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Rinaldi F, Sacchetto S, Di Francia A, Siracusano A, Niolu C, di Michele F. The "Hysterical Psychosis" Dilemma: A Narrative Review. Psychopathology 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38442702 DOI: 10.1159/000536377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hysteria in its most severe expression may reach psychotic manifestations. Such symptomatology has been occasionally described by various authors starting from the 19th century and defined as "hysterical psychosis" (HP) by Hollender and Hirsch in 1964. Currently, diagnostic psychiatric manuals such as DSM and ICD do not include the diagnosis of HP, although this term is commonly used in clinical practice. This raises a well-known problem with case definition due to an inconsistent use of terminology. SUMMARY Here, we propose a review of the literature that aims to highlight the clinical features of HP endorsed by the majority of authors, such as histrionic premorbid personality, acute reactive onset, short duration, altered state of consciousness, unstable delusions, typical hallucinations, labile mood, lack of flat affect. In the discussion, we focus on the differential diagnosis between HP and other diagnoses such as brief psychosis and schizophrenia, trying to point out aspects of distinction and continuity. KEY MESSAGES The debate about this nosographic entity still remains a huge dilemma and needs further contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alberto Siracusano
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Niolu
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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di Michele F, Rinaldi F. The Symbolism in a Case of Hysterical Psychosis. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2024; 52:66-69. [PMID: 38454892 PMCID: PMC10926011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The authors take inspiration from a case of hysterical psychosis to illustrate a typical condition of this evocative disease: the symbolic language of hysteria, conjurer of archetypical images. The authors encourage the clinician not to decode such aspects in rational analytical terms, rather to have a more wide-open approach that promotes the emergence of the individual unconscious, reconnecting with the collective imagination. This approach could help psychiatrists better understand a subject's inner experiences and interpersonal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Dept Psychiatry, Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy
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di Michele F, Romeo E. What do we need to know about neurosteroids and emotions? AIMSMOLES 2023. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2023006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
<abstract>
<p>Neurosteroids are essential endogenous compounds which modulate numerous brain-related functions. Neurosteroids affect both the excitatory (glutamate) and the inhibitory (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) systems in the brain allowing for the modulation of a wide array of emotions and behaviors. Their synthesis is increased in response to stress, helping the organism to return to homeostasis. Alterations of neurosteroid concentrations therefore have a role in the pathophysiology of stress and stress-related conditions, such as mood (therefore acting on sadness and anger) and anxiety (fear) disorders. Here, we summarize the action of some neuroactive compounds, such as allopregnanolone, pregnanolone, pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone, in regulating emotions and outline their current pharmacological use in different pathologies.</p>
</abstract>
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, Dept. Psychiatry; Neuropsychoendocrinology Lab IRCCS S. Lucia, Rome, Italy
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di Michele F. Asthma exacerbation associated with glucosamine supplement: an association between airways disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases? Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5688-5689. [PMID: 35726415 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220620124804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Dept. Systems Medicine PTV Foundation, Policlinico di Tor Vergata Viale Oxford n. 81, 00133- Rome, Italy
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di Michele F. Why use nutraceutical strategies for the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2075-2092. [PMID: 34533437 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210917115255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional bowel disorder, often stress-related, identified by many abdominal symptoms, the most important of which is the chronic visceral abdominal pain. Therefore, IBS commonly impairs the quality of life of patients, moreover it is frequently linked to depressive and anxiety symptoms. The treatment of IBS primarily focuses on symptoms relief. Unfortunately, up to now, no efficacious therapies have been found. Therefore, it would be important to develop new anti-IBS interventions. The aim of this brief review is to summarize the current evidence of nutraceutical supplementation in IBS treatment, with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, butyrate, palmitoylethanolamide and colostrum. Since nutraceutics are over the counter products, the review has the purpose to better inform the medicinal chemist and the practitioner about the possible benefit mechanisms and the many advantages that these therapies offer. All of these compounds present multiple mechanisms of action, such as restoring the physiological microbiota, potentiating gastrointestinal barrier's function, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. From the literature data it results that these compounds are not only capable to improve IBS symptomatology, but mainly display an optimal safety and tolerability profile. Although extensive studies must be carried out to reinforce the evidences from the so far limited clinical trials, the supplementation with these compounds may be useful considering the warnings of prescription medicines for special populations of patients, such as elders, youngsters, or patients who need a combination therapy. Finally, the nutraceutical approach may improve adherence to treatment, given its better acceptance by the patients compared to pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Dept Systems Medicine, Policlinico Tor Vergata (PTV) Foundation, Rome, Italy
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di Michele F, Talamo A, Di Lorenzo G, Niolu C, Siracusano A. The Emergency Department's management of a severe acute psychomotor agitation: a rare case of an adult presentation of Rasmussen's Syndrome? Riv Psichiatr 2021; 56:281-282. [PMID: 34663995 DOI: 10.1708/3681.36676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a severe acute psychomotor agitation treated in the Emergency Department. We hypothesized to be a rare case of an adult presentation of Rasmussen's Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Acute Psychiatric Section, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Talamo
- Acute Psychiatric Section, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Acute Psychiatric Section, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy - Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Niolu
- Acute Psychiatric Section, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy - Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Siracusano
- Acute Psychiatric Section, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy - Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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di Michele F. Why Vitamin D Status Might be Important for Brain Health and Mental Well-Being? Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2439-2441. [DOI: 10.2174/138161282621200520085710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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di Michele F, Talamo A, Niolu C, Siracusano A. Vitamin D and N-Acetyl Cysteine Supplementation in Treatment-Resistant Depressive Disorder Patients: A General Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2442-2459. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200406090051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is often a lifetime disabling mental illness as individuals with
MDD might not benefit from standard-therapy, including both pharmacological and psychosocial interventions.
Novel therapies are, therefore, required.
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It was shown by recent preclinical and clinical studies that the dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission
might be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. Furthermore, neuroimmune alterations could have a significant
role in the pathogenesis of MDD.
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Vitamin D is a neurosteroid hormone essential for several metabolic processes, immune responses, and for regulating
neurotrophic-neuroprotective processes, neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Recent studies have also
shown Vitamin D deficiency in patients with severe psychiatric disorders, including MDD.
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Lately, clinical studies have shown the neuroprotective action of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) through the modulation
of inflammatory pathways and via the modulation of synaptic release of glutamate in cortico-subcortical
brain regions; the cysteine-glutamate antiporter.
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This paper reviews the therapeutic use of Vitamin D and NAC and among individuals with refractory MDD to the
first- line pharmacological interventions, reviewing the clinical studies published in the last decade.
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A detailed summary of the current evidence in this area aims to better inform psychiatrists and general practitioners
on the potential benefits of Vitamin D and NAC supplementation for this disorder.
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Nutraceutical supplementation with Vitamin D and NAC in treatment-resistant MDD patients may be important
not only for improving depressive clinical manifestations but also for their safety and tolerability profile. This is
of great interest, especially considering the need for treating special populations affected by MDD, such as
youngsters and elders. Finally, the nutraceutical approach represents a good choice, considering its better compliance
by the patients compared to traditional psychopharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Talamo
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Niolu
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Siracusano
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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di Michele F, Siracusano A, Talamo A, Niolu C. N-Acetyl Cysteine and Vitamin D Supplementation in Treatment Resistant Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Patients: A General Review. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:1832-1838. [PMID: 29663874 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180417124919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disabling mental illness for which pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are all too often inadequate. This demonstrates the need for more targeted therapeutics. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have implicated the dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of OCD. Moreover, there are studies suggesting that neuroimmune abnormalities may play an important role in the pathogenesis of OCD. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a safe and readily available agent that would modify the synaptic release of glutamate in subcortical brain regions via modulation of the cysteine-glutamate antiporter. The modulation of inflammatory pathways may also play a role in the benefits seen following NAC treatment. Therefore NAC can be considered a neuroprotective agent. METHODS This paper explores the role of NAC in the treatment of OCD conditions refractory to first-line pharmacological interventions, reviewing the clinical studies published in the last decade. RESULTS The possible benefit mechanisms of NAC for this disorder will be discussed, as well as the role of vitamin D supplementation, given its specific property of stimulating the formation of glutathione in the brain. CONCLUSION Nutraceutical supplementation in treatment resistance OCD may be important not only for improving obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, but also from a psychological perspective, given its better acceptance by the patients compared to pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Psychiatric Clinic, PTV Foundation- Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Siracusano
- Psychiatric Clinic, PTV Foundation- Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Talamo
- Psychiatric Clinic, PTV Foundation- Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Niolu
- Psychiatric Clinic, PTV Foundation- Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Psychiatric Clinic, PTV Foundation- Policlinico Tor Vergata, Via Oxford, 81-00133, Rome, Italy.
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di Michele F. Improving the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder by considering the autoimmune diathesis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51:1159-1160. [PMID: 28656786 DOI: 10.1177/0004867417715915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Department of Psychiatry, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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di Michele F, Luchetti S, Bernardi G, Romeo E, Longone P. Neurosteroid and neurotransmitter alterations in Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:132-42. [PMID: 23563222 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with a massive loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra leading to dopamine hypofunction and alteration of the basal ganglia circuitry. These neurons, are under the control, among others, of the excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems. An imbalance between these systems may contribute to excitotoxicity and dopaminergic cell death. Neurosteroids, a group of steroid hormones synthesized in the brain, modulate the function of several neurotransmitter systems. The substantia nigra of the human brain expresses high concentrations of allopregnanolone (3α, 5αtetrahydroprogesterone), a neurosteroid that positively modulates the action of GABA at GABAA receptors and of 5α-dihydroprogesterone, a neurosteroid acting at the genomic level. This article reviews the roles of NS acting as neuroprotectants and as GABAA receptor agonists in the physiology and pathophysiology of the basal ganglia, their impact on dopaminergic cell activity and survival, and potential therapeutic application in PD.
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Longone P, di Michele F, D’Agati E, Romeo E, Pasini A, Rupprecht R. Neurosteroids as neuromodulators in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:55. [PMID: 22654814 PMCID: PMC3356011 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders. They are frequently treated with benzodiazepines, which are fast acting highly effective anxiolytic agents. However, their long-term use is impaired by tolerance development and abuse liability. In contrast, antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered as first-line treatment but have a slow onset of action. Neurosteroids are powerful allosteric modulators of GABA(A) and glutamate receptors. However, they also modulate sigma receptors and they are modulated themselves by SSRIs. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that neurosteroid homeostasis is altered in depression and anxiety disorders and antidepressants may act in part through restoring neurosteroid disbalance. Moreover, novel drugs interfering with neurosteroidogenesis such as ligands of the translocator protein (18 kDa) may represent an attractive pharmacological option for novel anxiolytics which lack the unwarranted side effects of benzodiazepines. Thus, neurosteroids are important endogenous neuromodulators for the physiology and pathophysiology of anxiety and they may constitute a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Longone
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Experimental NeurologyFondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Patrizia Longone, Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Room 201, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy. e-mail: ; Rainer Rupprecht, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. e-mail:
| | | | - Elisa D’Agati
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Romeo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Pasini
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”Rome, Italy
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University RegensburgRegensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Patrizia Longone, Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Room 201, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy. e-mail: ; Rainer Rupprecht, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. e-mail:
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Schüle C, Baghai TC, di Michele F, Eser D, Pasini A, Romeo E, Rupprecht R. Mirtazapine does not influence tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone levels in depressed patients. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11:308-13. [PMID: 20218794 DOI: 10.3109/15622970701639429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the neuroactive steroids, 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (3alpha,5alpha-THDOC) is at least in part produced in the adrenal gland and is therefore under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system. The antidepressant mirtazapine has been shown to attenuate HPA axis activity and to increase the concentrations of 3alpha-reduced metabolites of progesterone in depressed patients. In the present study, the impact of mirtazapine on 3alpha,5alpha-THDOC levels was investigated in relation to clinical response in depressed patients. METHOD A total of 23 drug-free inpatients suffering from a major depressive episode (DSM-IV criteria) underwent 5-week treatment with mirtazapine (45 mg/day). Plasma samples were taken weekly at 08:00 h and were quantified for 3alpha,5alpha-THDOC levels. RESULTS 3alpha,5alpha-THDOC levels were not correlated with demographic and clinical parameters such as age and severity of depression. Moreover, 5-week treatment with mirtazapine did not influence the 3alpha,5alpha-THDOC in the depressed patients, neither in responders nor in non-responders. CONCLUSION Putative increasing effects of mirtazapine on 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids such as 3alpha,5alpha-THDOC which may be mediated via an impact on the neurosteroidogenic enzyme 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase seem to be counterbalanced by the mirtazapine-induced inhibition of ACTH secretion which directly influences the 3alpha,5alpha-THDOC release of the adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Schüle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Zwanzger P, Eser D, Romeo E, di Michele F, Baghai TC, Pasini A, Padberg F, Rupprecht R. Changes in CCK-4 induced panic after treatment with the GABA-reuptake inhibitor tiagabine are associated with an increase in 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone concentrations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:1586-9. [PMID: 19501468 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that gamma-amino-butyric acid type A (GABA(A))-receptor modulating neuroactive steroids play a role in the pathophysiology of panic disorder. Antidepressant treatment has been suggested to stabilize the concentrations of neuroactive steroids. In this pilot study we investigated neuroactive steroid concentrations during GABAergic treatment, which might represent an alternative anxiolytic pharmacotherapeutic strategy. Neuroactive steroid concentrations were determined in 10 healthy subjects treated with tiagabine. To evaluate the anxiolytic effects of tiagabine a cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) challenge was performed before and after treatment. Treatment with tiagabine led to a significant increase in 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (3alpha,5alpha-THDOC) from 0.49 to 1.42 nmol/l (Z=-2.80, p=.005), which was significantly correlated with a decrease of panic symptoms in the CCK-4 challenge. Thus, it might be hypothesized that the anxiolytic effects of GABAergic treatment might in part be mediated by their influence on 3alpha,5alpha-THDOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zwanzger
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany.
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Schüle C, Baghai TC, di Michele F, Eser D, Pasini A, Schwarz M, Rupprecht R, Romeo E. Effects of combination treatment with mood stabilizers and mirtazapine on plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids in depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:669-80. [PMID: 17560730 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants such as SSRIs or mirtazapine have been demonstrated to increase the concentrations of 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids throughout several weeks of treatment. However, no data are available on the impact of mood stabilizers such as lithium or carbamazepine on neuroactive steroid levels in depressed patients. Study 1 was performed in 26 drug-free depressed inpatients who were treated with either mirtazapine monotherapy (n=13) or combination therapy with mirtazapine and addition of lithium (n=13). Twenty drug-free depressed inpatients were included in study 2, receiving either mirtazapine monotherapy (n=10) or combination treatment with mirtazapine and carbamazepine (n=10). Plasma samples were taken weekly at 0800 h in the morning and quantified for neuroactive steroids by means of combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. In study 1, the mirtazapine-induced rises in 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone and 3alpha,5beta-tetrahydroprogesterone were abolished by additional lithium administration, as compared to mirtazapine monotherapy. In study 2, the mirtazapine-evoked increase in 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone was reversed after additional administration of carbamazepine, presumably due to lowered mirtazapine levels after induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Apparently, the mood stabilizers lithium and carbamazepine do not enhance but rather reverse the increase in plasma concentrations of 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in depressed patients pretreated with antidepressants such as mirtazapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Schüle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Eser D, Schüle C, Romeo E, Baghai TC, di Michele F, Pasini A, Zwanzger P, Padberg F, Rupprecht R. Neuropsychopharmacological properties of neuroactive steroids in depression and anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 186:373-87. [PMID: 16247651 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids modulate neurotransmission through modulation of specific neurotransmitter receptors such as gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. Preclinical studies suggested that neuroactive steroids may modulate anxiety- and depression-related behaviour and may contribute to the therapeutical effects of antidepressant drugs. Attenuations of 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids have been observed during major depression. This disequilibrium can be corrected by successful treatment with antidepressant drugs. However, non-pharmacological antidepressant treatment strategies did not affect neuroactive steroid composition independently from the clinical response. Further research is needed to clarify whether enhancement of neuroactive steroid levels might represent a new therapeutical approach in the treatment of affective disorders. Nevertheless, the first studies investigating the therapeutical effects of exogenously administered dehydroepiandosterone revealed promising results in the treatment of major depression. In addition, in various anxiety disorders alterations of neuroactive steroid levels have been observed. In panic disorder, in the absence of panic attacks, neuroactive steroid composition is opposite to that seen in depression, which may represent counter-regulatory mechanisms against the occurrence of spontaneous panic attacks. However, during experimentally induced panic attacks, there was a pronounced decline in GABAergic neuroactive steroids, which might contribute to the pathophysiology of panic attacks. In conclusion, neuroactive steroids contribute to the pathophysiology of affective disorders and the mechanisms of action of antidepressants. They are important endogenous modulators of depression and anxiety and may provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic agents in the treatment of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Eser
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Luchetti S, di Michele F, Romeo E, Brusa L, Bernardi G, Cummings BJ, Longone P. Comparative non-radioactive RT-PCR assay: An approach to study the neurosteroids biosynthetic pathway in humans. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 153:290-8. [PMID: 16378642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful tool for qualitative evaluation of nucleic acid expression. PCR has been widely applied to measure DNA and RNA messages expression. Neurosteroids synthesized in the nervous system are potent modulators of synaptic activity and have been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. To examine the possibility of an altered expression of the neurosteroidogenic metabolic enzymes in neurological diseases (like Parkinson's disease, PD) we developed a comparative non-radioactive RT-PCR assay to detect the mRNA levels of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, the 5alpha-reductase type 1 and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid-oxidoreductase type 1 and 2 in lymphocytes obtained from PD patients. The results were compared with that obtained from simultaneous quantification of progesterone, 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone in the plasma and cerebro-spinal fluid of the same individuals using a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. We found a significant decrease of the rate-limiting enzyme 5alpha-R1 along with a significant decrease in plasma and CSF of the 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone and of the 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone. Comparative RT-PCR assay, along with complimentary techniques (i.e. GC/MS), has the sensitivity, selectivity and dynamic range to allow specific and reliable quantization of the enzymes involved in the neurosteroids pathway and represent a valuable tool to assess their expression in human neuropsychiatric conditions.
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di Michele F, Prichep L, John ER, Chabot RJ. The neurophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Int J Psychophysiol 2005; 58:81-93. [PMID: 15979751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Revised: 01/08/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent reviews of the neurobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) have concluded that there is no single pathophysiological profile underlying this disorder. Certainly, dysfunctions in the frontal/subcortical pathways that control attention and motor behavior are implicated. However, no diagnostic criteria or behavioral/neuroimaging techniques allow a clear discrimination among subtypes within this disorder, especially when problems with learning are also considered. Two major Quantitative EEG (QEEG) subtypes have been found to characterize AD/HD. Here we review the major findings in the neurophysiology of AD/HD, focusing on QEEG, and briefly present our previous findings using a source localization technique called Variable Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (VARETA). These two techniques represent a possible objective method to identify specific patterns corresponding to EEG-defined subtypes of AD/HD. We then propose a model representing the distribution of the neural generators in these two major AD/HD subtypes, localized within basal ganglia and right anterior cortical regions, and hippocampal, para-hippocampal and temporal cortical regions, respectively. A comprehensive review of neurochemical, genetic, neuroimaging, pharmacological and neuropsychological evidence in support of this model is then presented. These results indicate the value of the neurophysiological model of AD/HD and support the involvement of different neuroanatomical systems, particularly the dopaminergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Brain Research Labs, New York University School of Medicine, 27th and 1st Ave., 8th Floor Old Bellevue Admin. Bldg., New York, NY 10016, USA
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Baghai TC, di Michele F, Schüle C, Eser D, Zwanzger P, Pasini A, Romeo E, Rupprecht R. Plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids before and after electroconvulsive therapy in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:1181-6. [PMID: 15702138 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma concentrations of 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids are decreased in major depressive disorder. Successful antidepressant pharmacotherapy, for example, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), over several weeks is accompanied by an increase in CSF and plasma concentrations of these neuroactive steroids. However, no such increase has been observed during nonpharmacological treatments such as partial sleep deprivation or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. In order to investigate whether concentration changes in neuroactive steroids are an important component of clinically effective antidepressant treatment, we examined plasma concentrations of the neuroactive steroids 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone, 3alpha,5beta-tetrahydroprogesterone, 3beta,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone, and their precursors progesterone, 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone, and 5beta-dihydroprogesterone in 31 pharmacotherapy-resistant depressed in-patients before and after unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a monotherapy over 4 weeks. Samples were quantified for neuroactive steroids by means of a highly sensitive and specific combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. In all, 51.6% of the patients were treatment responders. There was no influence of ECT on the plasma concentrations of any neuroactive steroid studied. Moreover, neuroactive steroid levels did not differ between treatment responders and nonresponders. Our study shows that changes in neuroactive steroid plasma levels are not a mandatory factor for successful antidepressant treatment by ECT. Thus, the previously observed changes in plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids following treatment with antidepressants such as SSRIs more likely reflect distinct pharmacological properties of these compounds rather than clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Baghai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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di Michele F, Caltagirone C, Bonaviri G, Romeo E, Spalletta G. Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone levels are strongly increased in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2005; 39:267-73. [PMID: 15725425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone has been recently recognized as neuroactive steroid with several vital neurophysiological activities on membrane receptors, such as N-methyl-d-aspartate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors and on genomic androgen receptors. DHEA does also have an antiglucocorticoid effect. So far, the relevance of this neuroactive steroid to psychiatric disorders is not well known. In this study, plasma levels of DHEA were determined with a highly sensitive and specific gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry method in 23 outpatients suffering from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV schizophrenia compared with 23 healthy control subjects matched for age and sex. Plasma levels of DHEA were found to be strongly elevated in the group of schizophrenic patients (mean+/-SD=90.9+/-61.4 nmol/l) compared to that of control subjects (mean+/-SD=24.0+/-17.9 nmol/l) and the difference was highly significant (t=5.018, df=44, p<0.0001). This statistically significant difference was also found when we divided the groups of schizophrenics and controls in subgroups of males (t=4.536, df=24, p=0.0001) and females (t=2.777, df=18, p=0.0124). These results suggest that DHEA may have some role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia due to its complex mechanism of action in the brain involving genomic and non-genomic components. Therefore, its study may provide further understanding of the pathophysiology of psychoses and open new avenues for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306 00179 Rome, Italy
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Eser D, di Michele F, Zwanzger P, Pasini A, Baghai TC, Schüle C, Rupprecht R, Romeo E. Panic induction with cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) Increases plasma concentrations of the neuroactive steroid 3alpha, 5alpha tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (3alpha, 5alpha-THDOC) in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:192-5. [PMID: 15467707 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids such as 3alpha, 5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone (3alpha, 5alpha-THP) and 3alpha, 5alpha-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (3alpha, 5alpha-THDOC) are potent positive allosteric modulators of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and display pronounced anxiolytic activity in animal models. Experimental panic induction with cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) and sodium lactate is accompanied by a decrease in 3alpha, 5alpha-THP concentrations in patients with panic disorder, but not in healthy controls. However, no data are available on 3alpha, 5alpha-THDOC concentrations during experimental panic induction. Therefore, we quantified 3alpha, 5alpha-THDOC concentrations in 10 healthy volunteers (nine men, one woman) before and after panic induction with CCK-4 by means of a highly sensitive and specific gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. CCK-4 elicited a strong panic response as assessed by the Acute Panic Inventory. This was accompanied by an increase in 3alpha, 5alpha-THDOC, ACTH and cortisol concentrations. This increase in 3alpha, 5alpha-THDOC might be a consequence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation following CCK-4-induced panic, and might contribute to the termination of the anxiety/stress response following challenge with CCK-4 through enhancement of GABAA receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Eser
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
This article presents a critical review of quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) research and issues relevant to its clinical application. Included is a summary of methodologic issues necessary for a reliable implementation of qEEG within clinical settings and a brief discussion of controversial issues surrounding this implementation. The main body of the article includes a summary of qEEG findings that involves adults with various neurologic and psychiatric disorders, which is followed by an in-depth presentation of qEEG research that involves children and adolescents with neurologic and psychiatric disorders. A concluding section presents a qEEG-based neurophysiologic model of attention deficit disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Chabot
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, 462 First Avenue, OBV-Room 884, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Spalletta G, Romeo E, Bonaviri G, Bernardi G, Caltagirone C, di Michele F. Preliminary evidence for an association between aggressive and hostile behaviour and 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone plasma levels in schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2005; 30:49-52. [PMID: 15644998 PMCID: PMC543841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because it has been suggested that agents acting on the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A)) receptor complex, such as the neuroactive steroid 3!#!alpha;,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone (3alpha,5alpha-THP), may be biologic modulators of aggression, we aimed to measure 3alpha,5alpha-THP plasma concentrations in subjects with schizophrenia in order to investigate a possible relation with aggressive and hostile behaviour. METHODS Eight outpatients with schizophrenia diagnosed according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), were included. Aggression and hostility were assessed using the Modified Overt Aggression Scale and the paranoid/belligerence symptom cluster of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Plasma samples were obtained 1 hour before psychometric assessment and were quantified for 3alpha,5alpha-THP using a highly sensitive and specific combined analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Increased aggressiveness and hostility were associated with increased 3alpha,5alpha-THP plasma levels (Pearson r = 0.72, p = 0.043 and Pearson r = 0.72, p = 0.041, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results suggest that the neuroactive steroid 3alpha,5alpha-THP may affect aggression and hostility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Spalletta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tor Vergata, the IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Schüle C, di Michele F, Baghai T, Romeo E, Bernardi G, Zwanzger P, Padberg F, Pasini A, Rupprecht R. Influence of sleep deprivation on neuroactive steroids in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:577-81. [PMID: 12629540 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that concentrations of neuroactive steroids are altered in depression and normalize after antidepressant pharmacotherapy. However, no data are available concerning the impact of sleep deprivation on the concentrations of neuroactive steroids. A total of 29 drug-free patients (12 men, 17 women) suffering from major depression according to DSM-IV criteria were treated with partial sleep deprivation (PSD). Response to PSD was defined as a reduction of at least 30% according to the six-item version of the Hamilton depression scale (6-HAMD). Plasma samples were taken the day before and after PSD (days 0 and 1) and after one night of recovery sleep (day 2) at 8:00 am. The samples were quantified for neuroactive steroids by means of a highly sensitive and specific combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. There was no influence of PSD on the concentrations of neuroactive steroids either in PSD responders (n=20) or in nonresponders (n=9). However, nonresponders showed significantly higher concentrations of 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone (3alpha,5alpha-THP), 3alpha,5beta-tetrahydroprogesterone (3alpha,5beta-THP), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) before or after PSD compared to responders. In contrast to antidepressant drugs, which correct the dysequilibrium of neuroactive steroids in major depression within several weeks, PSD does not affect the concentrations of neuroactive steroids either in responders or in nonresponders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Schüle
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
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Ströhle A, Romeo E, di Michele F, Pasini A, Hermann B, Gajewsky G, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R. Induced panic attacks shift gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulatory neuroactive steroid composition in patients with panic disorder: preliminary results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60:161-8. [PMID: 12578433 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain metabolites of progesterone such as 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone (3alpha,5alpha-THP; allopregnanolone) and 3alpha,5beta-THP (pregnanolone) are potent, positive allosteric modulators of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Although animal studies suggest anxiolytic properties of these endogenous modulators of central nervous excitability, no clinical data indicate whether they are also involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders and panic attacks. METHODS We quantified the concentrations of 3alpha,5alpha-THP, 3alpha,5beta-THP, the isomer 3beta,5alpha-THP, and their precursors in the plasma of 10 patients with panic disorder and matched control subjects during panic attacks induced by means of sodium lactate and cholecystokinin tetrapeptide administration, using a highly sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS Panic attacks induced by sodium lactate and cholecystokinin tetrapeptide in patients with panic disorder were accompanied by pronounced decreases in the concentrations of 3alpha,5alpha-THP and 3alpha,5beta-THP and a concomitant increase in the concentrations of the functional antagonistic isomer 3beta,5alpha-THP, findings that are compatible with a decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic tone. No changes in neuroactive steroid concentrations were observed after placebo administration in patients with panic disorder or after placebo, sodium lactate, or cholecystokinin tetrapeptide administration in controls. CONCLUSIONS The association between changes in plasma neuroactive steroid concentrations and experimentally induced panic attacks and the well-documented pharmacological properties of these compounds as gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulators suggest that neuroactive steroids may play a role in the pathophysiology of panic attacks in patients with panic disorder.
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Padberg F, di Michele F, Zwanzger P, Romeo E, Bernardi G, Schüle C, Baghai TC, Ella R, Pasini A, Rupprecht R. Plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27:874-8. [PMID: 12431862 DOI: 10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence for altered levels of neuroactive steroids in major depression that normalize after successful antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Currently it is not known whether this is a general principle of clinically effective antidepressant therapy or a pharmacological effect of antidepressants. Here, we investigated whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may affect plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids in a similar way as antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Progesterone, 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone (3alpha,5alpha-THP), 3alpha,5beta- tetrahydroprogesterone (3alpha,5beta-THP), 3beta,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone (3beta, 5alpha-THP) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were quantified in 37 medication-free patients suffering from a major depressive episode before and after 10 sessions of left prefrontal rTMS. Plasma samples were analyzed by means of a highly sensitive and specific combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. There was a significant reduction of depressive symptoms after rTMS. However, plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids were not affected by rTMS and not related to clinical response. Clinical improvement after extended daily treatment with rTMS is not accompanied by changes in neuroactive steroid levels. Changes in neuroactive steroid levels after antidepressant pharmacotherapy more likely reflect specific pharmacological effects of antidepressant drugs and are not necessary for the amelioration of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, D-80336, Munich, Germany
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Ströhle A, Romeo E, di Michele F, Pasini A, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R. GABA(A) receptor-modulating neuroactive steroid composition in patients with panic disorder before and during paroxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:145-7. [PMID: 11772707 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that neuroactive steroids modulate anxiety and stress reactivity. However, no data on the possible role of these gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptor-modulating neuroactive steroids in patients with anxiety disorders are available. METHOD The concentrations of 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone (3alpha,5alpha-THP), 3alpha,5beta-THP, 3beta,5alpha-THP, and their precursors were studied in the plasma of 10 patients with panic disorder and 10 matched healthy comparison subjects. In addition, the effects of paroxetine treatment on neuroactive steroid concentrations were studied in the panic disorder patients over a 24-week period. RESULTS Unexpectedly, patients with panic disorder had significantly greater concentrations of the positive allosteric modulators 3alpha,5alpha-THP and 3alpha,5beta-THP and significantly lower concentrations of 3beta,5alpha-THP (a functional antagonist for GABA(A) agonistic steroids), which might result in greater GABA(A) receptor-mediated neuronal activity. Paroxetine treatment did not affect neuroactive steroid concentrations, which were highly stable over 24 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Differences in neuroactive steroid composition in patients with panic disorder were the opposite of those seen in patients with major depression and may reflect counterregulative mechanisms against the occurrence of spontaneous panic attacks.
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