (48.4%) (P < 0.001each). Participants who reported conscientiousness and emotional stability were significantly less associated with TMD (P = 0.007, P < 0.001). Conclusion Oral parafunctional habits are highly prevalent in the Saudi adult population in varying degrees. Possible risk factors include males, younger age groups, single people, and being financially constrained.
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Olatosi OO, Onyejaka NK, Oyapero A, Ashaolu JF, Abe A. Age and reasons for first dental visit among children in Lagos, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J 2019; 26:158-163. [PMID: 31441453 DOI: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_60_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An early first dental clinic appointment offers the prospect of prompt preventative care and parental education regarding the oral health of the child. The evidence-based recommendation by dental professionals all over the world is that a child should visit a dentist before or by 1 year of age. AIM This study aimed to determine the chronological age at and the purpose for a first dental clinic visit amongst children aged 16 years and below attending the Paediatric Dental Clinic at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study conducted amongst children who attended the Paediatric Dental Clinic at the LUTH between January 2017 and December 2018. Data on age at first dental visit, reasons for attending and other information relevant to the study were collected. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square analysis were conducted, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 1157 children were studied, comprising 580 (50.5%) males and 577 (49.9%) females. Their mean age on their first dental visit was 7.9 ± 3.7 years. Most of the children (31.4%) had their first dental visits at 7 and 9 years, and 0.8% of the children had their first dental visit below the age of 1 year. The most common reason for visiting the dental clinic was dental pain (33.1%). A higher proportion of the children (911 [79.0%]) had their first dental visit for therapeutic purposes, whereas 246 (21.0%) children visited the dental clinic for preventive care. Sex and age at first dental visit were statistically significantly associated with the reason for attendance (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Most children had their first dental visit between the ages of 7 and 9 years, mainly because of pain. It is necessary to create more awareness among parents/caregivers and to establish the concept of dental home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola Olamide Olatosi
- Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Nneka Kate Onyejaka
- Department of Child Dental Health, University of Nigeria, Ituku, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi Oyapero
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Femi Ashaolu
- Department of Child Dental Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Adesuwa Abe
- Department of Child Dental Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
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Diouf JS, Ouédraogo Y, Souaré N, Badiane A, Diop-Bâ K, Ngom PI, Zouaki A, Diagne F. Comparison of dental arch measurements according to the grade and the obstructive character of adenoids. Int Orthod 2019; 17:333-341. [PMID: 30987957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obstructive adenoid hypertrophy is cited as one of the causes of mouth breathing and leads to disharmony in the development of orofacial structures. The objective of this study was to compare the measurements of dental arches according to the grade and the obstructive character of adenoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out with 86 children. The grade and the obstructive character of adenoids were determined from Holmberg and Cohen's radiographic methods respectively. Dental arch measurements were taken on dental casts. A t-test and a Chi2 test were performed respectively to compare the quantitative and qualitative variables of dental arches according to the obstructive character. An Anova test made it possible to compare the quantitative variables according to the grade as Holmberg defined it. For variables that showed significant differences, a Post Hoc test was used. The significance level was set at P=0.05. RESULTS Subjects with obstructive adenoids had a shorter posterior mandibular length (P=0.04) and a greater overbite (P=0.04) than those with non-obstructive adenoids. Those with grade 4 had a greater arch depth (P=0.02) and were more prone to open bite(P=0.03). CONCLUSION A prevention program involving the otorhinolaryngologist and the orthodontist for subjects with obstructive adenoids or grade 4 is necessary to minimize their influence on dental arch relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Samba Diouf
- Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Orthodontie, Département d'Odontologie, Senegal.
| | - Youssouf Ouédraogo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Université Ouaga I, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ngoné Souaré
- Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Orthodontie, Département d'Odontologie, Senegal
| | - Alpha Badiane
- Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Orthodontie, Département d'Odontologie, Senegal
| | - Khady Diop-Bâ
- Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Orthodontie, Département d'Odontologie, Senegal
| | - Papa Ibrahima Ngom
- Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Orthodontie, Département d'Odontologie, Senegal
| | - Ayoub Zouaki
- Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Orthodontie, Département d'Odontologie, Senegal
| | - Falou Diagne
- Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Orthodontie, Département d'Odontologie, Senegal
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Abstract
Orofacial growth and development is a complex process spanning the life course. This article provides an oral health overview in the context of overall growth, physical and social development from infancy through adolescence. It reviews oral health-specific developmental milestones during childhood (0-12 years) and adolescence (≥13 years). It examines issues particular to each age category or spanning multiple ages (eg, pediatric overweight and obesity, tobacco use, and dental trauma) in relation to oral health and development. In addition, the oral microbiome and its potential role in informing personalized oral health care across the life course is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna T Pahel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4501B Koury Oral Health Sciences Building, CB# 7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA; Private Practice: Village Family Dental, 510 Hickory Ridge Drive, Suite 101, Greensboro, NC 27409-9779, USA.
| | - Anne Rowan-Legg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa and Division of Pediatric Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Rocio B Quinonez
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Academic Affairs, School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1611 Koury Oral Health Sciences Building, CB# 7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA
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Abstract
Dental caries is the single most common chronic disease of childhood in the United States. Access to dental care is one of the barriers to improved oral health for children. Primary care providers who routinely treat children have an established role in prevention and early identification of health problems; thus, they are ideal front-line providers who can detect oral health discrepancies and begin the process of care and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Sedrak
- Seton Hall University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079 USA.
| | - Laura M Doss
- Elizabeth Mueller and Associates, The Pediatric Dental Center, 6396 Thornberry Ct, Mason, OH 45040, USA
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13
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Villhauer AL, Lynch DJ, Warren JJ, Dawson DV, Blanchette DR, Drake DR. Genotypic characterization and comparison of Streptococcus mutans in American Indian and Southeast Iowa children. Clin Exp Dent Res 2017; 3:235-243. [PMID: 29416899 PMCID: PMC5788224 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries is a complex health care issue that has a multifactorial etiology. One aspect of this etiology is the colonization and propagation of acidogenic bacteria at an early age. There have been several bacterial species associated with caries but 1 common species is Streptococcus mutans. Here, we describe genotypic diversity and commonality of Streptococcus mutans recovered from children representing 2 groups with similar socioeconomic demographics: a Northern Plains American Indian Tribe and a Southeast Iowa population. Forty 36‐month‐old American Indian children were selected from a cohort of 239 mothers and children, and forty 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children from Southeast Iowa were selected to compare the genotypic profiles of Streptococcus mutans recovered from each child's plaque. S. mutans isolates were selected from whole mouth plaque samples; DNA was extracted and amplified via AP‐PCR to show specific genotype patterns. These patterns were compared with GelComparIIv6.5 gel analysis software. We found 18 distinct genotypes from 524 isolates; 13 of which were common between the 2 communities. Five genotypes were unique to only the American Indian children while the Southeast Iowa children harbored no unique genotypes. Although the American Indian children had some genotypes that were not present in the Southeast Iowa children, these were not widely distributed among the community. Furthermore, the levels of genotypic diversity and commonality were similar between the 2 populations. This study sets the groundwork for a comprehensive comparison of genotypes and caries among larger subsections of both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa L Villhauer
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - David J Lynch
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - John J Warren
- Preventive and Community Dentistry University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - Deborah V Dawson
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - Derek R Blanchette
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - David R Drake
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
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Percival TM, Smith WA, Smith KF. Prevalence of oral habits in a child population in Trinidad, West Indies. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Hibel LC, Schiltz H. Maternal and Infant Secretory Immunoglobulin A across the Peripartum Period. J Hum Lact 2016; 32:NP44-51. [PMID: 26467670 DOI: 10.1177/0890334415610578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations change over early infancy. The primary immunoglobulin in breast milk is sIgA, however, no study has examined the role of maternal sIgA in relation to infant salivary sIgA. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine within-source associations and mean level changes of maternal and infant sIgA across the first 6 months of life, to examine the interrelations between maternal and infant sIgA across the first 6 months of life, and to determine the association between breastfeeding and infant sIgA. METHODS Participants were a convenience sample of 51 mother-infant dyads. Salivary sIgA was collected from the mother in the third trimester. Infant and maternal salivary and maternal breast milk sIgA was collected at approximately 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum. RESULTS Maternal salivary sIgA showed no mean level change across the visits, and levels were moderately associated over time. Breast milk sIgA was moderately associated over time; infant salivary sIgA was weakly associated over time. Both breast milk and infant sIgA levels decreased from 1 to 3 months postpartum. Maternal salivary sIgA was not related to infant or breast milk sIgA. Breastfed infants had lower levels of salivary sIgA. Likewise, higher concentrations of breast milk sIgA were related to lower concentrations of infant sIgA. CONCLUSION Maternal salivary sIgA is highly stable over the peripartum period, whereas breast milk and infant salivary sIgA was variable. Infant secretory IgA development does not depend positively on maternal salivary or breast milk sIgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Hibel
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hillary Schiltz
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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16
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Diagnosi e terapia delle patologie dell’ATM: Aspetti gnatologici. DENTAL CADMOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-8524(16)30077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Eke CB, Akaji EA, Ukoha OM, Muoneke VU, Ikefuna AN, Onwuasigwe CN. Paediatricians' perception about oral healthcare of children in Nigeria. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:164. [PMID: 26693936 PMCID: PMC4689005 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Majority of the oral diseases in children are preventable. The paediatricians owing to the unique position they occupy in child care are invaluable in achieving standard oral and dental healthcare in children. This study was aimed at assessing the paediatricians’ views on basic oral healthcare in children in Nigeria. Methods This was a cross sectional descriptive study. Respondents were paediatricians attending the 2015 Annual General Meeting and Scientific Conference of the Paediatric Association of Nigeria. Relevant information sought from the respondents included: socio- demographic characteristics, duration and location of practice; specific questions on knowledge of basic oral health care in children and recommendations for improvement in knowledge of oral and dental health among paediatricians based on standard clinical guidelines. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 and presented in simple frequencies and percentages. Test of associations was done using chi- square while logistic regression analysis was used to determine significantly associated variables (p < 0.05). Results A total of 121 paediatricians were recruited. 108 (89.3 %) reported that children should be referred to dental health care when caregivers/older patients report dental problems (x2 = 9.377; p = 0.02). 53.7 % felt that examination of the oral cavity should be routine while 61 (50.4 %) of them reported that health education should be given to caregivers/mothers about nursing caries starting early in life. Majority of the respondents 66 (54.5 %) disapproved gum pad cleaning of young infants. 32 (26.4 %) suggested starting tooth brushing in infants as soon as a tooth appear in a child while 112 (92.6 %) recommended the disapproval of pacifiers in infants/younger children. 93 (76.9 %) were of the opinion that the paediatrician is competent in identifying and handling of basic oral health care in children. However, 108 (89.3 %) recommended that the current postgraduate curriculum in paediatrics should incorporate knowledge of basic oral health care in children. Conclusion Majority of the paediatricians were found to have limited knowledge about some basic oral health care in children. It is recommended that the current postgraduate training curriculum in paediatrics in our setting should incorporate knowledge of basic oral healthcare in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bismarck Eke
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Ezi Abigail Akaji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Oluchi Mildred Ukoha
- Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria.
| | - Vivian Uzoamaka Muoneke
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Anthony Nnaemeka Ikefuna
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Chika Nwanma Onwuasigwe
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria.
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18
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Warren JJ, Blanchette D, Dawson DV, Marshall TA, Phipps KR, Starr D, Drake DR. Factors associated with dental caries in a group of American Indian children at age 36 months. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2015; 44:154-61. [PMID: 26544674 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early childhood caries (ECC) is rampant among American Indian children, but there has been relatively little study of this problem. This article reports on risk factors for caries for a group of American Indian children at age 36 months as part of a longitudinal study. METHODS Pregnant women from a Northern Plains Tribal community were recruited to participate in a longitudinal study of caries and caries risk factors. Standardized dental examinations were completed on children, and questionnaires were completed by mothers at baseline and when children were 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 28, and 36 months of age. Examinations were surface-specific for dental caries, and the questionnaires collected data on demographic, dietary, and behavioral factors. Nonparametric bivariate tests and logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for caries at 36 months, and negative binomial regression was used to identify factors related to caries severity (dmf counts). RESULTS Among the 232 children, and caries prevalence for cavitated lesions was 80%, with an additional 15% having only noncavitated lesions. The mean dmfs was 9.6, and of the total dmfs, nearly 62% of affected surfaces were decayed, 31% were missing, and 7% were filled. Logistic regression identified higher added-sugar beverage consumption, younger maternal age at baseline, higher maternal DMFS at baseline, and greater number of people in the household as significant (P < 0.05) risk factors. Negative binomial regression found that only maternal DMFS was associated with child dmf counts. CONCLUSIONS By the age of 36 months, dental caries is nearly universal in this population of American Indian children. Caries risk factors included sugared beverage consumption, greater household size, and maternal factors, but further analyses are needed to better understand caries in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Warren
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Derek Blanchette
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Deborah V Dawson
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Teresa A Marshall
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | - David R Drake
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Indira MD, Dhull KS, Nandlal B. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Infant Oral Healthcare among the Pediatricians of Mysore: A Questionnaire Survey. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015; 8:211-4. [PMID: 26604540 PMCID: PMC4647042 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to study the knowledge, attitude and practice of the pediatricians toward infant oral healthcare and the objective was to determine what can improve the knowledge, attitude and practice toward infant oral healthcare. Materials and methods: A systematic random survey of pediatricians in Mysore received a questionnaire pertaining to individual details, knowledge level and approach toward infant oral healthcare. Results: Most of pediatricians acknowledged the importance of pediatric dentistry. Pediatricians agree that it is important to do dental examination before 1 year. The importance of initiating oral hygiene practice before the eruption of first tooth was not seen to be prevalent among the pediatricians. Most of them were less aware of the first dental visit including early childhood caries (ECC). All pediatricians agree that both medical and dental professionals together are responsible for infant oral healthcare. They should work together to appropriately educate and train themselves to be able to provide risk assessment and to provide preventive oral health services. How to cite this article: Indira MD, Dhull KS, Nandlal B. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Infant Oral Healthcare among the Pediatricians of Mysore: A Questionnaire Survey. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015;8(3):211-214.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Indira
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, JSS Dental College, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kanika Singh Dhull
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B Nandlal
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, JSS Dental College, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Warren JJ, Weber-Gasparoni K, Tinanoff N, Batliner TS, Jue B, Santo W, Garcia RI, Gansky SA. Examination criteria and calibration procedures for prevention trials of the Early Childhood Caries Collaborating Centers. J Public Health Dent 2015; 75:317-26. [PMID: 26011444 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize diagnostic criteria and examiner training and calibration of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research-funded Early Childhood Caries Collaborating Centers (EC4) and report examiner calibration results from 2010 to 2014. The EC4 at Boston University, University of Colorado, and University of California San Francisco are performing randomized controlled early childhood caries (ECC) prevention trials with caries as the main outcome measure. METHODS The EC4 with University of Iowa consultants developed standardized tooth and tooth surface status examination criteria for use in field conditions, examiner training materials, and examiner calibration and re-calibration methodologies. Calibration and re-calibration were performed with 1- to 5-year-old children in the San Francisco Mission District in which assessments from each examiner to be calibrated were compared with those from a single gold standard examiner from 2010 to 2014. Cohen's kappa statistic was used to determine inter-examiner agreement. RESULTS A total of seven examiners were successfully (re)calibrated during that period, examining a total of 231 children. Overall unweighted Cohen's kappas for 10 surface conditions exceeded the criterion of 0.70. However, separate agreement for assessment of noncavitated lesions, as in other studies, was lower. CONCLUSIONS An experienced multidisciplinary and multi-institutional team was able to develop criteria and training materials to anticipate situations and field conditions the main trials would encounter. Examiners were successfully trained and (re)calibrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Warren
- University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Norman Tinanoff
- University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Terence S Batliner
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Bonnie Jue
- University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William Santo
- University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raul I Garcia
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stuart A Gansky
- University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Lynch DJ, Villhauer AL, Warren JJ, Marshall TA, Dawson DV, Blanchette DR, Phipps KR, Starr DE, Drake DR. Genotypic characterization of initial acquisition of Streptococcus mutans in American Indian children. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:27182. [PMID: 25840611 PMCID: PMC4385128 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.27182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe-early childhood caries (S-ECC) is one of the most common infectious diseases in children and is prevalent in lower socio-economic populations. American Indian children suffer from the highest levels of S-ECC in the United States. Members of the mutans streptococci, Streptococcus mutans, in particular, are key etiologic agents in the development of caries. Children typically acquire S. mutans from their mothers and early acquisition is often associated with higher levels of tooth decay. Methods We have conducted a 5-year birth cohort study with a Northern Plains Tribe to determine the temporality and fidelity of S. mutans transmission from mother to child in addition to the genotypic diversity of S. mutans in this community. Plaque samples were collected from 239 mother/child dyads at regular intervals from birth to 36 months and S. mutans were isolated and genotyped by arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). Results Here we present preliminary findings from a subset of the cohort. The focus for this paper is on initial acquisition events in the children. We identified 17 unique genotypes in 711 S. mutans isolates in our subset of 40 children, 40 mothers and 14 primary caregivers. Twelve of these genotypes were identified in more than one individual. S. mutans colonization occurred by 16 months in 57.5% of the children and early colonization was associated with higher decayed, missing and filled surface (DMFS) scores (p=0.0007). Children colonized by S. mutans shared a common genotype with their mothers 47.8% of the time. While multiple genotypes were common in adults, only 10% of children harbored multiple genotypes. Conclusion These children acquire S. mutans at an earlier age than the originally described ‘window of infectivity’ and often, but not exclusively, from their mothers. Early acquisition is associated with both the caries status of the children and the mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lynch
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alissa L Villhauer
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John J Warren
- Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Teresa A Marshall
- Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Deborah V Dawson
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Derek R Blanchette
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Delores E Starr
- Area Regional Dental Prevention/Research Director, Pine Ridge, SD, USA
| | - David R Drake
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA;
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Kumar A, Dutta S, Namdev R, Jain M, Bodh M. Preterm Birth Complications On Oro-Dental Structures: An Updated Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5005/johcd-9-2-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Preterm birth is the birth of a baby of less than 37 weeks gestational age. The cause of preterm birth is in many situations elusive and unknown. Premature infants have a short prenatal development period and are at greater risk for short and long term complications, including disabilities and impediments in growth and mental development. The prevalence of oral defects in the deciduous and permanent dentition has been reported to be higher in premature infants. Premature birth can cause enamel defects such as quantitative loss of enamel (hypoplasia), qualitative change in the translucence (opacity) of the enamel, or a combination of both. Other dental defects in preterm babies include notching of the alveolar ridge, palatal grooving, high arched palate, dental crossbite and palatal asymmetry. Moreover, delayed eruption/maturation and developmental defects of both the primary and permanent dentitions have also been reported. With the introduction of intensive medical care including the increased use of antenatal corticosteroids and the recent routine administration of surfactant replacement therapy, survival of prematurely born infants has improved markedly. However, the significant progress has been made in the care of premature infants but not in reducing the prevalence of preterm birth, making the reduction of preterm birth a challenging proposition.
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Abstract
Oral health is an integral part of the overall health of children. Dental caries is a common and chronic disease process with significant short- and long-term consequences. The prevalence of dental caries for the youngest of children has not decreased over the past decade, despite improvements for older children. As health care professionals responsible for the overall health of children, pediatricians frequently confront morbidity associated with dental caries. Because the youngest children visit the pediatrician more often than they visit the dentist, it is important that pediatricians be knowledgeable about the disease process of dental caries, prevention of the disease, and interventions available to the pediatrician and the family to maintain and restore health.
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Surface electromyography in premature infants: a series of case reports and their methodological aspects. Indian J Pediatr 2014; 81:755-9. [PMID: 24078289 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-013-1199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the development of a method for using Surface Electromyography (sEMG) to evaluate the suckling of premature infants and describe five case reports. METHODS The five premature infants who took part in the study were submitted to sEMG evaluation of the masseter and buccinator muscles during different feeding methods. RESULTS Higher masseter muscle activity was observed in the infants that breastfed or used a cup; masseter muscle activity was reduced and buccinator muscle activity was increased in infants who were fed artificially using only a bottle. CONCLUSIONS Masseter action was reduced in bottle-fed infants, and there were similarities in masseter activity during breastfeeding and cup-feeding.
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25
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Funaki Y, Hiranuma M, Shibata M, Kokai S, Ono T. Effects of nasal obstruction on maturation of the jaw-opening reflex in growing rats. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:530-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Marquezin MCS, Gavião MBD, Alonso MBCC, Ramirez-Sotelo LR, Haiter-Neto F, Castelo PM. Relationship between orofacial function, dentofacial morphology, and bite force in young subjects. Oral Dis 2013; 20:567-73. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MCS Marquezin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Piracicaba Brazil
| | - MBD Gavião
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Piracicaba Brazil
| | - MBCC Alonso
- Department of Radiology Dentistry; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Piracicaba Brazil
| | - LR Ramirez-Sotelo
- Department of Radiology Dentistry; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Piracicaba Brazil
| | - F Haiter-Neto
- Department of Radiology Dentistry; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Piracicaba Brazil
| | - PM Castelo
- Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Diadema Brazil
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27
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Arora A, Foster JP, Curtis B, Gillies D, Moxey AJ, Moody G. Breastfeeding for oral health in preschool children. Hippokratia 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health; Western Sydney University; Penrith Australia
| | - Jann P Foster
- School of Nursing and Midwifery; Western Sydney University; Penrith DC Australia
| | | | - Donna Gillies
- Senior Practitioner Branch; NDIS Quality and Safeguards Commission; Penrith Australia
| | - Annette J Moxey
- Research Centre for Gender, Health & Ageing; Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle; Callaghan Australia
| | - Gwen Moody
- CMC Postnatal Service and Infant Care; Westmead Hospital; Wentworthville Australia
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Abstract
Oral health is a fundamental component of overall health. All children and youth should have access to preventive and treatment-based dental care. Canadian children continue to have a high rate of dental disease, and this burden of illness is disproportionately represented by children of lower socioeconomic status, those in Aboriginal communities and new immigrants. In Canada, the proportion of public funding for dental care has been decreasing. This financial pressure has most affected low-income families, who are also less likely to have dental insurance. Publicly funded provincial/territorial dental plans for Canadian children are limited and show significant variability in their coverage. There is sound evidence that preventive dental visits improve oral health and reduce later costs, and good evidence that fluoridation therapy decreases the rate of dental caries, particularly in high-risk populations. Paediatricians and family physicians play an important role in identifying children at high risk for dental disease and in advocating for more comprehensive and universal dental care for children.
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30
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Warren JJ, Kramer KWO, Phipps K, Starr D, Dawson DV, Marshall T, Drake D. Dental caries in a cohort of very young American Indian children. J Public Health Dent 2012; 72:265-8. [PMID: 23017107 PMCID: PMC3509261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2012.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper reports the prevalence and severity of caries in a group of 16-month-old American Indian children. METHODS The study is an ongoing longitudinal study of risk factors for caries in children from a Northern Plains Tribal community. Children were examined for caries and risk factor data collected at approximately 1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 months of age. Surface-specific caries data were collected and the presence of precavitated "white spot" lesions was recorded at the subject level. RESULTS The mean age was 15.4 months for the sample of 232 children. Caries prevalence was 31.9 percent, while an additional 29.3 percent had white spot lesions only. Mean dmfs was 1.57, and ranged from 0 to 44 surfaces. Nearly 3 percent of all erupted tooth surfaces were affected and maxillary central incisors had the highest prevalence of caries (22 percent). CONCLUSIONS Among the very youngest children, dental caries prevalence was very high among these American Indian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Warren
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1010, USA.
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Freire MDCM, Balbo PL, Amador MDA, Sardinha LMV. [Dietary guidelines for the Brazilian population: implications for the Brazilian National Policy on Oral Health]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2012; 28 Suppl:s20-9. [PMID: 22714964 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2012001300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary guidelines are intended to orient dietary habits and policies for health promotion and disease prevention. This article discusses Brazil's national dietary guidelines, aiming to identify issues that can support the strategies proposed by the National Policy on Oral Health. The two currently available official guidelines produced by the Ministry of Health were reviewed: the Dietary Guidelines for Children under Two and the Population Dietary Guidelines. The guidelines recommend reduction in sugar intake, essential for caries prevention, and other measures to prevent tooth decay and oral cancer. These guidelines are thus a key part of an oral and overall health promotion strategy and should be integrated into the National Policy on Oral Health.
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Retamoso LB, Knop LAH, Guariza Filho O, Tanaka OM. Facial and dental alterations according to the breathing pattern. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 19:175-81. [PMID: 21552720 PMCID: PMC4243757 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is controversy in the literature about possible interaction of the respiratory mode with the facial and dental structures. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to perform a longitudinal assessment of the changes in facial and dental structures in Angle's Class II, division 1 malocclusion individuals, divided according to the respiratory pattern (predominantly nasal or mouth), at two distinct moments of craniofacial development. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pogonium and nose measurements were made on the lateral cephalometric tracings (LS'-Pog', LS'-B', B'-Pog', Pog'-PogTeg', Line NB, Pog-NB, N'-Prn, Prn-NPog, N-Prn-Sn, Prn-Sn-LS). Dental measurements were made on the plaster models (distances between the tips of the canine cusps and the tips of mesial cusps of the first molars) of 40 individuals aged 10 to 14 years (moment 1) and 13 to 16 years (moment 2), 23 being nose breathers (NB) and 17 being predominantly mouth breathers (MB). RESULTS The Student's-t test and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were applied to indicate differences between the mean values of these variables according to the moments and/or respiratory mode. CONCLUSIONS There were alterations in the facial measurements, without interference of the breathing pattern. However, the breathing pattern influenced dental alterations.
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Harari D, Redlich M, Miri S, Hamud T, Gross M. The effect of mouth breathing versus nasal breathing on dentofacial and craniofacial development in orthodontic patients. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:2089-93. [PMID: 20824738 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To determine the effect of mouth breathing during childhood on craniofacial and dentofacial development compared to nasal breathing in malocclusion patients treated in the orthodontic clinic. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study in a tertiary medical center. METHODS Clinical variables and cephalometric parameters of 116 pediatric patients who had undergone orthodontic treatment were reviewed. The study group included 55 pediatric patients who suffered from symptoms and signs of nasal obstruction, and the control group included 61 patients who were normal nasal breathers. RESULTS Mouth breathers demonstrated considerable backward and downward rotation of the mandible, increased overjet, increase in the mandible plane angle, a higher palatal plane, and narrowing of both upper and lower arches at the level of canines and first molars compared to the nasal breathers group. The prevalence of a posterior cross bite was significantly more frequent in the mouth breathers group (49%) than nose breathers (26%), (P = .006). Abnormal lip-to-tongue anterior oral seal was significantly more frequent in the mouth breathers group (56%) than in the nose breathers group (30%) (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS Naso-respiratory obstruction with mouth breathing during critical growth periods in children has a higher tendency for clockwise rotation of the growing mandible, with a disproportionate increase in anterior lower vertical face height and decreased posterior facial height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Harari
- Department of Orthodontics, Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Fonseca CME, dos Santos MBF, Consani RLX, dos Santos JFF, Marchini L. Incidence of sleep bruxism among children in Itanhandu, Brazil. Sleep Breath 2010; 15:215-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-010-0427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gomes CF, Thomson Z, Cardoso JR. Utilization of surface electromyography during the feeding of term and preterm infants: a literature review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2009; 51:936-42. [PMID: 19909308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate studies that have used surface electromyography (sEMG) during feeding for term and preterm infants. METHOD Studies published between 1996 and 2009 were identified through databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and SciELO) and divided into groups: term infants, preterm infants, and other situations with infants aged from 0 to 12 months. RESULTS Five studies were found for suckling in term infants, two evaluating muscular activity during feeding in preterm infants, and one dealing with other situations. Some studies revealed striking differences in activity of the masseter muscle between breastfed and bottle-fed term infants (action diminished in bottle-fed infants). For preterm infants, authors evaluated sucking and sucking bursts and pointed out an effective means of evaluating muscle behaviour during feeding. There is evidence of a similarity in activity between cup feeding and breastfeeding. INTERPRETATION Studies found in this literature review show the importance of using sEMG as a method of feeding assessment for term and preterm infants. For term infants, the masseter muscle presented greater muscular activity during breastfeeding and reduced activity during bottle-feeding. It was not possible to make comparisons between studies of preterm infants because of differences in methodological design.
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Abstract
This policy is a compilation of current concepts and scientific evidence required to understand and implement practice-based preventive oral health programs designed to improve oral health outcomes for all children and especially children at significant risk of dental decay. In addition, it reviews cariology and caries risk assessment and defines, through available evidence, appropriate recommendations for preventive oral health intervention by primary care pediatric practitioners.
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Barbosa TDS, Miyakoda LS, Pocztaruk RDL, Rocha CP, Gavião MBD. Temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in childhood and adolescence: review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 72:299-314. [PMID: 18180045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article was to review the literature about temporomandibular disorders and bruxism and their relationships in children and adolescents. METHODS The literature was searched using Medline, ISI, Cochrane Library, Scielo and the Internet, from March 1970 to the end of June 2007. The inclusion criteria were: they evaluated a possible association between TMD and bruxism, and they dealt with child and/or adolescent samples. Furthermore, interim reports, related Internet sites and chapters in textbooks were considered. From 64 records found, 30 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. RESULTS The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescent varies widely in the literature. Temporomandibular disorders are often defined on the basis of signs and symptoms, of which the most common are: temporomandibular joint sounds, impaired movement of the mandible, limitation in mouth opening, preauricular pain, facial pain, headaches and jaw tenderness on function, having mainly a mild character, fluctuation and progression to severe pain and dysfunction is rare. One of the possible causal factors suggested that temporomandibular disorders in children is a functional mandibular overload variable, mainly bruxism. Bruxism, defined as the habitual nonfunctional forceful contact between occlusal tooth surfaces, is involuntary, excessive grinding, clenching or rubbing of teeth during nonfunctional movements of the masticatory system. Its etiology is still controversial but the multifactorial cause has been attributed, including pathophysiologic, psychologic and morphologic factors. Moreover, in younger children, bruxism may be a consequence of the masticatory neuromuscular system immaturity. Complications include dental attrition, headaches, temporomandibular disorders and masticatory muscle soreness. Some studies have linked oral parafunctional habits to disturbances and diseases of the temporomandibular joint, mainly bruxism, suggesting its association with temporomandibular disorders in the primary and mixed dentition, whereas other authors did not observed respective relationship in primary dentition. The unreliability for the clinical assessment of bruxism also reduces confidence in conclusions about the relationship with temporomandibular disorders. CONCLUSIONS Taken all evidence together, the relationship between bruxism and temporomandibular disorders, if it exists, seems to be controversial and unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís de Souza Barbosa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira 901, CEP 13414-903, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Moura LDFADD, de Moura MS, de Toledo OA. Conhecimentos e práticas em saúde bucal de mães que freqüentaram um programa odontológico de atenção materno-infantil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2007; 12:1079-86. [PMID: 17680166 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232007000400029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a assimilação e as práticas preventivas em saúde bucal adotadas por mães de crianças que freqüentaram um programa odontológico de atenção materno infantil. O Programa Preventivo para Gestantes e Bebês (PPGB) é um programa de extensão vinculado à Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), que tem como meta a conscientização de gestantes e mães de crianças de zero a 36 meses para a adoção de hábitos favoráveis à obtenção de saúde bucal. Realizou-se uma seleção aleatória de fichas clínicas de crianças que haviam participado do PPGB e, através destas fichas, foram enviadas cartas às mães. Houve um retorno de 281 mães, as quais foram submetidas a entrevistas envolvendo os temas abordados pelo programa. Pelos resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir que as mães freqüentadoras do PPGB detêm um bom nível de informação e adotam, no âmbito familiar, práticas de saúde favoráveis ao controle e prevenção de doenças bucais.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus Moura
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Odontológica, Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, Campus Universitário Petrônio Portella, Ininga, 64049-550 Teresina PI.
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Sousa JBR, Anselmo-Lima WT, Valera FCP, Gallego AJ, Matsumoto MAN. Cephalometric assessment of the mandibular growth pattern in mouth-breathing children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 69:311-7. [PMID: 15733589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE At the present time, it is generally accepted that chronic mouth breathing influences craniofacial growth and development. The objective of this study was to determine the position of the jaw, its growth direction and morphology, and the facial proportions of children with two different etiological factors of mouth breathing, at different age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four groups of mouth breathing children were analyzed by cephalometry. Two groups, ages ranging from 3 to 6 and 7 to 10 years, with respiratory obstruction due to isolated adenoid hypertrophy (AH), and two groups, ages ranging from 3 to 6 and 7 to 10 years, due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH). RESULTS No significant differences were observed between mouth breathing children caused either by AH or by ATH in any of the age groups. Only the linear Ar-Go measurement was significantly larger in children with ATH with 7 years or more. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the influence of mouth breathing on mandibular growth is poorly related to the etiological factors analyzed. The single difference observed was the lower posterior facial height in children of 7 years of age or more, which was higher in those with ATH than in those with AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana B R Sousa
- Department of Preventive and Social Pediatric Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (FORP-USP), Brazil
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Castelo PM, Gavião MBD, Pereira LJ, Bonjardim LR. Relationship between oral parafunctional/nutritive sucking habits and temporomandibular joint dysfunction in primary dentition. Int J Paediatr Dent 2005; 15:29-36. [PMID: 15663442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2005.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between nutritive and parafunctional habits and the presence of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) in children with primary dentition. METHODS Ninety nine children, aged 3-5 years, were examined to check for the presence or absence of signs and symptoms of TMD (headache, preauricular pain, earache, masticatory muscle tenderness, deviation on opening, occlusal interference and asymmetric movement of the mandible), oral parafunctions (bruxism, nail biting, finger/thumb sucking, speech alteration, mouth breathing, pacifier and atypical swallowing) and nutritive habits (breast- or bottle-feeding) through interview and clinical examination. The results were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The results showed that only atypical swallowing was positively related to TMD (P < 0.0001); other oral parafunctional and nutritive habits were not related to TMD. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that parafunctional habits, with the exception of atypical swallowing, and feeding methods were not determinants for the presence of signs and/or symptoms of TMD in the sample of children included in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Castelo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Abstract
Early childhood dental caries has been reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to be perhaps the most prevalent infectious disease of our nation's children. Early childhood dental caries occurs in all racial and socioeconomic groups; however, it tends to be more prevalent in low-income children, in whom it occurs in epidemic proportions. Dental caries results from an overgrowth of specific organisms that are a part of normally occurring human flora. Human dental flora is site specific, and an infant is not colonized until the eruption of the primary dentition at approximately 6 to 30 months of age. The most likely source of inoculation of an infant's dental flora is the mother or another intimate care provider, through shared utensils, etc. Decreasing the level of cariogenic organisms in the mother's dental flora at the time of colonization can significantly impact the child's predisposition to caries. To prevent caries in children, high-risk individuals must be identified at an early age (preferably high-risk mothers during prenatal care), and aggressive strategies should be adopted, including anticipatory guidance, behavior modifications (oral hygiene and feeding practices), and establishment of a dental home by 1 year of age for children deemed at risk.
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