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Jaine Robinson JR, Anne Ferguson AF. Food Sensitivity and the Nervous System: Hyperactivity, Addiction and Criminal Behaviour. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 5:203-23. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr19920015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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di Michele F, Prichep L, John ER, Chabot RJ. The neurophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Int J Psychophysiol 2005; 58:81-93. [PMID: 15979751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Revised: 01/08/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent reviews of the neurobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) have concluded that there is no single pathophysiological profile underlying this disorder. Certainly, dysfunctions in the frontal/subcortical pathways that control attention and motor behavior are implicated. However, no diagnostic criteria or behavioral/neuroimaging techniques allow a clear discrimination among subtypes within this disorder, especially when problems with learning are also considered. Two major Quantitative EEG (QEEG) subtypes have been found to characterize AD/HD. Here we review the major findings in the neurophysiology of AD/HD, focusing on QEEG, and briefly present our previous findings using a source localization technique called Variable Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (VARETA). These two techniques represent a possible objective method to identify specific patterns corresponding to EEG-defined subtypes of AD/HD. We then propose a model representing the distribution of the neural generators in these two major AD/HD subtypes, localized within basal ganglia and right anterior cortical regions, and hippocampal, para-hippocampal and temporal cortical regions, respectively. A comprehensive review of neurochemical, genetic, neuroimaging, pharmacological and neuropsychological evidence in support of this model is then presented. These results indicate the value of the neurophysiological model of AD/HD and support the involvement of different neuroanatomical systems, particularly the dopaminergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Brain Research Labs, New York University School of Medicine, 27th and 1st Ave., 8th Floor Old Bellevue Admin. Bldg., New York, NY 10016, USA
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Malhi P, Singhi P. Diagnosis and management of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Indian J Pediatr 2001; 68:547-55. [PMID: 11450387 DOI: 10.1007/bf02723251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder which is characterized by three core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It is estimated that 5% to 10% of school aged children suffer from this disorder. This disorder is more common in boys than girls. Comorbidity is a major problem and is present in as many as two thirds of children with ADHD. A multiple modality approach to treatment which combines pharmacotherapy, psycho education, behaviour therapy, environmental changes and social skills training is recommended. The outcome of ADHD is variable and unless properly treated in early years may predispose the child to serious psychopathology in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Malhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh-160 012.
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Guardiola A, Terra AR, Ferreira LT, Londero RG. [Use of amitriptyline in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 1999; 57:599-605. [PMID: 10667283 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x1999000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the action of amitriptyline (AMI) in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Twenty-five children who came to consultation for ADHD were analyzed, in two groups: the group which used AMI (n = 18) at 1.6 mg/kg/day and the group which used placebo (n = 7). Both groups were submitted to two assessments in a 30 days interval, which consisted of the evolutive neurological evolution examination (ENE) and the WISC scale subtests on numbers, drawings to be completed and the code. The results showed that the AMI produced an improvement in performance in the motor persistence tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guardiola
- Departamento de Neurologia, Fundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
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Steyaert J, Umans S, Willekens D, Legius E, Pijkels E, de Die-Smulders C, Van den Berghe H, Fryns JP. A study of the cognitive and psychological profile in 16 children with congenital or juvenile myotonic dystrophy. Clin Genet 1997; 52:135-41. [PMID: 9377801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report data on intelligence and on possibly associated psychopathology in 16 children and adolescents, between 7 and 18 years of age, with congenital or juvenile myotonic dystrophy. We found that all the subjects have an intelligence level below the population mean, four of them in the mentally retarded range. An unexpected number of subjects are in the clinical range on the Child Behavior Checklist. In nine of the 16 subjects, a child psychiatric diagnosis was found using a standardized psychiatric interview. The most frequent child psychiatric diagnosis was Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steyaert
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Castiglia PT. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Health Care 1997; 11:130-3. [PMID: 9197628 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5245(97)90065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P T Castiglia
- University of Texas, El Paso College of Nursing and Health Sciences, USA
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Duchesne M, Mattos P. [Normalization of a computerized visual attention test (TAVIS)]. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 1997; 55:62-9. [PMID: 9332562 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x1997000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The authors present the normative data of a computerized test (TAVIS) that address visual attention in children and adolescents being the first neuropsychological instrument as such devised and developed in Brazil. Selective, alternate and sustained attention aspects are evaluated through three different tasks. Omission and action errors as well as time reaction are evaluated. The advantages and limitations of the test are commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duchesne
- Universidade Gama Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Horner BR, Scheibe KE. Prevalence and implications of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among adolescents in treatment for substance abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:30-6. [PMID: 9000778 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199701000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is overrepresented among adults and adolescents in treatment for substance abuse. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of ADHD and to elucidate differences among adolescent substance abusers relative to ADHD symptomatology. METHOD The Wender Utah Rating Scale and the Self-Evaluation (Teenager's) Self-Report were used to evaluate childhood history of ADHD and current symptoms, respectively, and the Child Attention Problems Scale was completed by treatment program clinicians. A quantitative substance use history and a subjective substance use interview were also administered. RESULTS A total of 50% of 14 females and 16 males, ranging in age from 14 to 19, met study criteria for ADHD. ADHD subjects began drug use at an earlier age, had more severe substance abuse, and had a more negative self-image prior to drug use and improved self-image with drug use. They experienced more negative affective responses related to substance use and more drug craving and attentional difficulties in treatment than control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results support a substantial comorbidity of ADHD among adolescent substance abusers, with indications of drug use for self-medication. Counseling for ADHD and medication may be indicated to improve treatment outcome and future functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Horner
- National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT, USA
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Faigel HC, Heiligenstein E. Medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: commentary and response. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 1996; 45:40-42. [PMID: 8708265 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.1996.9937544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H C Faigel
- Brandeis University Health Services in Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Attention deficit disorder (ADD) in adolescents has received scant attention when compared with that given to children. With or without hyperactivity, ADD does not disappear at puberty and is an important factor in scholastic and social failure in adolescents. As a condition associated with decreased metabolism in the premotor and prefrontal superior cerebral cortex, ADD in adolescents responds well to treatment with stimulants, tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nonpharmacologic modalities such as behavior modification, individual and family therapy, and cognitive therapy are useful adjuncts to psychopharmacologic management. Without effective treatment, ADD often results in increased risk of trauma, substance abuse and conduct and affective disorders during adolescence, and marital disharmony, family dysfunction, divorce, and incarceration in adulthood. Properly treated with medication and counseling, adolescents with ADD succeed as well as their peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Faigel
- University Health Service, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254-9110, USA
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Faigel HC. Attention deficit disorder in college students: facts, fallacies, and treatment. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 1995; 43:147-155. [PMID: 7860870 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.1995.9940467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit disorder (ADD), with or without hyperactivity, is a common but highly misunderstood and frequently underdiagnosed condition in college students. It affects students' academic and social success and emotional development. ADD is an invisible impairment of cortical regulation of activity and impulse control that is often hereditary, is as common in women as in men, and does not subside or disappear at puberty. ADD increases the risk of drug abuse, delinquency, incarceration, job failure, marital discord, and divorce. In college students, ADD is amenable to treatment in a multimodal program combining medication; individual, family, and group psychotherapy; career counseling; and cognitive control, together with electronic prostheses and special accommodations in the college classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Faigel
- University Health Services, Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts
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Tzourio N, Heim A, Zilbovicius M, Gerard C, Mazoyer BM. Abnormal regional CBF response in left hemisphere of dysphasic children during a language task. Pediatr Neurol 1994; 10:20-6. [PMID: 7515240 DOI: 10.1016/0887-8994(94)90062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study used xenon 133 inhalation and single-photon computed tomography to measure regional cerebral blood flow during a quiet resting condition, a simple auditory task, and an auditory phonemic discrimination task in 3 age-matched groups of children suffering from developmental language disabilities: expressive dysphasia, expressive-receptive dysphasia, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. An absence of left hemisphere activation was observed in the expressive-receptive group during the phonemic discrimination task as compared to both expressive and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children, together with an absence of left inferior parietal region activation in dysphasics as compared to hyperactive children. These results favor the hypothesis of an abnormal lateralization for language in dysphasic children and point toward possible different pathologic localizations in the different clinical subtypes of dysphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tzourio
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, DRIPP CEA, Orsay, France
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Busch B. Attention deficits: current concepts, controversies, management, and approaches to classroom instruction. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 1993; 43:5-25. [PMID: 24233982 DOI: 10.1007/bf02928171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the current criteria for diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Undifferentiated Attention-Deficit Disorder, according to the American Psychiatric Association, and describes other typical presenting features of children with attentional disorders. The current theories of the biological basis of attentional disorders are reviewed. Treatments of attentional disorders are discussed, including medical treatments with stimulants and tricyclic antidepressants, and non-medical treatments, such as behavior modification, psychotherapy, diets, and specific educational modifications that are felt to be helpful. Finally, our current thinking about the long-term outlook for children with attentional disorders is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Busch
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
A variety of motor and behavioral symptoms may cause functional impairment in children with developmental disabilities. Some of these symptoms, including increased tone, involuntary movements, and disruptive behaviors, may be helped by multimodal treatments that include pharmacotherapy. Treatment with psychopharmacologic agents can also cause unwanted CNS side effects that can be as detrimental as the target symptom, however. Identification and measurement of target symptoms at baseline and maintenance drug conditions, in conjunction with careful medical monitoring, provide the pediatrician and family with the information needed to make decisions about drug treatment.
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Weinberg WA, Brumback RA. The myth of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: symptoms resulting from multiple causes. J Child Neurol 1992; 7:431-45; discussion 446-61. [PMID: 1469255 DOI: 10.1177/088307389200700420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W A Weinberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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Abstract
The most likely causes of failure in school in otherwise capable children who come from homes in which they are loved and cared for are learning disabilities, affective illness, primary disorder of vigilance and, on occasion, narcolepsy. The various learning disabilities are often accompanied by problems of attention, concentration, organization, mood and feelings, and social interaction. These latter problems are reflections of biochemical disorders that respond effectively to judicious pharmacologic intervention. When this type of medical management is combined with constructive counseling and suitable curriculum adjustments, the child can attain his or her maximum education potential and become a productive and contributing adult member of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Levy
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport
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